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1. Slide 1: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Science Interactive LTD Science base multimedia CD-ROM for PC is a collection of 38 units or tools totalling over 1150 PowerPoint slides. Each unit covers a wide range of different delivery and learning styles, offering an exciting way to involve your pupils during lessons or revision sessions. All styles of teaching and learning are supported through use of high quality images, graphics, challenging exercises and questions. Units can be used in the classroom via an interactive whiteboard, data projector or used during individual study via a PC or school network. Science Interactive LTD. PO BOX 50764 LONDON NW6 9AT email: sales@science-interactive.co.uk web: www:science-interactive.co.uk Unit 1: The Digestive System Unit 20: Crude Oil and its Products Unit 2: The Circulatory System Unit 21: Rock Cycle Unit 3: Healthy Body and Immunity Unit 22: Elements, Molecules and Compounds Unit 4: The Respiratory System Unit 23: Ionic and Covalent Compounds Unit 5: Nervous System and the Senses Unit 24: The Halogens, their Uses and Compounds Unit 6: Human Homeostasis Unit 25: The Noble Gases, their Properties and Uses Unit 7: Hormones and the Endocrine System Unit 26: Rates of Reaction Unit 8: Drugs and Bad Body Maintenance Unit 27: Energy Unit 9: Photosynthesis in Green Plants Unit 28: Generating Electricity and its Domestic Use Unit 10: Water Transport in Plants Unit 29: Electricity Unit 11: Flow of Energy and Elements through the Environment Unit 30: Light and the Electromagnetic Spectrum Unit 12: Mitosis and Meiosis Unit 31: Radioactivity Unit 13: Inheritance and Selection Unit 32: Newton's Forces and the Effects of Forces Unit 14: Evolution and Human Impact Unit 33: Earth and Space Unit 15: Genetic Engineering Unit 34: The Earth and Plate Tectonics Unit 16: The Periodic Table and its Elements Unit 35: The Alkaline Earth Metals Unit 17: The Alkali Metals Unit 36: Sound and Hearing Unit 18: Metals and their Properties Unit 37: Natural Forces Unit 19: The Transitional Metals Unit 38: Cells, Tissue, Organs and Organs systems
2. Slide 2: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Earth 149,600,000 km Distance from the sun: 6,378 km Planet radius: 970,400,000,000 km3 Planet volume: 5972,500,000,000,000,000,000,000 kg Planet mass: One Planet moons: 365 days Planet orbit: +18oC Surface temperature: Unit 34  The Earth and Plate Tectonics 
3. Slide 3: Unit 34: The Earth and Plate Tectonics Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Understand: Keywords: Rock, Cycle, Formation, Erosion, Breakdown, The nature of the Earth’s crust. 1. Sedimentary, Igneous, Metamorphic, That rocks contain different types of minerals 2. which are formed by elements joining together. Sediments, Minerals, Elements, Plates, That there are three rock types, sedimentary, Tectonics, Seismic, Waves, Earthquakes, 3. igneous and metamorphic. Core, Crust, Mantle, Continents, Lithosphere, That fossils are only found in sedimentary rocks. 4. Asthenosphere, Mesosphere, Mountains, That the rock cycle is a continue process of rock 5. Volcanoes, Faults, Subduction & Uplift. formation and breakdown. That the Earth’s crust is a collection of tectonic 6. plates. That these plates are in constant movement 7. leading to subduction, uplift, faults and Earthquakes. That where plates meets, features like mountain 8. ranges, volcanoes and deep sea trenches are found. How Earth’s atmosphere has changed over time. 9. 10. The nature of Earth’s seismic activity. 11. The destruction caused by Earth's seismic activity and tectonic plate movements. Click mouse to begin Science Interactive LTD PO BOX 50764 LONDON NW6 9AT web: www.science-interactive.co.uk email: sales@science-interactive.co.uk
4. Slide 4: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 The Earth’s crust The Earth’s crust ranges from 5 to 65 kilometres thick. About 25% of the Earth’s crust lies above the great oceans and seas. It is extremely important for human survival, with its top layer of nutrient rich soil, its minerals and metal ores. A m_______ is any solid substance that is rich in elements like iron, silicon and oxygen. Rocks are complex mixtures of minerals containing many different e_________, chemically joined together. The main elements in the Earth’s crust are oxygen, silicon, aluminium and iron. Name three metal ores found in the Earth’s crust ? Earth’s crust: Word bank: mineral elements Earth The Earth’s surface Diagram Element Symbol Percentage Element Symbol Percentage Notes Oxygen O 47% Calcium Ca 3.5% Silicon Si 28% Sodium Na 3% Aluminium AL 8% Potassium K 2.5% Iron Fe 5% Magnesium Mg 2%
5. Slide 5: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 The rock cycle The rock cycle is a continual process of rock formation and breakdown. The three types of rocks: s____________, igneous and metamorphic are recycled in this way over many millions of years. The movement of the Earth’s plates, which is driven by the convection c_________ inside its mantle causes uplift and burying of all three types of rocks. At the plate boundaries, geographical features like mountains, volcanoes or trenches are formed. The rock cycle: Word bank: sedimentary currents continental crust Inside the Earth Er ift os pl io U n Pr es su re Up lif t Sedimentary Igneous He at a lift nd pre Up The movement of the plates ssu re is driven by the convection Up re currents deep inside the lift su es co Earth's mantle. At plate pr ol in boundaries mountains or d an g trenches form due to the at Magma Metamorphic He huge pressures involved. Heat
6. Slide 6: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Formation of the Earth’s rocks one All three rocks types that make up the five continental plates are continually formed and broken down by chemical, p_________ and biological weathering. Their origins and how they are formed are very different giving them their own unique properties. Follow the diagrams and explanations below and learn the starting materials and how each type of rock is formed (sedimentary, igneous & metamorphic.) Rock formation: Word bank: physical Rock Sedimentary Igneous Metamorphic Starting materials Notes Any rock type that is eroded by Igneous rock is formed when Metamorphic rock forms when chemical, physical and biological buried rock is heated forming either igneous or sedimentary rock weathering can lead to the formation magma. Molten magma rock is buried. High temperatures and of sediments. These sediments begin rises to the Earth’s surface pressure cause the crystals to to form layers which are then through cracks and then cools realign giving the new rock very subjected to compacting over time. forming igneous rock. different properties Sedimentary Igneous Metamorphic Formed rock
7. Slide 7: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Formation of the Earth’s rocks two Rock recycling is linked to the movement of the tectonic plates that cause the formation of deep sea trenches and mountains. Weathered rock fragments that form sedimentary rocks can be subducted (buried) deep inside the Earth’s c________. These rocks are then subjected to high pressure and temperature causing them to metamorphose into metamorphic rocks. These rocks may be b________ further causing them to melt forming magma. When magma rises to the surface and cools igneous rock is formed. Earth’s rock types: Word bank: crust buried The rock cycle Sedimentary Igneous Metamorphic Sedimentary: Any rock type that is eroded by chemical, physical and biological weathering can lead to the formation of rock forming sediments. Igneous: Igneous rock is formed when buried rock is heated forming magma. Molten rock rises to the Earth’s surface through cracks which then cools forming igneous rock. Metamorphic: Uplift, Erosion, Sediments, Burial, Metamorphic rock forms when either igneous or sedimentary rock is Heating, Pressure, Time & Uplift buried and subjected to high temperatures and pressure.
8. Slide 8: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Inside the Earth’s Core Inside the Earth, there are four main layers: The outer layer is called the c_________, which is between 5 and 65 Km thick. Five continents or tectonic plates float on the mantle, the next layer. The outer and inner core comprises mainly of i______ and nickel. The outer core is molten, whereas the inner core despite the high temperatures is solid because of the immense pressure. Inside the Earth: Word bank: crust iron Notes Part Solid, less dense rock with a thickness Crust between 5 and 65 km. Mantle This layer supports the Earth’s Mantle Outer core continental plates. The mantle moves slowly in convection currents. Inner core Outer core comprises mostly of molten Outer core iron and nickel. Crust The inner cores is under extreme Inner core pressure and is solid.
9. Slide 9: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Structure of the Earth The lithosphere which is up to 100 km thick, includes the continental crust and the upper part of the m________ . This is the relatively cool and rigid part of the Earth’s structure. The Asthenosphere is the middle part of the mantle and has a consistency of hot plastic. The Mesosphere is the bottom part of the mantle, is higher in temperature than the lithosphere and is more rigid due to an increase in p__________. What supports life is the very top of the crust and its soil which contains all the minerals that our crops require. The Earth’s crust: Word bank: mantle pressure Structure of the Earth Temperature and pressure Diagram This is a simplified model of the Earth’s structure showing the Both temperature and pressure Notes mantle, inner and outer core. The mantle can be further divided up increase with depth through the into the lithosphere, asthenosphere and mesosphere. The temperature Earth’s mantle to the outer and and rigidity of the mantle increases with depth. inner core.
10. Slide 10: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Continental drift In 1915 Alfred Wegener suggested that Africa and South America were once joined. Over millions of years, the two continents have separated and drifted apart. Following Wegener’s work, the theory of ‘plate tectonics’ was formed. The Earth’s crust is made from huge p_______ that move slowly over time because of the convection currents present in the mantle layer. Fossils of similar animals were found in rocks from Africa and South America, how does this help prove Wegener’s theory of plate tectonics ? Movement of the Earth’s crust: Word bank: plates Pangea (220 million years B.C) Present day (2005 A.D) Diagram Notes Pangea, the super-continent once had the land The Americas continue to move west from mass, now known as Africa connected to the Europe at a rate of 2.5 cm per year. In another land mass now known as South and North 200 millions years, the World map will have America. change beyond all recognition.
11. Slide 11: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Active Earth Earth’s crust consists of five huge tectonic plates, which float on the liquid mantle below. The heat that causes rocks in the mantle to become l________, come from radioactive isotopes like Uranium235. Huge convection currents, constantly rising to the surface cause forces that move these five tectonic plates. At plate boundaries, plates either move a_______ or crash into one another. These huge forces cause features like Earthquakes, volcanoes, trenches and mountains. Mountain ranges like the Alps and the Pyrenees are built because of moving plates. Active Earth: Word bank: liquid away Mountains Trenches and ridges Volcanoes Earthquakes Diagram Notes The movement of the Earth’s tectonic plates is caused by events deep inside the Earth’s mantle. Rising magma causes the plates to move away or towards each other, albeit very slowly. At the boundaries, huge forces lead to Earthquakes, volcanoes, deep sea trenches or mountains. The Earth’s surface and its geography is shaped and reshaped over its history and future by these plate movements.
12. Slide 12: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Active Earth Plate boundaries Earth’s tectonic plates are like a huge jigsaw covering the globe. Along the plate boundaries are regions where v__________ are found. These arise because the thickness of the plates around their edge thins to a mere five kilometres. This allows rising hot magma to break through the crust forming volcanoes. The most studied plate boundary area is called the ‘ring of fire’ found in the middle of the Pacific ocean. Here, numerous volcanoes spew out lava forming new islands made from i_______ rock. This is how the Hawaiian islands were formed. Plate boundaries: Word bank: volcanoes iron Active Earth Volcanic area including the ‘ring of fire’ ring of fire The ring of fire defines the boundary of the Pacific plate. This area Uplift, Erosion, Sediments, Burial, experiences volcanic and Earthquake activity. The west coast of Heating, Pressure, Time, America lies on the San Andreas fault which constantly poses an Earthquakes, Volcanoes, Mountains & Deep Sea Trenches Earthquake threat to the inhabitants of San Francisco.
13. Slide 13: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Active Earth Volcanoes one Magma that rises and breaks through the surface cracks found along Earth’s plate b___________ is called l______. This cools, forming i__________ rock. Successive layers of igneous rock leads to the formation of volcanoes. In 1980, Mount St. Helens in America erupted throwing out many millions of tons of ash, lava and rock debris. The eruption could be heard many hundreds of kilometres away. Scientists have yet to discover an accurate way of predicting when volcanoes may erupt. Until then, those whose choose to live close to volcanoes remain at risk. Volcanoes and their formation: Word bank: boundaries lava igneous Active Earth Formation of volcanoes Volcanoes arise when molten magma forces its way through the cracks in Uplift, Erosion, Sediments, Burial, the Earth’s crust. Hot magma rises to the surface as lava which then cools Heating, Pressure, Time, and forms igneous rock. Living near volcanoes is dangerous, scientists Earthquakes, Volcanoes, Mountains have yet to discover an accurate way of predicting when volcanoes may & Deep sea trenches erupt. Until then, those whose choose to live close to volcanoes remain at risk.
14. Slide 14: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Active Earth Volcanoes two Humans have lived in the shadow of volcanoes for many thousands of years. Why...because, the soils around volcanoes are extremely fertile due to many layers of n_________ rich volcanic ash falling over time. Volcanoes which erupt, throwing out their plug and millions of tonnes of hot debris are the most dangerous and unpredictable. Mount Vesuvius in Italy has and will continue to kill the inhabitants of Naples. Over the last 200 years, it has e_________ every two to five decades. It last erupted in 1944. When the next one will be and how many people will die no one can tell ! Types of volcanoes: Word bank: nutrient erupted Active Earth Steep sided volcanoes Shallow sided volcanoes Shown left is a typical volcano. Notice the different layers of igneous rock as a result of separate eruptions and flows of lava. A steep-sided volcano is formed when thick lava flows from the volcano vent. This type of volcano Uplift, Erosion, Sediments, Burial, can erupt violently because the vent can become blocked with cooled lava. Heating, Pressure, Time, A shallow-sided volcano is formed when think fast flowing lava flows Earthquakes, Volcanoes, Mountains from the vent. The base of these type of volcanoes can be over 200 km & Deep Sea Trenches wide.
15. Slide 15: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Active Earth Changing atmosphere one The Earth’s atmosphere is approximately 350 kilometres high, containing a mixture of gases which are trapped by Earth’s gravitational pull. The atmosphere contains two main gases: nitrogen and o________ and small amounts of other gases including carbon dioxide, argon and neon. The atmosphere also contains varying amounts of w_______ vapour. Our atmosphere provides us with the oxygen we need and protects us against ultra violet light. It also insulates our planet. The atmosphere has been almost the same as it is today for the last 300 million years. Our atmosphere: Word bank: oxygen water Earth’s atmosphere Our current atmosphere 79% Nitrogen: Levels of carbon dioxide and other polluting gases (nitrous oxides and 20% Oxygen: sulphuric acid) are rising. These gases are formed when fossil fuels like Carbon dioxide 0.03% 0.97% Inert gases: coal, gas and oil are combusted with oxygen. Ozone has also been lost 18oC Average temperature: because of the use of aerosol gases like CFCs. 0-100% Water Vapour:
16. Slide 16: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Active Earth Changing atmosphere two The Earth’s atmosphere consists of five distinct layers stretching up to 350 kilometres above the Earth’s surface. Beyond approximately 10 kilometres (height of Everest) there is insufficient oxygen to support human life for long periods of time. The Earth’s atmosphere provides us with oxygen for respiration and contains o________ which protects us against UV radiation from the Sun. It also contains over 750 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide which is the raw material for p____________. This gas also traps the thermal radiation energy from the Sun. What other chemicals from human activity are found in the atmosphere ? Our atmosphere: Word bank: oxygen photosynthesis Earth’s atmosphere Our current atmosphere Ionosphere Sunlight Mesosphere Nitrogen: 79% Oxygen: 20% Stratosphere Carbon dioxide 0.03% Sunlight Inert gases: 0.97% 18o C Average temperature: Troposphere Ozone layer Wate r Vapour: 0-100% Five distinct layers: Ionosphere, Mesosphere, Ozone layer, Stratosphere, 15 50 85 350 & Troposphere. Altitude (km)
17. Slide 17: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Active Earth Changing atmosphere three The Earth’s atmosphere was created about 4.5 billion years ago and was very different to our current atmosphere. Then it was a very hostile environment. Over the last 4.5 billions years, it has changed because of volcanic activity and p_______ life. Even Human activity has changed our atmosphere over the last hundred years. Our current atmosphere insulates us, provides us with o_________ and protects us against harmful UV radiation. Our changing atmosphere: Word bank: plant oxygen 4.5 billion years ago 2.5 billion years ago 2 billions years ago 2005 AD
18. Slide 18: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Active Earth Changing atmosphere four The Earth’s atmosphere about 4.5 billion years ago was very different, even hostile to life, providing no oxygen for respiration or protection against harmful UV radiation. When Earth’s surface began to c_______, a new atmosphere was formed from the hot gases spewed out by the many thousands of active volcanoes. These gases included carbon dioxide, m_________, water vapour, ammonia and sulphur dioxide. How would the presence of sulphur dioxide affect the pH of the rain ? Our changing atmosphere: Word bank: cool methane 4.5 billion years ago High volcanic activity Earth's atmosphere 4.5 billion years ago Atmosphere Ionosphere Sunlight Mesosphere Stratosphere Sunlight Troposphere Ozone layer 15 50 85 350 Altitude (km) Atmospheric facts: Earth's atmosphere 4.5 billion years ago: The first atmosphere contained mainly carbon Gases included; carbon dioxide, methane, water dioxide gas with average temperature of 70oC. vapour, ammonia and sulphur dioxide. Average temperature 70oC.
19. Slide 19: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Active Earth Changing atmosphere five The Earth’s atmosphere about 2.5 billion years ago had already began to cool enough for water vapour to condense forming the r_________, lakes and oceans. The presence of water would allow the beginning of life, some 500 millions years later. The main gas in the atmosphere was carbon dioxide. The average temperature would have been higher than today's values. Explain why the presence of water is considered essential for life to begin ? Our changing atmosphere: Word bank: rivers 2.5 billion years ago Medium volcanic activity Earth's atmosphere 2.5 billion years ago Atmosphere Ionosphere Sunlight Mesosphere Stratosphere Sunlight Troposphere Ozone layer 15 50 85 350 Altitude (km) Atmospheric facts: Earth's atmosphere 2.5 billion years ago: During this period, sulphuric acid from erupting Gases included; carbon dioxide, water vapour, volcanoes lowered the pH of rain causing acid nitrogen and sulphur dioxide. Average temperature rain. 45oC.
20. Slide 20: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Active Earth Changing atmosphere six About 2 billion years ago, plants began to manufacture oxygen as a by product of photosynthesis. Slowly, atmospheric carbon dioxide was used by p_______ and assimilated into their biomass. As carbon dioxide levels began to reduce oxygen levels in the atmosphere and oceans increased Increasing oxygen in the upper stratosphere led to the beginning of the formation of the o_______ layer which reduced cancer causing UV radiation. This would allow the evolution of new species able to use oxygen and plant glucose during cellular respiration. Our changing atmosphere: Word bank: plants oxygen 2.0 billion years ago Low volcanic activity Earth's atmosphere 2.0 billion years ago Atmosphere Ionosphere Sunlight Mesosphere Stratosphere Sunlight Troposphere Ozone layer 15 50 85 350 Altitude (km) Atmospheric facts: Earth's atmosphere 2.0 billion years ago: The ammonia present in the early atmosphere Gases included carbon dioxide, water vapour and has been changed to nitrogen. Plants began nitrogen. Average temperature 35oC. producing oxygen.
21. Slide 21: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Active Earth Changing atmosphere seven Over the last billion years, oxygen levels have increased because of plant photosynthesis. Animals use oxygen to respire glucose inside their cells. The ozone layer has now been established. Carbon dioxide levels have fallen to a very low 0.03% or 750 billion tonnes. Carbon has been removed by plants and animals and safely trapped underground in the form of c_______, gas and oil. Burning these f_________ fuels is adding 3 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide to the Earth's atmosphere every year causing global warming. What effects will global warming have on the planet over the next fifty years ? Our changing atmosphere: Word bank: coal fossil 2005 AD Very low volcanic activity Earth's atmosphere 2005AD Atmosphere Ionosphere Sunlight Mesosphere Stratosphere Sunlight Troposphere Ozone layer 15 50 85 350 Altitude (km) Levels of carbon dioxide and other polluting gases (nitrous oxides and sulphuric acid) are rising. These gases are formed when fossil fuels like coal, gas and oil are combusted with oxygen. Ozone has also been lost because of the use of aerosol gases like CFCs. If unstopped, the greenhouse effect and the destruction of the ozone layer will lead to greater hardship for all of us.
22. Slide 22: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Causing the greenhouse effect Our atmosphere is changing and will continue to change for many years to come. The average concentration of carbon dioxide in the air is increasing because of human activities. Fossil fuels rich in c________ are extracted deep underground and combusted with o__________ forming over 3 billions tonnes of carbon dioxide per year. We are also destroying large areas of ancient forests in Africa and South America. Why does this affect carbon dioxide concentrations in the atmosphere ? Factors affecting atmospheric carbon concentrations: Word bank: carbon oxygen Fossil fuels Deforestation Combustion engine Renewable energy Diagram Notes Combusting fossil The destruction of the Over 500 million cars Using renewable fuels like petrol, gas rain forests adds to are responsible for the forms of energy liked and diesel release the carbon dioxide in release of carbon wind power could over 3 billion tonnes the atmosphere and dioxide found in the reduce carbon levels of carbon dioxide also increases the atmosphere. Is public and slow the every year. erosion of soil. transport the answer ? greenhouse effect.
23. Slide 23: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 The greenhouse effect Over the last century, our use of fossil fuels has released huge amounts of carbon dioxide into our atmosphere. This has disrupted the b_________ between carbon in the form of carbon dioxide and carbon found tied up under rock in crude oil, natural gas and coal. Currently we are adding an extra 3 billion tonnes of carbon each year into the atmosphere. The carbon dioxide molecule traps infra red h_____ from the sun. Slowly our planet is warming because of the rising carbon dioxide levels. How can you reduce your dependence on fossil fuels like petrol and natural gas ? The greenhouse effect: Word bank: balance heat World’s crude oil use Rising levels of carbon dioxide The greenhouse effect So lr l ar r ra d di Absorbed in atmosphere ai ati by greenhouse gases on ce n pa os tt ou ted dia Ra 15 50 15 50 Altitude (km) (km) The World’s energy demand and There are over 500 million cars, Carbon dioxides traps heat the use of crude oil is increasing. all pumping out carbon dioxide energy from the sun. The amount China in the next two decades from the combustion of octane or of carbon in the atmosphere is will use more than the USA. petrol. Car use is set to double increasing by 3 billion tonnes a over 20 years. year.
24. Slide 24: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 The carbon cycle All living organisms require the element c_________ to make carbohydrates, proteins and other important molecules which make up living organisms. Cellular respiration and decomposition by bacteria release carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. Plants use this during p_____________ at the same rate. The amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere should stay the same, but it is increasing rapidly because of the use of fossil fuels and deforestation. The carbon cycle: Word bank: carbon photosynthesis Atmosphere Respiration CO2 Atmosphere There is 750 billion tonnes of CO2 trapped in the atmosphere. This is rising by 3 billion tonnes a year because of fossil fuel use and deforestation. Fossil fuel combustion Land deforestation Photosynthesis Plant biomass Ocean Soil Buried fossil fuels Marine biomass There is 3300 billion tonnes of carbon trapped in oil, coal There is 1020 billion tonnes of carbon trapped in living and natural gas deposits found under rock sediments. organisms like algae. CO2 is also dissolved in the oceans.
25. Slide 25: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Effects of global warming one Scientists have many theories as to what may happen over the next century because of rising carbon dioxide levels in the a__________, as a result of combusting fossil fossils and the subsequent rising global temperatures. There is now increasing agreement amongst scientists that atmospheric carbon dioxide levels need to be controlled. Many countries have signed ‘The Kyoto Agreement’ which aims to reduce carbon emissions over the next 20 years. This will perhaps s____ global warming. Only one country, America has not signed up, she is the biggest carbon polluter. Why do you think that America has not signed up ? Effects of global warming: Word bank: atmosphere slow Global warming Drought Ozone layer Flooding Diagram Average world or More extremes of The destruction of the Flooding will increase Notes global temperatures are temperatures are now Ozone by CFCs from over the next decade. In set to increase by expected with lower aerosols will also add to England (summer 2004), between 0.5 and 1oC rainfall in areas which global warming by we had some of the worst per decade for the next already see little rain reflecting less infra red flash floods on record, fifty years. over the year. heat given out by the including Boscastle. sun.
26. Slide 26: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Effects of global warming two The greenhouse effect is a natural process where the 750 billions tonnes of c________ dioxide in the atmosphere maintains the Earth’s atmosphere at hospitable temperatures, which are supportive of life, here on Earth. Combusting fossil fuels is adding to this ‘warming effect’ causing average global t___________ to rise over the last fifty years. Global warming will continue, whilst we continue to combust fossil fuels like coal and oil. The World’s weather, habitats and temperature are set to change over the next century. Effects of global warming: Word bank: carbon temperatures Weather Waves Biodiversity Melting ice caps Diagram The World’s weather Damage due to strong Animals and plants may The ice caps have shrunk Notes will become more tides and wave action undergo mass extinction in size over the last 30 dynamic. In summer along the coast will in the next one hundred years. This may rise sea 2004, Florida in also increase over the years if global warming levels and also reduce America was hit by next decade. Parts of continues. The Malarial the amount of the Sun’s three hurricanes causing the England's coastline Mosquito is spreading infra red heat reflected immense damage. are now being eroded. north into Europe. back into space.
27. Slide 27: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Active Earth Building mountains Where continental plates move towards each other, a two step process occurs: Subduction: The very dense oceanic plate moves b_______ the less dense granitic plate. The resulting friction causes the rock to melt, forming volcanoes as well as leading to Earthquakes. Mountain building: The very dense oceanic part is totally subducted. The two plates then c________ folding the less dense granitic plate upwards, forming mountain ranges. The Andes in South America and the Himalayas were formed in this way. What feature might form if the two plates move away from one another ? Colliding plates: Word bank: below collide Active Earth Plates moving together Andes mountains Plate 2 Plate 1 Plate 1 moves under plate 2 slipping below the mantle. Mountains are formed when Uplift, Erosion, Sediments, Burial, the two plates collide. Friction and heat causes plate 1 to melt forming new magma Heating, Pressure, Time, Earthquakes, which then rises to the surface. The Andes and the Himalayas mountains are the Volcanoes, Mountains & Deep Sea result of plates moving towards each other at the rate of only 2 cm per year. Trenches
28. Slide 28: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Active Earth Ocean ridges and trenches Where continental plates drift apart from each other, magma rises through the fault, cools and forms a ridge. This usually occurs under the great o________ with the best example being the mid-Atlantic ridge. If there is sufficient material, new islands can appear above the level of the sea’s surface. Interestingly, the movement of the two p_______ (North American and Eurasian plate) means that America moves about two and half centimetres away from Britain every year. Calculate the distance moved over 10,000 years ? Separating plates: Word bank: oceans plates Active Earth Plates moving apart Atlantic ridge Plate 2 Plate 1 The new material found in the ridge contains a high percentage of iron compounds, Uplift, Erosion, Sediments, Burial, the cooled products of the Earth’s magma. The mid-Atlantic ridge between Europe Heating, Pressure, Time, Earthquakes, and America runs north to south under the Atlantic ocean. Around the ring of fire Volcanoes, Mountains & Deep Sea many new islands including Hawaii have been formed. Trenches
29. Slide 29: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Active Earth Earthquakes and Tsunamis Earthquakes occur around the World, close to the tectonic plate boundaries. An Earthquake is a sudden release of the f_______ that build up due to the movement of two plates against one another. In the last one hundred years, over a million people have died due to the destruction cause by the Earth shaking violently during an Earthquake. On December 26th 2004, a massive Earthquake underneath the sea, caused a massive tidal wave or T________ that killed over 250,000 people in Indonesia, Thailand and India. Plate boundaries: Word bank: forces tsunami Active Earth Compression Tensional Shearing Moving plates can lead to compression, tensional and shearing forces. The Uplift, Erosion, Sediments, Burial, continental plates found either side of the San Andreas fault have moved Heating, Pressure, Time, over 3 meters over the last 25 years. Work out the movement in centimetres Earthquakes, Volcanoes, Mountains of the two plates each decade ? & Deep Sea Trenches
30. Slide 30: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Active Earth Tsunami 26.04.2004 On December 26th 2004, a massive Earthquake underneath the India Ocean close to the coastline of Indonesia caused a massive tidal wave or Tsunami that killed over 250,000 people from Indonesia, Thailand, India & Sri Lanka. The majority of dead, lived in the Indonesian capital Bande Aceh. The millions of tonnes of w______ deposited in one great wave, swept away villages, towns and whole communities. The region today remains devastated and will take many decade to recover. Could an early warning system have saved lives ? Earthquakes and Tsunamis: Word bank: water Tsunami (26.12.2004) Earthquakes causing tsunamis Uplift, Erosion, Sediments, Burial, Tsunamis are caused when the seabed suddenly moves causing a Heating, Pressure, Time, column of water to be displaced. This then spreads from the centre Earthquakes, Volcanoes, Mountains like ripples in a pond. Huge volumes of water are eventually washed & Deep Sea Trenches upon the shore causing massive devastation and loss of life.
31. Slide 31: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Active Earth Seismic waves one The great forces involved when continental plates move towards or away from one another can cause Earthquakes. During an Earthquake, the energy of the moving plates is spread across the g______ in seismic waves. These waves travel through the Earth from a point of o______ or epicentre. There are three kinds of seismic waves; Primary, secondary and longitudinal waves. Although the way they travel through Earth’s layers is different, they all transfer energy from the Earthquake’s epicentre. Seismic waves: Word bank: globe origin Earthquakes and epicentres P Waves (primary) S Waves (secondary) and Longitudinal Waves P waves S waves Longitudinal waves P waves (“push-pull”) travel through liquid as well as solid rock. Therefore they are able to travel through the inner core. S waves (“shakes”) travel Uplift, Erosion, Sediments, Burial, more slowly than P waves and only through rock solids. These waves Heating, Pressure, Time, travel only through the mantle. Longitudinal waves travel through the Earthquakes, Volcanoes, Mountains Earth’s crust close to the surface and cause the majority of damage seen & Deep Sea Trenches during Earthquakes.
32. Slide 32: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Active Earth Seismic waves two Longitudinal waves travel through and are restricted to the solid crust. These waves also cause most of the damage seen on the crust’s surface. The P (primary) and S (secondary) waves both travel through the Earth, but they behave very differently. From data collected by s________ all over the World, primary (P) waves travel through the core as well as the Earth’s mantle. At stations X and Z, no secondary (S) waves are received. This data tells us that S waves cannot travel through the liquid core. Also, this information has given us the diameter of the core, which is about 7000 km. Seismic waves: Word bank: stations Waves through the Earth’s crust P Waves (primary) S Waves (secondary) and Longitudinal Waves Station X Earthquake Station Y Uplift, Erosion, Sediments, Burial, P waves travel through liquid as well as solid rock. Therefore they are able Heating, Pressure, Time, to travel through the inner core. S waves travel more slowly than P waves Earthquakes, Volcanoes, Mountains and only through solids. These waves travel through the mantle only. & Deep Sea Trenches Longitudinal waves travel through the Earth’s crust close to the surface.
33. Slide 33: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Active Earth Seismic waves three Where you find Earthquake regions, you will always find scientists monitoring seismic activity and the movement of the tectonic plates. Seismic activity (S, P & L waves) can be monitored and recorded using a seismograph. This instrument is s_________ to movements caused by S, P and L waves travelling through the Earth’s crust. Around the World, there is a huge network of seismographs that allows us, to better understand and perhaps one day p_________ Earthquakes. Two such places include where the Pacific plate meets the Eurasian plate forming the Japan trench, and where the South American plate meets the Nazca plate forming the Peruvian-Chilean Andes. Seismic waves: Word bank: sensitive predict Seismographs P Waves (primary) S Waves (secondary) and Longitudinal Waves 30 S wave 15 Time (min) P wave 0 0 2000 4000 6000 Time (min) Distance from epicentre (km) Uplift, Erosion, Sediments, Burial, P waves travel through liquid as well as solid rock. Therefore they are able Heating, Pressure, Time, to travel through the inner core. S waves travel more slowly than P waves Earthquakes, Volcanoes, Mountains and only through solids. These waves travel through the mantle only. & Deep Sea Trenches Longitudinal waves travel through the Earth’s crust close to the surface.
34. Slide 34: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Active Earth Earthquake damage The great forces involved when continental plates move can cause Earthquakes along the boundaries, where tectonic p________ meet. Friction builds and builds between the moving plates. Eventually the plates overcome the friction and s______ suddenly. The focus of the Earthquake is deep underground, with the epicentre directly above the surface. The vibrations of the Earth’s crust can lead to widespread damage of buildings and other structures. Building failure can lead to massive lose of Human life. Earthquake damage: Word bank: plates slip Waves causing destruction Indonesia 26.12.2004 Pakistan 09.10.2005 Who is next ? In 2004, an Earthquake In late 2005, an The San Andreas fault Earthquake and subsequent tsunami Earthquake struck the runs from Seattle through killed over 250,000 in border region of Pakistan Los Angeles down to Indonesia, India and the killing up to 50,000 Mexico. This is where the Uplift, Erosion, Sediments, Burial, surrounding areas. In people and making many Pacific and North Heating, Pressure, Time, some areas, entire villages more homeless. The relief America plates collide. Earthquakes, Volcanoes, Mountains and towns were destroyed effort continues to this This could be the location & Deep Sea Trenches and their inhabitants day. of the next big earthquake. killed.
35. Slide 35: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Extension questions and homework 1: Define the following terms: Sedimentary, Igneous, Metamorphic, Minerals, Earthquakes, Faults, Subduction, & Uplift. 2: Look at the diagram of the three types of Rocks. Complete the table: Sedimentary Igneous Metamorphic Rock Examples How are they formed What are there properties Sedimentary Igneous Metamorphic 3: Using the rock cycle, describe the steps required to turn: a) Igneous rock into sedimentary rock. b) Igneous rock into metamorphic rock. c) Sediments into sedimentary rock. 4: A sample of limestone can be distinguished from a sample of sandstone by adding dilute acid. No reaction takes place with the sandstone. Describe what you would see with limestone and give a word equation for the reaction. 5: Why would you expect to find the same fossils in rocks from South America and Africa.
36. Slide 36: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 6: Complete the table: Type of weathering Physical Chemical Biological Caused by ? ___________________ ? ___________________ ? ___________________ ? Diagram 7: Describe how: a) Frost damage can weather rocks. b) Rapid changes in daily temperature can weather rocks. c) Rain water can become acidic. d) Valleys and are formed by rivers over millions of years. e) Moving water can erode rocks over time. 8: Complete the following: As weathered pieces of rock are transported by gravity, _________ or water they can wear away more rock. This process is called ___________. Sedimentary rock is formed when ____________ in a river are deposited in lakes or ________. Igneous rock forms when _________ lava cools. Metamorphic rock is formed when either ______________ or ______________ is subjected to heat and ___________ over time. 9: Answer the following questions: a) Describe the life cycle of the Earth’s tectonic plates from 200 millions years BC to present day. b) What drives the movement of the five tectonic plates. c) What four events happen around the boundaries of the tectonic plates.
37. Slide 37: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 10: Look at the information in the table below. It shows the years of eruption, the time since the previous eruption and the number of millions of tons of lava erupted: Year of eruption 1794 1858 1872 1906 1929 1944 20__ ? Years since previous eruption 34 64 14 34 23 15 ____ ? Millions of tons erupted 27 119 19 80 12 25 ____ ? a) Predict when Vesuvius will next erupt. b) Find out why people live in volcanic regions or on their slopes. c) If Vesuvius erupted this year, work out how many millions of tons of lava would be thrown out. 11: a) Describe how mountains like the Andes are formed. b) How is a deep sea trench like the ‘Mid Atlantic Ridge’ formed. c) What is the difference between S and P seismic waves. d) What piece of equipment do scientists use to monitor and record Earthquakes. Describe how they work. 12: Name the mountains formed by the following plate movements: a) The Indian and Eurasian plate moving together b) The African and Eurasian plate moving together. c) The Pacific and South American plate moving together. d) What can be found between the Pacific and Indian plate. Internet: Go to google.co.uk and find about the last eruption of Mount St. Helens in the USA. Also find out about the ‘ring of fire’ and the formation of the Hawaiian Islands. Furthermore find out about the tsunami that struck Indonesia and other countries on 26th of December 2004.