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1. Slide 1: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Science Interactive LTD Science base multimedia CD-ROM for PC is a collection of 38 units or tools totalling over 1150 PowerPoint slides. Each unit covers a wide range of different delivery and learning styles, offering an exciting way to involve your pupils during lessons or revision sessions. All styles of teaching and learning are supported through use of high quality images, graphics, challenging exercises and questions. Units can be used in the classroom via an interactive whiteboard, data projector or used during individual study via a PC or school network. Science Interactive LTD. PO BOX 50764 LONDON NW6 9AT email: sales@science-interactive.co.uk web: www:science-interactive.co.uk Unit 1: The Digestive System Unit 20: Crude Oil and its Products Unit 2: The Circulatory System Unit 21: Rock Cycle Unit 3: Healthy Body and Immunity Unit 22: Elements, Molecules and Compounds Unit 4: The Respiratory System Unit 23: Ionic and Covalent Compounds Unit 5: Nervous System and the Senses Unit 24: The Halogens, their Uses and Compounds Unit 6: Human Homeostasis Unit 25: The Noble Gases, their Properties and Uses Unit 7: Hormones and the Endocrine System Unit 26: Rates of Reaction Unit 8: Drugs and Bad Body Maintenance Unit 27: Energy Unit 9: Photosynthesis in Green Plants Unit 28: Generating Electricity and its Domestic Use Unit 10: Water Transport in Plants Unit 29: Electricity Unit 11: Flow of Energy and Elements through the Environment Unit 30: Light and the Electromagnetic Spectrum Unit 12: Mitosis and Meiosis Unit 31: Radioactivity Unit 13: Inheritance and Selection Unit 32: Newton's Forces and the Effects of Forces Unit 14: Evolution and Human Impact Unit 33: Earth and Space Unit 15: Genetic Engineering Unit 34: The Earth and Plate Tectonics Unit 16: The Periodic Table and its Elements Unit 35: The Alkaline Earth Metals Unit 17: The Alkali Metals Unit 36: Sound and Hearing Unit 18: Metals and their Properties Unit 37: Natural Forces Unit 19: The Transitional Metals Unit 38: Cells, Tissue, Organs and Organs systems
2. Slide 2: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Stellar nebula Average star Red Giant Planetary nebula White Dwarf Neutron star Unit 33  Earth and Space 
3. Slide 3: Unit 33: Earth and Space Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Understand: Keywords: Big Bang, Universe, Milky Way, Galaxy, Solar Models of the Universe from Ptolemy to Stephen 1. Hawkins. System, Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Current thinking on the scale and origins of the 2. Saturn, Neptune, Uranus, Pluto, Sun, Moon, Universe. Seasons, Lunar, Eclipse, Sun, Space That the beginning of time and space started 3. Exploration, Planets, Asteroids, Meteorites, with the Big Bang. Satellites & Black hole. Our place in the Universe and that our galaxy, 4. the Milky Way is home to the solar system. The solar system and its nine planets, comets, 5. asteroids and meteorites. The life cycle of our Sun and its reactions 6. producing light and heat. What is a solar and lunar eclipse 7. The lunar month and its phases. 8. Earth’s seasons and the role of Earth’s axis as a 9. cause of the seasons. 10. The history of space exploration: Sputnik I & II, Yuri Gagarin, First lunar landing by Neil Armstrong, Space shuttle and Mars Pathfinder. 11. The role of satellites for communication. Click mouse to begin Science Interactive LTD PO BOX 50764 LONDON NW6 9AT web: www.science-interactive.co.uk email: sales@science-interactive.co.uk
4. Slide 4: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Models of the Universe one Humans, for thousands of years have asked questions about their own history, the history of the solar system and Universe. Early philosophers and modern s__________ have given us different answers to the one single question: How and when did the Universe begin ? Over the last two thousand years, many different theories have been offered by scientists to explain what events began, that led to the formation of the U___________ and all the galaxies that we observe today. The ‘big bang theory’ popularised by Stephen Hawking provides us with some of the best answers for the history of our Universe. Models of the Universe: Word bank: scientists universe 140 AD 1600 AD 1800 AD 1950 AD 2000 AD Ptolemy Copernicus Herschel Hubble Hawking Proposes in 140 AD Proposes in 1600 AD Proposes in 1800 AD Proposes that our Popularised that the that the Earth is a that the Sun is the that the Sun and all galaxy, the Milky Universe started with sphere and is at the very centre of the other stars are a huge Way is just one of a big bang 15 billion very centre of the Universe, with the disk containing many billions of similar years ago and is still Universe. Earth orbiting it. thousands of stars. Galaxies. in constant expansion.
5. Slide 5: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Model of the Universe two Stephen Hawkins has developed the most convincing model to fully explain the origins and evolution of the Universe. He proposed that around 12 to 15 billion years ago, all the m_______ of the Universe occupied a small volume and time was non existent. A massive explosion or ‘big bang’ sent matter in all directions, at temperatures of millions of degrees Celsius. Within a millisecond, matter was spread across many light years creating the Universe. Time had also started. Within hundredths of a second, matter had spread thousands of l________ years across. Over the next 12 to 15 billion years 100,000,000,000 galaxies have formed, each containing many billions of stars. These galaxies are still in expansion, moving away from one another carrying all the galaxies further apart. The Universe is still in constant expansion. Big Bang: Word bank: matter light Big Bang Formation of stars in the Eagle Nebula Big Bang ‘Big Bang theory’ Stephen Hawkins proposes that the Universe started with a big bang and is in constant expansion. The age of the Universe is believed to be around 12 to 15 billions years old. Our own Sun is estimated to be around 4.5 billion years old. The Universe continues to expand from a central point. Whether this expansion will continue is still unanswered. Pictured above is the Eagle nebula, a nursery for stars and galaxies. This gas cloud is millions of light years across.
6. Slide 6: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Expanding Universe Since the ‘big bang’ the Universe continues to expand, but what other evidence do we have to support the big bang theory proposed by Stephen Hawking. If we observe the many thousands of visible galaxies using the Hubble telescope, they all have a red shift meaning that they are always moving a______ from us. These images proves that the Universe and its galaxies are in constant expansion. (If the galaxies has a blue shift they would be in contraction or moving towards us) Whether these galaxies will always be in expansion, moving away from one another continually expanding or in contraction falling into one another is still unknown. Red shift – Blue shift: Word bank: away Big bang Blue shift (contraction) Red shift (expansion) Red shift Blue shift Red shift Expansion Contraction Blue shift: If galaxies were moving towards us or the Universe was in contraction, then all the visible galaxies would have a bluish appearance or a blue shift. Red shift: If galaxies were moving away from us or the Universe was in expansion, then all the visible galaxies would have a reddish appearance or red shift. Fortunately they do !!!
7. Slide 7: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Solar system The solar system is a collection of nine planets in orbit around an average star called the Sun. The gravitational p_____ exerted by the Sun holds all nine planets in their orbits. This star is one of many millions found in the galaxy known as the M______ Way. Our nearest star is over two light years away and is called alpha centauri. Our own solar system, although forming a insignificant part of the Universe is vast very old and home to Earth, which is believed to be the only planet that supports complex life forms. Pluto, the outermost planet is so far away, the Sun is no brighter than an average star. What is the name of the nearest galaxy to the milky way ? Solar system: Word bank: pull milky Solar system Solar system Solar system and the nine planets Solar system The belief is that the Sun and its nine planets formed at the same time about 4.5 billion years ago. This process began with a massive cloud of dust, ice and gas called a nebula. Gravity pulled most of the debris together forming a protostar. Nuclear fusion began and created the Sun. The remaining debris formed the nine planets, with rocky planets containing dust and debris. In a similar way, the outer planets were formed from gas. Why are meteorites, asteroids and comets of interest to scientists who want to know more about our solar system ?
8. Slide 8: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Birth of a star Billions of stars, found in millions of galaxies, filling billions of light years of space, but how are galaxies and stars formed. In 1998, the Hubble telescope and one of its many images, finally gave us spectacular evidence that tells scientists how s______ and galaxies are formed. The Eagle nebula (pictured below) is a cloud of hydrogen and dust billions of light years across. At the end of each finger like protrusion, the gravitational forces form a ball of hydrogen. Huge gravitational forces superheat the hydrogen so that nuclear fusion begins, l_______ is produced and a star is born. Birth of a star: Word bank: stars light Birth of a star Picture The Eagle nebula Eagle nebula Birth of a star This dust cloud will eventually give rise to a single galaxy like the Milky Way, many thousands of light years across containing many millions of stars. It is thought that similar clouds containing the element hydrogen and interstellar dust give rise to the millions of galaxies that are estimated to occupy our Universe.
9. Slide 9: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 The Sun one The Sun is an average star in our own galaxy, the Milky Way, fuelled by hydrogen gas. The core temperature is around 14 million degrees. The Sun uses up to 4 million tonnes of h_________ gas every second. It has a life span of about 9 billion years and is currently estimated to be around 4.5 billions years old. It gravitational pull keeps all n_______ planets in orbit, alongside meteors, asteroids and the odd comet. It takes light travelling at 300,000 kms-1 nearly nine minutes to reach the Earth’s surface. On any scale, the size of the Sun, when compared to any of the planets is huge. The Sun: Word bank: hydrogen nine Sun Picture Sun at the heart of the solar system and the nine planets Sun Every year, just a small fraction of the Sun’s Our own solar system, although forming a insignificant part energy lands on the Earth’s surface. Its value in of the Universe is vast, very old and home to Earth, which is kilojoules is 1023 kJ/year. This energy is in the believed to be the only planet that supports complex life form of infra red heat and light. UV light can forms. Pluto, the outermost planet is so far away, the Sun is cause cancer of the skin if overexposed. no brighter than an average star, viewed from its surface.
10. Slide 10: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 The Sun two The Sun consumes up to 4 million tonnes of hydrogen gas every second producing helium and energy. At this rate, the Sun will exhaust its supply of hydrogen over 9 billion years. The Sun is currently estimated to be around 4.5 billions years old. During the formation of helium from hydrogen, excess e_______ is released forming the family of waves known as the electromagnetic spectrum. These w_______ include light and infra red radiation. A larger star would have already consumed its supply of hydrogen. One day, the Sun will run out of hydrogen and begin its decline forming a red dwarf, then a white dwarf and a neuron star. The Sun: Word bank: energy waves Sun Picture Nuclear fission inside the Sun’s core H 1 H 1 H 2 H 1 Sun H 3 H 1 H 4 H 3 H 2 H 2 H 3 H 1 H 3 H 1 H 2 H H 1 1 The Sun’s surface temperature is around Every year, just a small fraction of the Sun’s energy lands on 6000oC which then climbs to around the Earth’s surface. Its value in kilojoules is 1023 kJ/year. This 14,000,000oC inside the core. Light produced energy is in the form of infra red heat and light. UV light can in the core takes many thousands of years to cause cancer of the skin if overexposed. The energy is reach the surface. released, as atoms of hydrogen fuse to form helium.
11. Slide 11: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 The Sun three (life cycle) The Sun has a lifespan of about 9 billion years and is already halfway through its life using up to 4 million tonnes of hydrogen gas every second. Eventually, when all the hydrogen and helium is consumed, the Sun will rapidly expand forming a red g_______ that engulfs and scorches the first four planets including Earth. What follows then is its contraction, the formation of a white d________ and then a neutron star. This contains super concentrated mass, rotating very quickly emitting pulses of light at very low energies, insufficient to support life on Earth. Life on Earth will stop at the moment the expanding red dwarf vaporises everything on the surface of our planet. The Sun and its life cycle: Word bank: giant dwarf Sun Life cycle of our Sun Stellar nebula Average star Red Giant Planetary nebula White Dwarf Neutron star Sun 4.5 billion years B.C 4.5 billion years A.D 4.6 billion years A.D The hydrogen in our Sun is hot enough to produce collisions where fusion can take place. In the centre of the Sun, the temperature is around 14 million degrees centigrade...hot enough for hydrogen isotopes to fuse to make helium. During fusion, large amounts of energy in the form of light and heat is released. After 9 billions years, fusion will cease and the Sun’s life cycle will come to a dramatic end, scorching all life on Earth. Escaping this at present is beyond our technology !
12. Slide 12: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Night sky Look up at the night sky and you are looking through a very small part of our own galaxy the Milky Way. Although light pollution in cities hinders our view of the sky at n_______, far away in the unpopulated countryside the Milky Way is awesome. Viewed at night you can see why it is named the Milky Way. A milky light crosses the sky, full of stars, all many hundreds of l______ years away. Our own galaxy stretches over 100,000 light years across. Our night sky moves around the pole star (named Polaris) Name the twelve constellations seen in the night sky ? Night sky and the milky way: Word bank: night light Night sky Picture The milky way Night sky Time lapse photography shows us that the The Milky Way from Earth. A collection of stars, this five night sky revolves around a central star called armed spiral galaxy is home to our Sun and its nine planets. Polaris. This star is used to navigate north Our own galaxy is vast, over 100,000 light year across. In because its position remains unchanged cities and other populated areas we can only see a few stars throughout the night. because of light pollution.
13. Slide 13: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Mercury solar system Mercury is the closest planet at only 57 million kilometres from the Sun. Only Pluto is smaller. Even the satellites of Jupiter (Io and Ganymede) are larger in both d___________ and mass. Mercury is one of two planets that does not have a moon of its own, the other being Venus. The surface of mercury experiences a wide range of temperatures. During the long day, the temperature rises to 350oC, at night the temperature plummets to -180oC. When Mercury is closest to the Sun, its surface temperature can soar to 450oC. Mercury: Word bank: diameter Mercury Picture Surface of Mercury Mercury 57,000,000 km Mercury, although the closest planet to the Sun at a Distance from the sun: 2438 km Planet radius: distance of only 57,000,000 km is not the hottest planet. 60,708,000,000 km3 Planet volume: 97,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 kg Although its surface can be around 450oC, Venus because Planet mass: None Planet moons: of its greenhouse gases has a higher temperature. 0.2 years Planet orbit: +450 to-180oC Surface temperature:
14. Slide 14: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Venus solar system Earth and Venus are similar in size, mass, composition, and distance from the Sun. But there the similarities end. Venus has no ocean. Venus is covered by thick, rapidly spinning clouds that trap surface heat, creating a scorched World, with temperatures hot enough to melt l______. The atmosphere consists mainly of carbon dioxide, droplets of sulphuric acid, and virtually no water vapour - not a great place for simple or complex l______ to evolve. In addition, the thick atmosphere traps the Sun's heat resulting in temperatures over 475 °C, hotter than the surface of the planet Mercury. Venus: Word bank: lead life Venus Picture Surface of Venus Venus 108,208,930 km The high density of the atmosphere results in a surface pressure Distance from the sun: 6,051.8 km Planet radius: 90 times that of Earth, which is why probes that have landed on 928,167,000,000 km3 Planet volume: Venus have only survived several hours before being crushed by 4,868,500,000,000,000,000,000,000 kg Planet mass: None Planet moons: the incredible pressure. In the upper layers, the clouds move 0.6 years Planet orbit: faster than hurricane-force winds on Earth. +475oC Surface temperature:
15. Slide 15: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Earth solar system As far as we know, Earth is the birthplace of humanity. We still don't know if simple life started here on Earth, or if it was brought to Earth from outer space by comets or some other celestial body. It is believed Earth is about as old as the rest of the Solar system. This age is thought to be about 4.5 billion years. The o_________ period is of course one year, but like all other planets, Earth also revolves around it's own centre, once every 24 hours. Earth is actually tilted some 23.5° relative to it's orbit around the Sun. This slight tilt is the cause of the four s__________ we experience on Earth. Where does Earth receive all its energy from ? Earth: Word bank: orbital seasons Earth Picture Surface of Earth Earth 149,600,000 km Third rock from the Sun is a planet called Earth, with its Distance from the sun: 6,378 km Planet radius: oxygen rich atmosphere, ambient temperatures, oceans, 1,086,920,000,000 km3 Planet volume: 5972,500,000,000,000,000,000,000 kg rivers and lakes and of course land that support very Planet mass: One Planet moons: simple to complex life forms. 365 days Planet orbit: +18oC Surface temperature:
16. Slide 16: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Earth Radioactive dating As time moves forward, the amount of radioactive Uranium235 has gradually decreased in the Earth’s rocks changing into stable lead. Because we know the half life of Uranium235 (700 million years) by measuring the ratio of Uranium235 and lead in a rock sample, we can determine its age. Geologists use these methods to age rock samples from Earth, as well as m__________ from other planets including Mars. Using this method, scientists have dated the age of Earth and Mars at 4.5 billion years. Radioactive dating: Word bank: meteorites Uranium235 decay to lead206 Earth’s age Diagram alpha beta gamma 700 million years Uranium235 Lead206 The age of the Earth is Notes Uranium235 transmutes or changes through 14 different isotopes around 4.5 billion years. finally producing stable lead, with a half life of 700 million years. We know this because of Decay sequence: radio dating of rocks. Uranium236 Thorium234 Protactinium234 Uranium234 Created at the same times as Mars and probably the Thorium230 Radium226 Radon222 Polonium218 Lead214 other 7 planets. Bismuth210 Polonium210 Lead206.
17. Slide 17: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Mars solar system The red planet Mars is a small rocky body, once thought to be very Earth-like. Like the other ‘terrestrial’ planets – Mercury, Venus and Earth - its surface has been changed by volcanic activity, impacts from other bodies, movements of its crust, and atmospheric effects such as dust storms. It has polar i____ caps that grow and recede with the change of seasons and areas of layered soils. Martian tectonics seem to be vertical, with hot lava pushing upwards through the c_______ to the surface. Periodically, great dust storms engulf the entire planet. The effects of these storms are dramatic, including giant dunes. Mars: Word bank: ice crust Mars Picture Surface of Mars Mars 227,936,640 km Mars has little atmosphere or any running water. The Distance from the sun: 3,397 km Planet radius: surface of Mars was recently photographed by pathfinder. 164,222,000,000 km3 Planet volume: 641,850,000,000,000,000,000,000 kg The search for simple life continues on the surface of this Planet mass: Two Planet moons: red planet or perhaps at the polar caps. 1.9 years Planet orbit: -30oC Surface temperature:
18. Slide 18: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Jupiter solar system With its numerous moons and several rings, the Jupiter system is a ‘mini-solar system.’ Jupiter is the most massive p________ in our solar system, and in composition it resembles a small star. In fact, if Jupiter had been between fifty and one hundred times more massive, it would have become a star rather than a planet. On January 7th 1610, while sky-gazing from his garden in Italy, astronomer Galileo Galilei was surprised to see four small ‘stars’ near Jupiter. He had discovered Jupiter's four largest moons, now called Io, Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto. Collectively, these four m_______ are known today as the Galilean satellites. Jupiter: Word bank: planets moons Jupiter Picture Surface of Jupiter Jupiter 778,412,020 km Jupiter is massive and over 315 times the size of Earth. If Distance from the sun: 71,492 km Planet radius: Jupiter was just 50 times larger, it would have formed a star. 1,530,790,000,000,000 km3 Planet volume: Jupiter's storm eye, with winds over 1000 km per hour is 1,898,700,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 kg Planet mass: 63 Planet moons: about the size of Earth and has been going for 300 years. 12 years Planet orbit: -150oC Surface temperature:
19. Slide 19: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Jupiter moons of Jupiter Galileo would be astonished at what we have learned about Jupiter and its moons in the past 30 years. Io is the most volcanically active body in our solar system. Ganymede is the largest planetary moon and has its own m__________ field. A liquid ocean may lie beneath the frozen crust of Europa possibly home to bacterial life. An icy ocean may also lie beneath the crust of Callisto. In 2003 alone, astronomers discovered 23 new moons orbiting the giant planet. Jupiter now officially has 63 moons - by far the most in the solar system. Many of the outer moons are probably asteroids captured by the planet's huge gravitational forces. How does Jupiter protect Earth from collisions with asteroids ? Jupiter and its moons: Word bank: magnetic Jupiter Jupiter and its moons (Io, Europa, Ganymede & Callisto) Jupiter Jupiter’s main moons are bizarre worlds, and may be home to simple bacteria life although the surface temperatures are well below minus 150oC. The total number of Jupiter’s moons is now 63.
20. Slide 20: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Saturn solar system Saturn is the most distant of the five planets known to ancient stargazers. In 1610, Galileo Galilei was the first astronomer to gaze at Saturn through a telescope. To his surprise, he saw a pair of objects on either side of the planet, which he later drew as ‘cup handles’ attached to the planet on each side. In 1659, Dutch astronomer Christiaan Huygens announced that this was a ring encircling the planet. In 1675, Italian born astronomer Jean Dominique Cassini discovered a gap between what are now called the A and B rings. Like Jupiter, Uranus, and N________, Saturn is a gas giant. It is made mostly of hydrogen and helium. Its volume is 95 times greater than Earths. Winds in the upper atmosphere reach an amazing 1500 kilometres per hour in the equatorial region. Saturn: Word bank: neptune Saturn Picture Saturn and her rings Saturn 1,426,725,400 km Saturn is perhaps the most beautiful of all the nine planets Distance from the sun: 60,268 km Planet radius: in the solar system. Saturn has over 20 moons and its 917,075,000,000,000 km3 Planet volume: 568,510,000,000,000,000,000,000 kg characteristic rings. It is a gas giant discovered by Galileo Planet mass: : + rings 20 Planet moons: Galilei in 1610. 30 years Planet orbit: -180oC Surface temperature:
21. Slide 21: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Uranus solar system Once considered one of the blander-looking planets, Uranus has been revealed as a dynamic World with some of the brightest clouds in the outer solar system and 11 rings. Uranus gets its blue-green colour from m________ gas above the deeper cloud layers. Uranus was discovered in 1781 by astronomer William Herschel. This seventh planet from the Sun is so distant that it takes 84 years to complete a single o______. Uranus is classified as a ‘gas giant’ planet because it has no solid surface. The atmosphere of Uranus contains hydrogen and helium, with a small amount of methane and traces of water and ammonia. The bulk of the mass of Uranus is contained in the liquid core consisting of ‘icy’ materials like water, methane, and ammonia. Uranus: Word bank: methane orbit Uranus Picture Surface of Uranus Uranus 2,870,972,200 km Unlike Jupiter, Neptune and Saturn, few good quality Distance from the sun: 25,559 km Planet radius: images of Uranus exist. Recently it was discovered that 69,948,000,000,000 km3 Planet volume: 86,849,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 kg like Saturn, Uranus has many moons and rings. We wait Planet mass: 15 + rings Planet moons: for better images to fully discover this planet’s beauty. 84 years Planet orbit: -210oC Surface temperature:
22. Slide 22: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Neptune solar system The eighth planet from the Sun, Neptune was the first planet located through mathematical predictions rather than through regular observations of the sky. When Uranus didn't travel exactly as astronomers expected, two mathematicians, working independently of each other, proposed the position and mass of another, as yet unknown planet that could account for Uranus' elliptical orbit. Although all scientists ignored the predictions, a young astronomer decided to look for the predicted planet. Thus, Neptune was discovered in 1846. Seventeen days later, its largest moon Triton was also discovered. Nearly 4.5 billion kilometres from the Sun, Neptune orbits the Sun once every 165 y_______. Since it was discovered, it has not quite made a full orbit around the Sun. Neptune: Word bank: years Neptune Picture Surface of Neptune Neptune 4,498,252,900 km It is invisible to the naked eye because of its extreme Distance from the sun: 24,764 km Planet radius: distance from Earth. Interestingly, due to Pluto’s unusual 63,620,000,000,000 km3 Planet volume: 102,440,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 kg elliptical orbit, Neptune is actually the farthest planet from Planet mass: 8 Planet moons: the Sun for a 20 year period out of every 165 Earth years. 165 years Planet orbit: -220oC Surface temperature:
23. Slide 23: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Pluto solar system Long considered to be the smallest, coldest, and most distant planet from the Sun, Pluto may also be the largest of a group of objects that orbit in a zone beyond the orbit of Neptune called the Kuiper belt. This distant region consists of thousands of miniature icy Worlds with diameters of at least 1,000 km and is also believed to be the source of some of the c________ that orbit the Sun. Discovered by American astronomer Clyde Tombaugh in 1930, Pluto takes 248 years to orbit the Sun. Pluto's most recent close approach to the Sun was in 1989. Between 1979 and 1999, Pluto's highly elliptical orbit brought it closer to the Sun than Neptune, providing rare opportunities to study this small, cold, distant World and its companion moon Charon. Pluto: Word bank: comets Pluto Picture Surface of Pluto Pluto 5,906,380,000 km Most of what we know about Pluto we have learned since the Distance from the sun: 1,151 km Planet radius: 1970s from Earth based observations and the Hubble telescope. 6,388,000,000 km3 Planet volume: Many of the key questions about Pluto, Charon, and the outer 13,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 kg Planet mass: One Planet moons: fringes of our solar system await close up observations by a 248 years Planet orbit: robotic space flight mission. This is a computer generated image. -230oC Surface temperature:
24. Slide 24: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Moon solar system When we say 'The Moon' we typically refer to Earth's moon, however, the word 'moon' is actually defined as a celestial body that orbits any planet. The most familiar name for our moon is Luna. Earth's moon is relatively large compared to it's host p_______. It's diameter is about 3474 km and because it is smaller than Earth, the value of gravity is also lower. The value of g or the size of its gravitational force is roughly 16% of Earth's gravity (1.6 Nkg-1) The moon orbits the Earth every 27.3 days and also rotates on its own axis over the same time period. This coincidence means that we only see one s____ of the moon from Earth. The moon not only stabilises our own orbit but is responsible for the tides in Earths oceans and seas. Why is madness or lunacy associated with a full moon ? Moon: Word bank: planet side Moon Picture Moon landing 1969 Moon First landed by Neil Armstrong on July 20th 1969, the moon 149,600,000 km Distance from the sun: 1738 km Planet radius: is just over 400,000 km from Earth. A successful landing 9,726,473 km3 Planet volume: took many scientists over a decade of hard work and many 73,500,000,000,000,000,000,000 kg Planet mass: Planet moons: billions of dollars spent by NASA and the US government. 27.3 days Planet orbit: +50oC to -50oC Surface temperature:
25. Slide 25: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Moon Phases of the moon The orbit of the Moon is slightly confusing. The correct orbital period is 27.3 days and is referred to as the Sidereal month. The sidereal period is basically measured against the background of s______. This means that it takes 27.3 days for the moon to revolve once around Earth and end up at the exact same position in the sky. However, there is another way to look at moon's o_______ and this is in relation to its different phases (full moon, half moon etc.) Because the phases are related to the moon's position relative to the Sun, the synodic month is actually two days longer. The rotational period of the moon is exactly the same as the orbital period, therefore we only see one side of the moon as it orbits the Earth. Billions of years ago, the moon rotated much faster, but over the years, Earth's gravitational pull has slowed down the rotation of the moon to its current time of 27.3 days. Moon: Word bank: stars orbit Moon A Lunar month (July 2004) Phases of the moon Last Quarter July 2004 (Lunar month) 9th July Waning Crescent Waning Gibbous 12th July 5th July Moon 2nd July Full Moon New 17th July New Full 31th July Waxing Crescent Waxing Gibbous 22nd July 29th July First Quarter 25th July
26. Slide 26: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Lunar eclipse one A lunar eclipse is when the Earth is in between the Sun and the moon. During the eclipse, the moon takes on a r_________ appearance, because red light from the Sun’s rays are refracted around the Earth’s surface. An eclipse from start to finish takes over three hours. The moon takes on a reddish appearance only for a few minutes. Interestingly, lunar eclipses are much more common than s________ eclipses. Why are lunar eclipses much more common than solar eclipses ? Lunar eclipse: Word bank: reddish solar Lunar eclipse Lunar eclipse Stages and timing of a lunar eclipse Lunar eclipse A total lunar eclipse is an amazing sight in the night sky. The moon takes on a reddish appearance for a few minutes. This is because red light from the Sun is refracted around the Earth by the Earth’s atmosphere. The Atmosphere acts like a lens bending red light. At 21.50 (left picture) the moon is almost in total darkness. During totality, red light illuminates the moon’s surface.
27. Slide 27: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Lunar eclipse two A lunar eclipse: The Earth’s orbit takes the Earth directly in front of the Sun’s rays which illuminate the moon. Observers in the Eastern h___________ see the Earth’s Shadow move across the surface of the moon. When the moon is in the Earth’s Umbra, no white sunlight can reach the moon’s surface and it is seen to appear dark red. This is because the Earth's atmosphere bends r____ light around the Earth which then falls and is reflected by the moon’s surface. Can you remember the last lunar eclipse ? Lunar eclipse: Word bank: hemisphere red Lunar eclipse Diagram of a lunar eclipse Total lunar eclipse Moon’s orbit Earth Lunar eclipse Penumbra Sunlight Umbra Moon Sunlight Penumbra A lunar eclipse is not to be missed. Although more common than a solar eclipse, the moon takes on a beautiful reddish appearance at totality or when the moon is aligned with the Earth's umbra.
28. Slide 28: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Solar eclipse one A solar eclipse is when the moon is in between the Sun and the Earth. The last total eclipse visible in England was on August 11th 1999. During a s_______ eclipse, the surface temperature drops, birds r_______ and you can see the stars in the same sky area as the Sun. These stars are normally obscured by bright sunlight during the day. Astronomers study these stars during a total eclipse. The next eclipse in Britain is on 7th October 2135. Why do birds roost prior and during a total solar eclipse ? Solar eclipse: Word bank: solar eclipse Solar eclipse Picture Solar eclipse and time lapsed picture Solar eclipse Never look directly at the Sun during a solar eclipse however tempting. Sunlight falling on the back of your retina can cause permanent damage to your eyesight.
29. Slide 29: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Solar eclipse two A solar eclipse: The moon’s orbit takes the moon directly in front of the Sun’s rays which illuminates the Earth. Observers in the Western hemisphere see the moon’s shadow move across the s_________ of the Earth. When the Earth is in the moon’s umbra, no sunlight can reach the Earth’s surface. Because the Earth rotates on its a_______, the shadow moves across the Earth surface. Can you remember the last solar eclipse ? Solar eclipse: Word bank: surface axis Solar eclipse Diagram of a total solar eclipse Total solar eclipse Solar eclipse Moon Penumbra Sunlight Umbra Umbra path Penumbra Sunlight The diagram shows that path of sunlight from the Sun which is blocked by the moon’s position directly in front of the Earth. The umbra is the path where you would observe a total eclipse and the penumbra, either side of the eclipse path is a partial shadow or eclipse.
30. Slide 30: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 The seasons one The Earth moves around the Sun, in an orbit which is elliptical. The Earth orbits the Sun once a year or every 365 days. These orbits aren't perfect c________, they are in fact elliptical. The orbital period is of course, the time it takes for a body to complete one revolution around its host body. The fact that Earth completes one r__________ in 365.25 days is the reason for leap years. Every 4 years, we need to add another day (February 29th) to compensate for the extra 0.25 days we get each year. The Earth rotates on its own axis once a day or every 24 hours. The seasons: Word bank: circles revolution Earth’s orbit Earth’s orbit around the Sun Earth’s orbit around the Sun Earth’s orbit 23.50 Sunlight 149,000,000 km Moon Earth Sunlight Moon’s orbit Earth’s orbit The Earth is a massive 149 million kilometres away from the Sun. It takes light which travels at 300,000 kms-1 approximately 8.7 minutes to travel from the Sun to the Earth’s surface. The Earth’s axis is tilted at 23.5o giving rise to the seasons: Spring, Summer, Autumn and Winter.
31. Slide 31: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 The seasons two The Earth revolves around the Sun once every 365 days. But like all other planets, Earth also revolves around it's own centre (north to south.) Earth is actually tilted some 23.5° relative to it's orbit around the Sun. This slight t____ is the cause of the four seasons. The light energy emitted from the Sun hits the Earth's atmosphere at different angles. This means the atmosphere absorbs varying amounts of energy depending on its angle relative to incoming r______. If the Earth was exactly perpendicular to the orbital plane, we wouldn't have any seasonal variations. The seasons: Word bank: tilt rays The seasons Winter and summer in the northern hemisphere Northern hemisphere summer Northern hemisphere winter North pole North pole Sunlight Sunlight Earth’s seasons Sunlight Sunlight Equator Equator During the summer, in the northern hemisphere, the northern hemisphere is tilted towards the Sun. During the winter, the northern hemisphere is tilted away from the Sun. Therefore, less solar energy is received causing cool winter temperatures and short daylight hours.
32. Slide 32: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Black holes in the universe Black holes are called the vacuum cleaners of the Universe and are the collapsed remains of stars. When a failed star implodes on itself, the mass becomes super concentrated. The gravitational forces are so huge that nothing, not even l________ can escape. That why it appears black. There are numerous black holes which can consume other stars or planets when they pass near by. Whether the mass or our solar system will ever be consumed by a black hole found in the Milky Way remains the big question ? Black holes in the Universe: Word bank: light Black hole Picture Black holes in the Universe Black hole A black hole is super condensed matter that occupies a relatively small volume of space. These black holes roam the Universe consuming everything in their path. They gravitational force is so massive that even light cannot escape. The picture above shows the hydrogen gas of an average star being pulled into the black hole. Scientists do not know whether our own galaxy, the Milky Way contains a black hole.
33. Slide 33: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Asteroids solar system Asteroids are rocky fragments left over from the formation of the solar system. Most of these fragments of ancient space rubble can be found orbiting the Sun in a belt between Mars and Jupiter. This region in our solar system is called the Asteroid Belt and probably contains millions of a___________. These range in size from Ceres, which at 940 km in diameter is about one quarter the diameter of our Moon, to bodies that are less than 1 km across. There are more than 20,000 numbered asteroids. As asteroids revolve around the Sun in elliptical orbits, Jupiter's gravity and occasional close encounters with M______ can change their orbits, knocking them out of the main belt and hurling them into space across the orbits of other planets like Earth. Asteroids: Word bank: asteroids mars Asteroids Picture Asteroid in the night sky Asteroids Mars' moons Phobos and Deimos may be captured asteroids. Scientists believe that stray asteroids have slammed into Earth in the past, playing a major role both in altering the geological history of our planet and in the evolution of life. The extinction of the dinosaurs 65 million years ago has been linked to a devastating impact near the Yucatan peninsula in Mexico. There is a sure thing, there will be a similar cataclysmic collision altering again Earth’s future, when this will happen, scientists are unsure.
34. Slide 34: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Comets solar system Comets consist of ice, dust and other interstellar debris. Scientists believe that they were formed at the same time as our Universe some 4.5 billion years ago. They orbit the Sun in huge elliptical orbits occasionally becoming visible from the surface of the Earth. Scientists are interested in c_______ because they may contain material that was created at the same time as our s_____ and its nine planets. In July 2005, scientists will send a probe called deep impact that will sample the icy tail of a comet. Find out about Haley’s comet...when is it next due to pass near the Earth ? Comets: Word bank: comet sun Comets Picture Pictures of comets passing near to Earth Comets Comets travel many billions of kilometres Some scientists believe that simple life forms e.g. bacteria around the Sun infrequently passing near to carried in the icy tail of a comet may have been deposited Earth’s orbit. They contain ice, dust and other here on Earth, kick starting the process of evolution and life debris that was thrown out during the on Earth. This theory is a possible explanation for the origins formation of the solar system. of life on Earth.
35. Slide 35: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Meteorites solar system Shooting stars or meteors are bits of material falling through Earth's atmosphere. They are super heated by air molecules as they hurtle towards the Earth’s surface. The bright trails, as they travel through the Earth's atmosphere are termed meteors. Larger rock fragments, that do not vaporize completely and reach the surface of the Earth are termed meteorites. Scientists estimate that about 1,000 tons of meteoritic material falls on the Earth’s surface each d_____. Most of this material, however is very tiny in the form of micrometeoroids or dust like grains, a few micrometers in size. These particles are so tiny that air resistance is enough to slow them sufficiently so that they do not burn up, but rather fall gently to Earth. Meteorites: Word bank: day Meteorites Picture Meteors, Meteorites and Shooting stars Meteorites Look up at the night sky away from light pollution. You will probably see a shooting star or meteorite...but where do they come from ? They probably come from within our own solar system, rather than interstellar space. Their composition provides clues to their origins. They may share a common origin with the asteroids. Some meteoritic material is similar to the Earth and Moon and some is quite different. Some evidence indicates an origin from comets that orbit the Sun.
36. Slide 36: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Space exploration one In the late fifties and early sixties, while America was playing catch up, the Russians were winning the space race. In the late fifties, the R_________ sent Yuri Gagarin into space, orbiting the Earth several times before landing safely back on Earth. This maiden spaceflight shortly after the successful launch of Sputnik I & II shocked the Americans and led to the ‘space race.’ In the sixties, the Americans and Russians raced to put the first man on the m______. Despite America’s late entry into space exploration, they landed Neil Armstrong on the moon. What date did Neil Armstrong land on the moon ? First orbit around the Earth: Word bank: Russians moon Yuri Gagarin Yuri prior to flight Yuri and the space race Yuri Gagarin Yuri Gagarin made the first successful orbit of Earth. A Russian cosmonaut, he signified the beginning of the space race between America and The Soviet Union. Although America finally won the race to the moon, without Sputnik I & II and Yuri Gagarin, the Apollo missions and the landing on the moon would not have been possible.
37. Slide 37: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Space exploration two Sputnik I & II In 1957 October 4th space exploration began. The Russians launched Sputnik I which orbited the Earth and sent back simple radio messages. This shocked the Americans into joining the space race. The next month, the Russians had launched sputnik II (November 2nd 1957) which carried the first animal into space. An astonished World witnessed the launch of the first living thing to go into orbit – a dog called Laika. The animal had been a stray wandering the streets of Moscow, when she was captured and prepared for a space mission. Shortly after launch, the Soviets said that Laika was not destined to return alive and would die in space. The statement caused outrage to many observers. Sputnik I & II: Word bank: mineral elements Sputnik Picture Launch and Laika (First animal in space) Sputnik Laika, the first living creature to orbit Earth, did not live nearly as long as Soviet officials led the World to believe. The animal, launched on a one-way trip on board Sputnik II in November 1957, was said to have died painlessly in orbit about a week after launch. Now, it has been revealed she died from overheating and panic just a few hours after the mission started, despite having access to water, food, oxygen and a cooling system.
38. Slide 38: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Space exploration three In the Late sixties America was beginning to dominate the space race. This is because of the funding given to NASA by president J.F. Kennedy, who declared in the late fifties that it would be America not Russia that would send a man to the moon. After spending billions of dollars developing the A________ mission rockets, Apollo 9 carried the ‘Eagle’ lunar module to the surface of the moon. On July 20th 1969, Neil Armstrong landed on the surface of the moon. Many more successful missions (except Apollo 13) continued to study our own s__________ until funding was stopped and the Apollo rockets were replaced by the reusable space shuttle. Both China and Japan have expressed their wish to visit the moon in the coming years. Landing on the moon: Word bank: Apollo satellite Moon landing The Eagle has landed Landing on the moon Moon landing The Apollo missions successfully launched humans to the moon. When they were replaced by the reusable space shuttle, the USA government forced NASA to destroy the rockets blueprints. When will we return to the moon is a big question. With china and Japan now taking on the challenge, it will be in the next 10 years. Russia and American are now working on a permanent space station.
39. Slide 39: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Space exploration four In the late seventies and early eighties, NASA developed the space shuttle, a reusable craft that has visited s_______ and launched many satellites over the last two decades. The space shuttle has failed twice, once on launch, where faulty seals allowed explosive propellant to leak causing a catastrophic explosion. The other disaster was on re-entry, when a h_____ resistant tile failed and the space shuttle burned up within seconds. Despite this, the space shuttle has been extremely successful and now routinely carries astronauts to the international space station, a joint project co funded by America and Russia. Space shuttle: Word bank: space heat Space shuttle Uses of the space shuttle Space shuttle The space shuttle is a reusable launch module that was designed to reduced the overall cost of space exploration. However it has still proved very costly and unlike the Saturn series of rockets, the space shuttle has cost the lives of fifteen astronauts during its 20 years service. Commercial operators like Virgin are now offering space travel to private individuals for up to 100,000 dollars per person.
40. Slide 40: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Space exploration five Mars is probably the next destination for a manned mission following the spectacular pictures spent back of the Martian surface by the pathfinder mission in 2002. Landing on Mars would require new technologies to overcome the long j_________, the lack of a life supporting atmosphere and a gravitational pull similar to Earth’s. If a mission was launched, it would take about two years to go there and return. One question would be answered, is there simple life that exists on another planet like Mars ? Mission to Mars: Word bank: journey Mars Mission Pathfinder The surface of Mars Mars The Mars pathfinder project landed a roving module that was capable of surveying the surface of Mars. The pictures beamed back from pathfinder shows a surface similar to a desert landscape here on Earth. Following the success of this mission other similar projects have been planned, although the most recent probe; Beagle II failed on landing on the Martian surface, wasting many millions of pounds.
41. Slide 41: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Satellites one Artificial satellites orbit the Earth in three ways. They can either have a Equatorial, Polar or Geostationary orbit. They are placed in orbit using r_________ and like the moon are held in their orbits by the gravitational pull of the Earth. They have many applications including communication, w________ observations and military uses. All satellites use microwaves which travel in a narrow straight beam, able to pass through the Earth’s atmosphere. These microwaves travel at the speed of light. On Earth we can receive satellite data using collection dishes. Satellites: Word bank: rockets weather Satellites Satellites and their orbits Satellites and their orbits Satellites Polar orbit Geostationary orbit Equatorial orbit 36,000km There are three types of satellite orbits. Equatorial and polar orbits tend to be used by the military to spy on many different countries and their military activities. A single satellite can take images of different countries as it moves across the globe. The fixed geostationary orbits are used to monitor the weather and send and receive telecommunications.
42. Slide 42: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Satellites two Artificial satellites have many uses. They are all able to send and receive vast amounts of data. Communication satellites orbit the Earth in a geostationary orbit and are used by telephone and television companies like BT and SKY. Weather satellites are used to m________ the weather, for example the paths of hurricanes. Earth observation satellites are used to give us detailed information about the Earth's surface including information on l_____ use. They can also be used by the military, to monitor the movement of troops and weapons. They can also be used to position you anywhere in the world. This system is called GPS (Global Positioning System) Satellites and their uses: Word bank: monitor land Satellites Uses of satellites (military, communications & weather) Satellites A fixed geostationary satellite orbits 36,000 km above the Earth’s surface. Used for communications, weather and spying applications. The Earth’s weather is monitored 24 hours a day. Hurricanes and storms are tracked across the oceans and land. Millions of homes have access to satellite television. Seeing live images from across the World’s countries, is one of the benefits.
43. Slide 43: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Extension questions and homework 1: Define the following terms: Universe, Galaxy, Star, Big Bang, Black hole, Asteroid, Comet & Meteorite. 2: Look at the three pictures below. Complete the table. Picture Planet Distance from the sun Surface temperature Unique feature Orbit time One Jupiter Two Pluto Three Saturn 3: Answer the following: a) Which planet is furthest from the sun and which planet is closest to the sun. b) Which planet has the longest year (time to orbit the Sun): Explain why. c) Which is the hottest planet and why. d) What is the relationship between the planet’s surface temperature and its the distance from the sun. e) Is there a relationship between size and whether a planet is a solid rock planet or a Gas giant. 4: Complete the following from the table: 12 hours 24 hours 1 week 4 weeks 6 months 1 year The moon moves around the earth in orbit once every________. The Earth spins on its axis once every_______. The Earth orbit the sun once every ________.
44. Slide 44: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 5: Answer the following: a) Draw a diagram to show the Earth’s position on the 21st June and 21st of December relative to the Sun. How does the tilt in the Earth’s axis cause the seasons. b) What is the difference between a natural and artificial satellite. Name Earth’s natural satellite. c) What can an artificial satellite be used for and explain the meaning of geostationary orbit. d) Why do we only see one side of the moon and explain the 8 different phases of the moon. 6: Answer the following: Stars are formed by massive clouds of dust and gases in space: a) What’s the force that attracts the clouds of dust and hydrogen gas together to form stars. b) Once formed, the star has a stable life for billions of years. Describe the two main forces at work in the star during this period. c) What happens to the star once this stable period is over. d) Suggest what might happen to a planet close to this star. 7: Answer the following. a) How does the big bang theory of the Universe account for its creation and outline the evidence which supports the big bang theory. b) What is meant by the term ‘red shift’ as used in astronomy and explain how the red shift helps us to find out more about our own Universe. 8: Answer the following: This question is about satellites and space exploration: a) Communication satellites are usually put into geostationary orbits high above the equator. b) What is meant by the term geostationary and what is the advantage of such an orbit. d) What is the time for a complete orbit of this type of satellite. e) Why must it be place at a particular height above the Earth’s surface. f) Monitoring or spy satellites scan the entire Earth’s surface. By means of a diagram and a brief explanation show how this is possible. g) Astronauts have landed and explored the Moon and it is hoped that Mars will be explored in the near future. Describe two factors that make this difficult and expensive. Internet: Go to google.co.uk and find out about the Eagle nebula. This is a huge cloud of hydrogen which is giving birth to new stars in a galaxy. Visit www.nasa.com. Look for the latest news on the space shuttle programme.