Unit 33 Earth and Space part 2

Science Interactive LTD Science Interactive LTD. PO BOX 50764 LONDON NW6 9AT email: sales@science-interactive.co.uk web: www:science-interactive.co.uk Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Science base multimedia CD-ROM for PC is a collection of 38 units or tools totalling over 1150 PowerPoint slides . Each unit covers a wide range of different delivery and learning styles, offering an exciting way to involve your pupils during lessons or revision sessions. All styles of teaching and learning are supported through use of high quality images , graphics , challenging exercises and questions . Units can be used in the classroom via an interactive whiteboard , data projector or used during individual study via a PC or school network . Unit 19: The Transitional Metals Unit 18: Metals and their Properties Unit 17: The Alkali Metals Unit 16: The Periodic Table and its Elements Unit 15: Genetic Engineering Unit 14: Evolution and Human Impact Unit 13: Inheritance and Selection Unit 12: Mitosis and Meiosis Unit 11: Flow of Energy and Elements through the Environment Unit 10: Water Transport in Plants Unit 9: Photosynthesis in Green Plants Unit 8: Drugs and Bad Body Maintenance Unit 7: Hormones and the Endocrine System Unit 6: Human Homeostasis Unit 5: Nervous System and the Senses Unit 4: The Respiratory System Unit 3: Healthy Body and Immunity Unit 2: The Circulatory System Unit 1: The Digestive System Unit 38: Cells, Tissue, Organs and Organs systems Unit 37: Natural Forces Unit 36: Sound and Hearing Unit 35: The Alkaline Earth Metals Unit 34: The Earth and Plate Tectonics Unit 33: Earth and Space Unit 32: Newton's Forces and the Effects of Forces Unit 31: Radioactivity Unit 30: Light and the Electromagnetic Spectrum Unit 29: Electricity Unit 28: Generating Electricity and its Domestic Use Unit 27: Energy Unit 26: Rates of Reaction Unit 25: The Noble Gases, their Properties and Uses Unit 24: The Halogens, their Uses and Compounds Unit 23: Ionic and Covalent Compounds Unit 22: Elements, Molecules and Compounds Unit 21: Rock Cycle Unit 20: Crude Oil and its Products

Unit 33

Earth and Space

Models of the Universe from Ptolemy to Stephen Hawkins.

Current thinking on the scale and origins of the Universe.

That the beginning of time and space started with the Big Bang.

Our place in the Universe and that our galaxy, the Milky Way is home to the solar system.

The solar system and its nine planets, comets, asteroids and meteorites.

The life cycle of our Sun and its reactions producing light and heat.

What is a solar and lunar eclipse

The lunar month and its phases.

Earth’s seasons and the role of Earth’s axis as a cause of the seasons.

The history of space exploration: Sputnik I & II, Yuri Gagarin, First lunar landing by Neil Armstrong, Space shuttle and Mars Pathfinder.

The role of satellites for communication.

Big Bang, Universe, Milky Way, Galaxy, Solar System, Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Neptune, Uranus, Pluto, Sun, Moon, Seasons, Lunar, Eclipse, Sun, Space Exploration, Planets, Asteroids, Meteorites, Satellites & Black hole. Unit 33: Earth and Space web: www.science-interactive.co.uk email: sales@science-interactive.co.uk Science Interactive LTD PO BOX 50764 LONDON NW6 9AT Click mouse to begin Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Understand: Keywords:

Moon Phases of the moon The orbit of the Moon is slightly confusing. The correct orbital period is 27.3 days and is referred to as the Sidereal month . The sidereal period is basically measured against the background of s______. This means that it takes 27.3 days for the moon to revolve once around Earth and end up at the exact same position in the sky. However, there is another way to look at moon's o_______ and this is in relation to its different phases (full moon, half moon etc.) Because the phases are related to the moon's position relative to the Sun, the synodic month is actually two days longer. The rotational period of the moon is exactly the same as the orbital period, therefore we only see one side of the moon as it orbits the Earth. Billions of years ago, the moon rotated much faster, but over the years, Earth's gravitational pull has slowed down the rotation of the moon to its current time of 27.3 days. Moon: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Word bank: stars orbit Moon Waning Crescent Waxing Crescent Full Moon Waning Gibbous Waxing Gibbous Last Quarter First Quarter New A Lunar month (July 2004) Phases of the moon Moon

Lunar eclipse one A lunar eclipse is when the Earth is in between the Sun and the moon. During the eclipse, the moon takes on a r_________ appearance, because red light from the Sun’s rays are refracted around the Earth’s surface. An eclipse from start to finish takes over three hours. The moon takes on a reddish appearance only for a few minutes. Interestingly, lunar eclipses are much more common than s________ eclipses. Why are lunar eclipses much more common than solar eclipses ? Lunar eclipse: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Word bank: reddish solar Lunar eclipse Stages and timing of a lunar eclipse A total lunar eclipse is an amazing sight in the night sky. The moon takes on a reddish appearance for a few minutes. This is because red light from the Sun is refracted around the Earth by the Earth’s atmosphere. The Atmosphere acts like a lens bending red light. At 21.50 (left picture) the moon is almost in total darkness. During totality, red light illuminates the moon’s surface. Lunar eclipse

Lunar eclipse two A lunar eclipse: The Earth’s orbit takes the Earth directly in front of the Sun’s rays which illuminate the moon. Observers in the Eastern h___________ see the Earth’s Shadow move across the surface of the moon. When the moon is in the Earth’s Umbra, no white sunlight can reach the moon’s surface and it is seen to appear dark red. This is because the Earth's atmosphere bends r____ light around the Earth which then falls and is reflected by the moon’s surface. Can you remember the last lunar eclipse ? Lunar eclipse: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Word bank: hemisphere red Lunar eclipse Sunlight Sunlight Moon Moon’s orbit Earth Umbra Total lunar eclipse Penumbra Penumbra Diagram of a lunar eclipse A lunar eclipse is not to be missed. Although more common than a solar eclipse, the moon takes on a beautiful reddish appearance at totality or when the moon is aligned with the Earth's umbra. Lunar eclipse

Solar eclipse one A solar eclipse is when the moon is in between the Sun and the Earth. The last total eclipse visible in England was on August 11 th 1999. During a s_______ eclipse, the surface temperature drops, birds r_______ and you can see the stars in the same sky area as the Sun. These stars are normally obscured by bright sunlight during the day. Astronomers study these stars during a total eclipse. The next eclipse in Britain is on 7 th October 2135. Why do birds roost prior and during a total solar eclipse ? Solar eclipse: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Word bank: solar eclipse Picture Solar eclipse and time lapsed picture Never look directly at the Sun during a solar eclipse however tempting. Sunlight falling on the back of your retina can cause permanent damage to your eyesight. Solar eclipse

Solar eclipse two A solar eclipse: The moon’s orbit takes the moon directly in front of the Sun’s rays which illuminates the Earth. Observers in the Western hemisphere see the moon’s shadow move across the s_________ of the Earth. When the Earth is in the moon’s umbra, no sunlight can reach the Earth’s surface. Because the Earth rotates on its a_______, the shadow moves across the Earth surface. Can you remember the last solar eclipse ? Solar eclipse: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Word bank: surface axis Sunlight Sunlight Moon Penumbra Penumbra Umbra path Total solar eclipse Umbra Solar eclipse Diagram of a total solar eclipse The diagram shows that path of sunlight from the Sun which is blocked by the moon’s position directly in front of the Earth. The umbra is the path where you would observe a total eclipse and the penumbra, either side of the eclipse path is a partial shadow or eclipse. Solar eclipse

The seasons one The Earth moves around the Sun, in an orbit which is elliptical. The Earth orbits the Sun once a year or every 365 days. These orbits aren't perfect c________, they are in fact elliptical. The orbital period is of course, the time it takes for a body to complete one revolution around its host body. The fact that Earth completes one r__________ in 365.25 days is the reason for leap years. Every 4 years, we need to add another day (February 29 th ) to compensate for the extra 0.25 days we get each year. The Earth rotates on its own axis once a day or every 24 hours. The seasons: Earth’s orbit Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Word bank: circles revolution Sunlight Sunlight Moon Moon’s orbit Earth’s orbit around the Sun Earth’s orbit Earth 23.5 0 149,000,000 km The Earth is a massive 149 million kilometres away from the Sun. It takes light which travels at 300,000 kms -1 approximately 8.7 minutes to travel from the Sun to the Earth’s surface. The Earth’s axis is tilted at 23.5 o giving rise to the seasons: Spring, Summer, Autumn and Winter. Earth’s orbit around the Sun Earth’s orbit

The seasons two The Earth revolves around the Sun once every 365 days. But like all other planets, Earth also revolves around it's own centre (north to south.) Earth is actually tilted some 23.5° relative to it's orbit around the Sun. This slight t____ is the cause of the four seasons . The light energy emitted from the Sun hits the Earth's atmosphere at different angles. This means the atmosphere absorbs varying amounts of energy depending on its angle relative to incoming r______. If the Earth was exactly perpendicular to the orbital plane, we wouldn't have any seasonal variations. The seasons: Earth’s seasons Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Word bank: tilt rays Northern hemisphere summer Northern hemisphere winter North pole Equator Sunlight Sunlight Sunlight Sunlight North pole Equator During the summer, in the northern hemisphere, the northern hemisphere is tilted towards the Sun. During the winter, the northern hemisphere is tilted away from the Sun. Therefore, less solar energy is received causing cool winter temperatures and short daylight hours. Winter and summer in the northern hemisphere The seasons

Black holes in the universe Black holes are called the vacuum cleaners of the Universe and are the collapsed remains of stars. When a failed star implodes on itself, the mass becomes super concentrated. The gravitational forces are so huge that nothing, not even l________ can escape. That why it appears black. There are numerous black holes which can consume other stars or planets when they pass near by. Whether the mass or our solar system will ever be consumed by a black hole found in the Milky Way remains the big question ? Black holes in the Universe: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Word bank: light Black hole Picture Black holes in the Universe A black hole is super condensed matter that occupies a relatively small volume of space. These black holes roam the Universe consuming everything in their path. They gravitational force is so massive that even light cannot escape. The picture above shows the hydrogen gas of an average star being pulled into the black hole. Scientists do not know whether our own galaxy, the Milky Way contains a black hole. Black hole

Asteroids solar system Asteroids are rocky fragments left over from the formation of the solar system. Most of these fragments of ancient space rubble can be found orbiting the Sun in a belt between Mars and Jupiter. This region in our solar system is called the Asteroid Belt and probably contains millions of a___________. These range in size from Ceres, which at 940 km in diameter is about one quarter the diameter of our Moon, to bodies that are less than 1 km across. There are more than 20,000 numbered asteroids. As asteroids revolve around the Sun in elliptical orbits, Jupiter's gravity and occasional close encounters with M______ can change their orbits, knocking them out of the main belt and hurling them into space across the orbits of other planets like Earth. Asteroids: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Word bank: asteroids mars Picture Asteroid in the night sky Mars' moons Phobos and Deimos may be captured asteroids. Scientists believe that stray asteroids have slammed into Earth in the past, playing a major role both in altering the geological history of our planet and in the evolution of life. The extinction of the dinosaurs 65 million years ago has been linked to a devastating impact near the Yucatan peninsula in Mexico. There is a sure thing, there will be a similar cataclysmic collision altering again Earth’s future, when this will happen, scientists are unsure. Asteroids

Comets solar system Comets consist of ice, dust and other interstellar debris. Scientists believe that they were formed at the same time as our Universe some 4.5 billion years ago. They orbit the Sun in huge elliptical orbits occasionally becoming visible from the surface of the Earth. Scientists are interested in c_______ because they may contain material that was created at the same time as our s_____ and its nine planets. In July 2005, scientists will send a probe called deep impact that will sample the icy tail of a comet. Find out about Haley’s comet...when is it next due to pass near the Earth ? Comets: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Word bank: comet sun Picture Some scientists believe that simple life forms e.g. bacteria carried in the icy tail of a comet may have been deposited here on Earth, kick starting the process of evolution and life on Earth. This theory is a possible explanation for the origins of life on Earth. Pictures of comets passing near to Earth Comets travel many billions of kilometres around the Sun infrequently passing near to Earth’s orbit. They contain ice, dust and other debris that was thrown out during the formation of the solar system. Comets

Meteorites solar system Shooting stars or meteors are bits of material falling through Earth's atmosphere. They are super heated by air molecules as they hurtle towards the Earth’s surface. The bright trails, as they travel through the Earth's atmosphere are termed meteors. Larger rock fragments, that do not vaporize completely and reach the surface of the Earth are termed meteorites. Scientists estimate that about 1,000 tons of meteoritic material falls on the Earth’s surface each d_____. Most of this material, however is very tiny in the form of micrometeoroids or dust like grains, a few micrometers in size. These particles are so tiny that air resistance is enough to slow them sufficiently so that they do not burn up, but rather fall gently to Earth. Meteorites: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Word bank: day Picture Meteors, Meteorites and Shooting stars Look up at the night sky away from light pollution. You will probably see a shooting star or meteorite ...but where do they come from ? They probably come from within our own solar system, rather than interstellar space. Their composition provides clues to their origins. They may share a common origin with the asteroids. Some meteoritic material is similar to the Earth and Moon and some is quite different. Some evidence indicates an origin from comets that orbit the Sun. Meteorites

Space exploration one In the late fifties and early sixties, while America was playing catch up, the Russians were winning the space race. In the late fifties, the R_________ sent Yuri Gagarin into space, orbiting the Earth several times before landing safely back on Earth. This maiden spaceflight shortly after the successful launch of Sputnik I & II shocked the Americans and led to the ‘space race.’ In the sixties, the Americans and Russians raced to put the first man on the m______. Despite America’s late entry into space exploration, they landed Neil Armstrong on the moon. What date did Neil Armstrong land on the moon ? First orbit around the Earth: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Word bank: Russians moon Yuri Gagarin Yuri prior to flight Yuri and the space race Yuri Gagarin made the first successful orbit of Earth. A Russian cosmonaut, he signified the beginning of the space race between America and The Soviet Union. Although America finally won the race to the moon, without Sputnik I & II and Yuri Gagarin, the Apollo missions and the landing on the moon would not have been possible. Yuri Gagarin

Space exploration two Sputnik I & II In 1957 October 4 th space exploration began. The Russians launched Sputnik I which orbited the Earth and sent back simple radio messages. This shocked the Americans into joining the space race. The next month, the Russians had launched sputnik II (November 2 nd 1957) which carried the first animal into space. An astonished World witnessed the launch of the first living thing to go into orbit – a dog called Laika . The animal had been a stray wandering the streets of Moscow, when she was captured and prepared for a space mission. Shortly after launch, the Soviets said that Laika was not destined to return alive and would die in space. The statement caused outrage to many observers. Sputnik I & II : Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Word bank: mineral elements Sputnik Picture Launch and Laika (First animal in space) Laika, the first living creature to orbit Earth, did not live nearly as long as Soviet officials led the World to believe. The animal, launched on a one-way trip on board Sputnik II in November 1957, was said to have died painlessly in orbit about a week after launch. Now, it has been revealed she died from overheating and panic just a few hours after the mission started, despite having access to water, food, oxygen and a cooling system. Sputnik

Space exploration three In the Late sixties America was beginning to dominate the space race. This is because of the funding given to NASA by president J.F. Kennedy , who declared in the late fifties that it would be America not Russia that would send a man to the moon. After spending billions of dollars developing the A________ mission rockets, Apollo 9 carried the ‘ Eagle ’ lunar module to the surface of the moon . On July 20 th 1969, Neil Armstrong landed on the surface of the moon. Many more successful missions (except Apollo 13) continued to study our own s__________ until funding was stopped and the Apollo rockets were replaced by the reusable space shuttle. Both China and Japan have expressed their wish to visit the moon in the coming years. Landing on the moon: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Word bank: Apollo satellite Moon landing The Eagle has landed Landing on the moon The Apollo missions successfully launched humans to the moon. When they were replaced by the reusable space shuttle, the USA government forced NASA to destroy the rockets blueprints. When will we return to the moon is a big question. With china and Japan now taking on the challenge, it will be in the next 10 years. Russia and American are now working on a permanent space station. Moon landing

Space exploration four In the late seventies and early eighties, NASA developed the space shuttle, a reusable craft that has visited s_______ and launched many satellites over the last two decades. The space shuttle has failed twice , once on launch, where faulty seals allowed explosive propellant to leak causing a catastrophic explosion. The other disaster was on re-entry, when a h_____ resistant tile failed and the space shuttle burned up within seconds. Despite this, the space shuttle has been extremely successful and now routinely carries astronauts to the international space station, a joint project co funded by America and Russia. Space shuttle: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Word bank: space heat Space shuttle The space shuttle is a reusable launch module that was designed to reduced the overall cost of space exploration. However it has still proved very costly and unlike the Saturn series of rockets, the space shuttle has cost the lives of fifteen astronauts during its 20 years service. Commercial operators like Virgin are now offering space travel to private individuals for up to 100,000 dollars per person. Uses of the space shuttle Space shuttle

Space exploration five Mars is probably the next destination for a manned mission following the spectacular pictures spent back of the Martian surface by the pathfinder mission in 2002. Landing on Mars would require new technologies to overcome the long j_________, the lack of a life supporting atmosphere and a gravitational pull similar to Earth’s. If a mission was launched, it would take about two years to go there and return. One question would be answered, is there simple life that exists on another planet like Mars ? Mission to Mars: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Word bank: journey Pathfinder The surface of Mars The Mars pathfinder project landed a roving module that was capable of surveying the surface of Mars. The pictures beamed back from pathfinder shows a surface similar to a desert landscape here on Earth. Following the success of this mission other similar projects have been planned, although the most recent probe; Beagle II failed on landing on the Martian surface, wasting many millions of pounds. Mars Mission

Satellites one Artificial satellites orbit the Earth in three ways. They can either have a Equatorial, Polar or Geostationary orbit. They are placed in orbit using r_________ and like the moon are held in their orbits by the gravitational pull of the Earth. They have many applications including communication, w________ observations and military uses. All satellites use microwaves which travel in a narrow straight beam, able to pass through the Earth’s atmosphere. These microwaves travel at the speed of light. On Earth we can receive satellite data using collection dishes. Satellites: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Word bank: rockets weather Satellites Satellites and their orbits Polar orbit Equatorial orbit Geostationary orbit 36,000km Satellites and their orbits There are three types of satellite orbits. Equatorial and polar orbits tend to be used by the military to spy on many different countries and their military activities. A single satellite can take images of different countries as it moves across the globe. The fixed geostationary orbits are used to monitor the weather and send and receive telecommunications. Satellites

Satellites two Artificial satellites have many uses. They are all able to send and receive vast amounts of data. Communication satellites orbit the Earth in a geostationary orbit and are used by telephone and television companies like BT and SKY. Weather satellites are used to m________ the weather, for example the paths of hurricanes. Earth observation satellites are used to give us detailed information about the Earth's surface including information on l_____ use. They can also be used by the military, to monitor the movement of troops and weapons. They can also be used to position you anywhere in the world. This system is called GPS (Global Positioning System) Satellites and their uses: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Word bank: monitor land Satellites A fixed geostationary satellite orbits 36,000 km above the Earth’s surface. Used for communications, weather and spying applications. The Earth’s weather is monitored 24 hours a day. Hurricanes and storms are tracked across the oceans and land. Millions of homes have access to satellite television. Seeing live images from across the World’s countries, is one of the benefits. Uses of satellites (military, communications & weather) Satellites

1: Define the following terms: Universe, Galaxy, Star, Big Bang, Black hole, Asteroid, Comet & Meteorite. 2: Look at the three pictures below. Complete the table. 3: Answer the following: a) Which planet is furthest from the sun and which planet is closest to the sun. b) Which planet has the longest year (time to orbit the Sun): Explain why. c) Which is the hottest planet and why. d) What is the relationship between the planet’s surface temperature and its the distance from the sun. e) Is there a relationship between size and whether a planet is a solid rock planet or a Gas giant. 4: Complete the following from the table: The moon moves around the earth in orbit once every________. The Earth spins on its axis once every_______. The Earth orbit the sun once every ________. Extension questions and homework Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Unique feature Surface temperature Distance from the sun Orbit time Saturn Three Pluto Two Jupiter One Planet Picture 1 year 6 months 4 weeks 1 week 24 hours 12 hours

5: Answer the following: a) Draw a diagram to show the Earth’s position on the 21 st June and 21 st of December relative to the Sun. How does the tilt in the Earth’s axis cause the seasons. b) What is the difference between a natural and artificial satellite. Name Earth’s natural satellite. c) What can an artificial satellite be used for and explain the meaning of geostationary orbit. d) Why do we only see one side of the moon and explain the 8 different phases of the moon. 6: Answer the following: Stars are formed by massive clouds of dust and gases in space: a) What’s the force that attracts the clouds of dust and hydrogen gas together to form stars. b) Once formed, the star has a stable life for billions of years. Describe the two main forces at work in the star during this period. c) What happens to the star once this stable period is over. d) Suggest what might happen to a planet close to this star. 7: Answer the following. a) How does the big bang theory of the Universe account for its creation and outline the evidence which supports the big bang theory. b) What is meant by the term ‘red shift’ as used in astronomy and explain how the red shift helps us to find out more about our own Universe. 8: Answer the following: This question is about satellites and space exploration: a) Communication satellites are usually put into geostationary orbits high above the equator. b) What is meant by the term geostationary and what is the advantage of such an orbit. d) What is the time for a complete orbit of this type of satellite. e) Why must it be place at a particular height above the Earth’s surface. f) Monitoring or spy satellites scan the entire Earth’s surface. By means of a diagram and a brief explanation show how this is possible. g) Astronauts have landed and explored the Moon and it is hoped that Mars will be explored in the near future. Describe two factors that make this difficult and expensive. Internet: Go to google.co.uk and find out about the Eagle nebula. This is a huge cloud of hydrogen which is giving birth to new stars in a galaxy. Visit www.nasa.com . Look for the latest news on the space shuttle programme. Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005