Slideshow Transcript

1. Slide 1: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Science Interactive LTD Science base multimedia CD-ROM for PC is a collection of 38 units or tools totalling over 1150 PowerPoint slides. Each unit covers a wide range of different delivery and learning styles, offering an exciting way to involve your pupils during lessons or revision sessions. All styles of teaching and learning are supported through use of high quality images, graphics, challenging exercises and questions. Units can be used in the classroom via an interactive whiteboard, data projector or used during individual study via a PC or school network. Science Interactive LTD. PO BOX 50764 LONDON NW6 9AT email: sales@science-interactive.co.uk web: www:science-interactive.co.uk Unit 1: The Digestive System Unit 20: Crude Oil and its Products Unit 2: The Circulatory System Unit 21: Rock Cycle Unit 3: Healthy Body and Immunity Unit 22: Elements, Molecules and Compounds Unit 4: The Respiratory System Unit 23: Ionic and Covalent Compounds Unit 5: Nervous System and the Senses Unit 24: The Halogens, their Uses and Compounds Unit 6: Human Homeostasis Unit 25: The Noble Gases, their Properties and Uses Unit 7: Hormones and the Endocrine System Unit 26: Rates of Reaction Unit 8: Drugs and Bad Body Maintenance Unit 27: Energy Unit 9: Photosynthesis in Green Plants Unit 28: Generating Electricity and its Domestic Use Unit 10: Water Transport in Plants Unit 29: Electricity Unit 11: Flow of Energy and Elements through the Environment Unit 30: Light and the Electromagnetic Spectrum Unit 12: Mitosis and Meiosis Unit 31: Radioactivity Unit 13: Inheritance and Selection Unit 32: Newton's Forces and the Effects of Forces Unit 14: Evolution and Human Impact Unit 33: Earth and Space Unit 15: Genetic Engineering Unit 34: The Earth and Plate Tectonics Unit 16: The Periodic Table and its Elements Unit 35: The Alkaline Earth Metals Unit 17: The Alkali Metals Unit 36: Sound and Hearing Unit 18: Metals and their Properties Unit 37: Natural Forces Unit 19: The Transitional Metals Unit 38: Cells, Tissue, Organs and Organs systems
2. Slide 2: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 40 7 12 16 C O Ca Li 6 8 3 20 3P+ Carbon Oxygen 6P+ Lithium Calcium 8P+ 20P+ 4N 6N 8N 20N 3E- 6E- 8E- 20E- Oxygen Water Methane Nitrogen Unit 22 Elements, Molecules and Compounds
3. Slide 3: Unit 22: Elements, Molecules and Compounds Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Understand: Keywords: That elements are pure substances, containing Element, Atoms, Particles, Protons, Neutron, 1. only one type of atom. Electron, Periodic, Table, Groups, Periods, That elements are arranged in the periodic table 2. Materials, Molecules, Compounds, Orbital, according to their atomic number giving rise to Shells, Isotopes, Relative, Atomic, Mass, eight distinct groups of elements with similar Formula & Conservation. physical and chemical properties. The nature of sub atomic structure and that all 3. atoms consist of protons, neutrons and electrons. The electronic configuration of the first 20 4. elements. The nature of materials and their properties. 5. That molecules and compounds consists of 6. two or more atoms of different or same elements. The relative formula mass of molecules and 7. compounds. That mass cannot be destroyed or created 8. during chemical reactions. Click mouse to begin Science Interactive LTD PO BOX 50764 LONDON NW6 9AT web: www.science-interactive.co.uk email: sales@science-interactive.co.uk
4. Slide 4: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Understanding materials one All materials, c___________ or chemicals are made from matter or atoms of elements. There are just over 100 elements in the periodic table that combine together in different ways to give rise to all the different types of materials that we use and see every day. Some materials are extremely simple, containing only one or two different e__________, where as others like biological molecules contain many different types of elements. What is the definition of a pure substance ? Materials and what they contain: Word bank: compounds elements Sand Human Water Diamond Diagram Sand found on beaches Humans contain many Water, without which Diamond, the hardest Notes everywhere is made thousands of complex life would not exist is known substance is made from two elements: molecules, made from made from two elements: from one type of the following elements: element: Hydrogen, Iron Oxygen Silicon and Oxygen Hydrogen and Oxygen Carbon Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus
5. Slide 5: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Understanding materials two Atoms of different elements found in the p_________ table are the building blocks of all materials. There are over 30 million materials made from just over 100 elements. In iron, all the atoms are the same, because iron is an element. In a material like steel, all the atoms are not the same. Steel contains iron atoms, carbon atoms and other metals atoms like chromium and nickel. Iron, the pure element is like any other metal, but it rusts, combining readily with o________ and water. Steel which does not rust is also much stronger. That’s why we use the majority of iron for making steel. What is a metal alloy and give two examples ? Materials and what they contain: Word bank: periodic oxygen Iron Steel Glass Tungsten Diagram Iron extracted from Steel is stronger and Glass a transparent non Tungsten extracted from Notes iron ore is a pure more rust resistant than absorbent material used tungsten oxide is a pure element containing iron because it also in windows and glasses element containing only only one type of atom: contains the elements: contains the elements: one type of atom: Iron. Iron, Carbon, Nickel & Calcium oxygen & Tungsten Chromium. silicon.
6. Slide 6: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Understanding materials three The combination and ratio of e_________ that are found in materials like glass, fibres, ceramics or plastics determines all their physical properties. These properties include its colour, whether it is hard, dense or soft, whether it has a high or low melting point or even whether the material is a good or poor conductor of h_____ and electricity. These properties make the material useful for a particular function. There are over 50 metals naturally occurring, list their properties and explain why they’re very useful elements ? Materials and what they contain: Word bank: elements heat Gold Plants Atmosphere Computer chips Diagram Gold found and Plants contain many Earth's atmosphere which Computer chips made by Notes extracted from river thousands molecules insulates us, allows companies like Intel form beds is a pure element which contain the respiration and protects the central part of the containing only one following elements: us from UV rays contains computer contain only type of atom: the following elements: one type of atom: Hydrogen, Iron Oxygen Oxygen, Nitrogen & Gold Carbon, Nitrogen & Silicon Noble gases. Phosphorus
7. Slide 7: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 The periodic table one Elements in the periodic table are arranged by their atomic number which is determined by the number of p________ each element contains. Using this rule, gives rise to groups of elements with similar chemical and physical properties. There are eight distinct groups of elements, for example group one elements are the reactive alkaline metals. There are also 30 elements known as the transitional metals. There are five periods or rows. Each element has its own unique s__________ which is used all over the World to save time. Find the symbols for the following elements: Sodium, Gold, Iron, Oxygen, Nitrogen and Neon ? The periodic table: Word bank: protons symbol The periodic table (Look at the metallic, non metallic and semi metallic elements) Describing elements Each element has its own The Alkaline Metals H He The Alkaline Earth Metals symbol, atomic number and 1 2 Metals atomic mass. The symbol for Semi Metallic Elements I II III IV V VI VII VIII each element is unique. This Non-Metals Li Be B C N O F Ne The Halogens is not always the first letter 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 The Noble Gases Na Mg Al Si P S Cl of the element. Ar 12 11 13 14 15 16 17 18 K Ca Kr Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br 19 20 36 12 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 Atomic mass Rb Sr Xe Mo Y Zr Nb Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In S Sb Te I C Symbol 37 38 42 54 39 40 41 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 Cs Ba Hg La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Ti Pb Bi Po At Rn Atomic number 6 55 56 80 57 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 81 82 83 84 85 86 Fr Ra 87 88 There are over 100 elements in the periodic table. There are eight groups, the transitional metals and five periods or rows in the periodic table. Each vertical group of elements have very similar chemical and physical properties because of their similar electronic configuration (electrons in shells)
8. Slide 8: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 The periodic table two Each element in the periodic table has its own very different properties. Metals and non-metals have very different uses and p__________. Metals like copper, aluminium, zinc and iron are hard, shiny, dense, malleable, ductile, conductive of heat and electricity. Non-metals like carbon and sulphur usually have the opposite properties. They are d______, soft, brittle and poor conductors of heat and electricity. Are there any exceptions to these general properties for metals ? Metals in the periodic table: Word bank: properties dull Iron Aluminium Lithium Gold Iron is used to build Aluminium with its Lithium is an extremely Gold has a high complex machines and high strength to weight soft and reactive metal. monetary value and is super structures like ratio is used in planes Although it cannot be used to make jewellery. the French Eiffel and bike frames. It is used like iron or copper it Governments use gold to tower. Corrosion can also a safe material to is used in batteries like guarantee their paper be a problem. store fizzy drinks. the one pictured here. currencies.
9. Slide 9: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 The periodic table three Most of the elements in the periodic table are metals, but what about the non metals. Some are solids like carbon and sulphur, some are liquid like b________, but most are gases like nitrogen, oxygen and chlorine. Carbon is found in all fuels and biological molecules. Many of the gaseous elements are found in our atmosphere, for example o_______ which is essential for respiration and combustion of compounds containing carbon. The halogens including chlorine and iodine all have antiseptic properties. The Noble gases which includes helium are a family of un-reactive gases. Are there any exceptions to these general properties for non metals ? Non metals in the periodic table: Word bank: bromine oxygen Element Carbon (Diamond) Carbon (Graphite) Hydrogen Neon Diagram Notes Notes Carbon atoms Carbon atoms Hydrogen molecules Neon atoms
10. Slide 10: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Elements one Each element has an internationally recognised symbol and unique atomic and mass number. Atoms of different elements like sodium (reactive group I metal) and chlorine (reactive group VII non metal gas) are all made from three identical sub atomic particles. Elements are made from e_________, protons and neutrons. The only difference between elements is the number of each sub atomic particle. Therefore, the number of electrons, protons and neutrons each element contains determines all their physical and chemical properties. What makes a reactive metal like s_______, simply 11 electrons and protons and 12 neutrons. What makes a reactive gas like chlorine, simply 17 electrons and protons and 20 neutrons and that’s it !! Elements: Word bank: electrons sodium Mercury Gold Oxygen Sulphur Diagram Particle diagram Notes Mercury atoms Gold atoms Oxygen molecules Sulphur atoms
11. Slide 11: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Elements two Elements in the periodic table exist in eight vertical g________. There are also 30 metals which are known as the transitional metals. Elements in the same group have the same number of electrons in their outermost shell. They also have very similar physical and chemical properties. The halogens located in group VII are all reactive non metals, with general antiseptic properties: Fluoride in toothpaste, Chloride in s____________ pools and Iodide for skin prior to surgery. Find out about the group I metals (alkaline metals) or the group VIII Nobles gases. Do they have similar chemical and physical properties ? Elements: Word bank: groups swimming The halogens Fluorine Chlorine Bromine Iodine F 9 9P+ 35P+ 9N 35N Cl 9E- 35E- 17 Fluorine Bromine Br 17P+ 35 53P+ 17N 53N The halogens all have seven electrons in their outermost shell. They exist as diatomic molecules and can form new compounds - 17E I 53E- with other non-metals or metals. They are used for their 53 Chlorine Iodine antiseptic qualities.
12. Slide 12: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Molecules one In some elements like nitrogen and oxygen, the atoms pair up. A particle that consists of more than one atom is called a m_________. All the group VII halogens: Fluorine, Chlorine, Bromine and Iodine also pair up in molecules. We can show how many atoms a molecule contains by using a chemical formula. Oxygen for example, consists of two oxygen a______ with the formula O2. Nitrogen contains two nitrogen atoms with a formula of N2. Write down the formula of fluorine, chlorine, bromine & iodine ? Molecules of elements: Word bank: molecules atoms Oxygen Nitrogen Hydrogen Ozone Diagram N N N2 H2 O3 O2 Oxygen found in our Nitrogen is found in our Hydrogen is not found Ozone is made from three Notes atmosphere is used atmosphere and makes on its own. It is bound atoms of oxygen and is during respiration by up nearly 79% of it. It is to other elements in found in the top layers of all cells. Oxygen is inert in this form but in compounds like water. our atmosphere. Without produced by green nitrates it is absorbed and Hydrogen is also the ozone, UV light would plants during photo- used by plants to build fuel of our own Sun in prevent all life from synthesis. proteins. the solar system. surviving.
13. Slide 13: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Molecules two Molecules containing more than one type of atom are the building blocks of all compounds. In a compound, the atoms of different elements are chemically b________ together. Water for example, is a compound made up from two elements; hydrogen and oxygen. We can represent how many atoms of each element and how they are joined to each other using a chemical formula or a particle diagram. Ammonia the compound, has a formula NH3. This tells us that a single ammonia molecule contains three atoms of h_________ joined to one atom of nitrogen. Molecules of compounds: Word bank: bonded hydrogen Hydrochloric acid Water Ammonia Methane Sulphur dioxide Diagram H20 NH3 CH4 S02 HCl HCl is used in Water is called Ammonia is made Methane, a fossil Sulphur dioxide is Notes laboratories and is and known as the during the Haber fuel is removed emitted as a also found in the molecule of life. industrial process from underneath pollutant during stomach. The HCl It is essential for and is an important the rock. Methane the combustion of Acid helps protein all life to exist starting compound is combusted with fossil fuels like digestion. here on Earth. for fertilisers. oxygen. petrol.
14. Slide 14: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Compounds one There are over 30 million different materials or compounds. These are made from just over 100 elements. These elements must join up in different ways. We can show what a compound is made from by knowing its f__________. The formula tells us the type of atoms and how many of them we find in the simplest unit of a compound, a molecule. Compounds can be very simple like sodium chloride and water or very complex like most biological molecules. These molecules, found in cells like p_________ or even DNA are very complex and can have as many as 100,000 atoms in a single molecule. Simple and complex compounds: Word bank: formula proteins Sodium chloride Methanol DNA Protein Diagram le le lex lex Notes i mp i mp mp mp S S o o C C Carbon, Oxygen, Carbon, Oxygen, Contains Sodium & chlorine Carbon, Oxygen & Phosphorus, Hydrogen, Hydrogen & Nitrogen Hydrogen Sulphur & Nitrogen
15. Slide 15: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Compounds two A compound contains two or more types of a_______ joined together by a chemical bond. The particles in a compound are known as molecules. Compounds always have a formula which always tells us which and how many e__________ they are made from. There are millions of compounds all made from elements found in the periodic table. In the table we will examine the following compounds: Sand, Water, Methane and Glucose. Simple compounds and their formulae: Word bank: atoms elements Sand Water Methane Glucose Picture Diagram Formula SiO2 H2O CH4 C6H12O6
16. Slide 16: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Compounds three Knowing and understanding compounds and their many formulae, allows us to understand what happens to elements and molecules during a c_________ reaction. During photosynthesis for example, water and carbon dioxide are combined in the leaf to make glucose and oxygen. Glucose contains the elements carbon, hydrogen and oxygen found in the starting substrates, carbon dioxide and water. A single molecule of glucose contains 6 atoms of carbon, 12 atoms of hydrogen and 6 atoms of o_________. Its formula is therefore C6H12O6. We can see a single molecule of glucose, but many millions or even billions make up a single glucose crystal. Photosynthesis in green plants: Word bank: chemical oxygen Inside the leaf Notes Diagram All producers are able to combine CO2 and H2O during photosynthesis producing glucose. C6H12O6 6H2O Cellular photosynthesis equation: Chloroplast Light energy 6CO2 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2 Plant leaf Carbon dioxide Water Glucose Oxygen During photosynthesis in green leaves, a single molecule of glucose and six molecules of oxygen are made from combining six molecules of carbon dioxide and six molecules of water. Light energy is used to break the bonds between the atoms of carbon dioxide and water. When glucose molecules are formed, they are then taken to the rest of the plant and then used in cellular respiration or combined with more glucose molecules to form starch, a polymer of glucose.
17. Slide 17: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Relative atomic mass one Each e_________ in the periodic table has a unique atomic number and relative atomic mass. We can use the atomic number and mass number to build a complete picture of an atom. The atomic number of an atom tells us the number of protons found in element’s nucleus. Subtracting the atomic number from the m______ number gives the number of neutrons. In an uncharged element the number of protons equals the number of electrons. Work through the four examples below, giving the number of neutrons, protons and electrons ? Atomic mass: Word bank: element mass Element Lithium Carbon Oxygen Calcium Diagram 40 12 16 7 C O Li Ca 6 8 3 20 3P+ 6P+ 8P+ 20P+ 4N 6N 8N 20N 3E- 6E- 8E- 20E- Lithium Carbon Oxygen Calcium Mass Seven Twelve ____________ ? ____________ ? Number Atomic Three Six _____________ ? ____________ ? Number
18. Slide 18: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Relative atomic mass two Single atoms have a very s_______, almost negligible mass. The mass is so small that it makes it impossible to use in calculations. Instead, an element’s mass is compared with other elements. Relative atomic masses has been calculated for all elements, so that we can compare the mass of one element relative to another. For example: hydrogen has a mass of one on this scale, h________ is four times heavier, at four. Carbon is twelve times heavier, at twelve. Link the relative atomic mass of an element with the number of protons and neutrons that each element contains. Why do electrons appear not to contribute to the mass of an element ? Comparing masses of elements: Word bank: small helium Element Hydrogen Helium Carbon Magnesium Diagram 24 4 12 1 C H 2 He Mg 6 1 12 1P+ 2P+ 12P+ 6P+ 1E- 12N 2N 6N 2E- 6E- 12E- Hydrogen Helium Carbon Magnesium Mass One Four Twelve Twenty four Number Hydrogen r fou Equivalents y e ent elv on e r fou tw tw
19. Slide 19: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Elements and electron shells one The atomic number of an element also tells us the number of electrons that an element has. These electrons are arranged in s_______ or orbits around the positive nucleus. These shells are also sometimes called e_______ levels. Electrons start filling the inner shell first. The inner shell contains two electrons. The next two shells each contain eight electrons. The fourth shell can contain up to eighteen electrons. Look at the first six elements: Hydrogen, Helium, Lithium, Beryllium, Boron and Carbon. How do the number of electrons found in the element’s outer shell relate to their position in the period table ? Elements and electron shells one Word bank: shells energy Elements one to six Hydrogen Helium Lithium 4 7 1 He Li H 2 3 1 1P+ 3P+ 2P+ 2N 1E- 4N 2E- 3E- Beryllium Boron Carbon 11 12 9 B C Be 5 6 4 4P+ 5P+ 6P+ 5N 6N 6N 4E- 5E- 6E-
20. Slide 20: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Elements and electron shells two As the atomic number of an element increases, so do the number of electrons. When each electron shell is f_______ a new one begins to fill with electrons. It is the electron arrangement of an element that determines its c__________ properties. During chemical reactions, elements either gain, lose or share their electrons. Find out the difference in what happens to electrons during the formation of an ionic and covalent product ? Elements and electron shells two Word bank: filled chemical Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon Sodium Magnesium Aluminium 14 19 20 16 23 24 27 N O F Ne Na Mg Al 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Silicon Phosphorus Sulphur Chlorine Argon Potassium Calcium 28 40 39 35 40 31 32 Si P S Cl Ar K Ca 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
21. Slide 21: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Compounds and relative formula mass one Once you understand the relative atomic mass of a______, you can also work out the relative mass of any molecule or compound. Using its formula, all you have to do is add up the masses of each type of atom present in the molecule. For example if the relative atomic mass of oxygen is 16 g then the relative formula mass for a molecule of oxygen is twice 16 g, therefore 32 g (O2: 2 x 16 = 32 g) Work out the relative formula mass for the following compounds SO2, CO2, C2H6 & CO ? R.A.Ms: H = 1, C = 12, N= 14, O = 16, Ca = 20, Al = 27, S = 32. Relative formula mass one Word bank: atoms Compound Methane Oxygen Water Nitrogen Diagram Oxygen Water Methane Nitrogen Formula CH4 O2 H2O N2 Relative 1 C = 1 x 12 2 O = 2 x 16 1 O = 1 x 16 2 N = 2 x 14 + + formula 4H= 4x 1 2H=2x 1 mass (Mr ) Total = 16 g Total = 32 g Total = 18 g Total = 28 g
22. Slide 22: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Compounds and relative formula mass two Working with relative atomic and formula masses allows us, as scientists to solve problems involving qualities of raw m__________ and end products. Example: How much water in grams would be formed if I reacted 1000 g of hydrogen in excess oxygen. The equation tells us that 4 g of hydrogen reacts with 32 g of o_________ to produce 36 g of water. Therefore 1000 g of hydrogen would yield in excess oxygen 9000 g of water (250 x 36 = 9000) Work out the following relative formulae masses in the table below ? R.A.Ms: H = 1, C = 12, N= 14, O = 16, Ca = 20, Al = 27, S = 32. Relative formula mass two Word bank: materials oxygen Compound Ethene Ammonia Hydrogen peroxide Methanol Diagram Formula C2H2 NH3 H2O2 CH4O Relative 2 C = 2 x 12 __________ ? __________ ? __________ ? formula 2H= 2x 1 __________ ? __________ ? __________ ? mass (Mr ) Total = 24 g Total = ___? Total = ___? Total = ___?
23. Slide 23: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Equations and conservation of mass one When substances react, new products formed are shown by an equation. An equation tells you the substrates and their formulae and the resulting products and their formulae. During the r_________, bonds are broken and new ones are formed, however the number of atoms on both sides of the e__________ remain the same. Conservation of mass tell us that you can’t destroy or create atoms during a chemical reaction ! (R.A.Ms: H = 1, C = 12, O = 16) Combustion of methane with oxygen: Word bank: reaction equation Equation CH4 + 2O2 CO2 + 2H20 Methane Oxygen Carbon dioxide Water Diagram Formula CH4 2O2 CO2 2H2O Relative 1 C = 1 x 12 4 O = 4 x 16 1 C = 1 x 12 4H= 4x 1 formula 4H= 4x 1 2 O = 2 x 16 2 O = 2 x 16 mass (Mr) Total = 16 g Total = 64 g Total = 44 g Total = 36 g Total (RHS) _____ ? Total (LHS) _______ ?
24. Slide 24: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Equations and conservation of mass two Conservation of mass tell us that you can’t destroy or create atoms during a chemical reaction ! This is true for all chemical reactions. An example is the formation of water. During this reaction, h_________ molecules (H2) react with oxygen molecules (O2) to form water molecules (H20) At the beginning of the reaction, both the hydrogen and oxygen molecules are broken apart to form their a_______. These atoms then join one another, to form water molecules (H2O) Again the total number of atoms on either side remains the same ! (R.A.Ms: H = 1 & O = 16) Formation of water: Word bank: hydrogen atoms Equation Hydrogen + Oxygen Water Diagram O H H H H O O O H H H H Formula 2H2 O2 2H2O 4H= 4x 1 2 O = 2 x 16 4H= 4x 1 Relative formula 2 O = 2 x 16 mass (Mr) Total = 4g Total = 32 g Total = 36 g Total (RHS) _______ ? Total (LHS) _______ ?
25. Slide 25: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 The mole one You know about relative atomic mass, but how was it worked out. For example, why is the RAM of carbon 12 and the RAM of oxygen 16 ? Well its all down to the mole. A mole in chemistry is a specific number of atoms, to be precise 6 x 1023 atoms. It allows chemists to talk about the same number of p__________ for all the elements. For example 6.0 x 1023 atoms of carbon weigh 12 g and 6.0 x 1023 atoms of oxygen weighs exactly 16 g. The mole is the standard unit for particles. You can have a m______ of atoms, molecules, ions or even electrons, with whatever you have, its always 6 x 1023 of them. The mole: Word bank: particles mole Compound Hydrogen Carbon Oxygen (Atomic) Oxygen (Molecule) Diagram 1 12 16 16 16 H C O O O 6 8 8 8 1 1P+ 6P+ 8P+ 8P+ 8P+ 1E- 6N 8N 8N 8N 6E- 8E- 8E- 8E- Hydrogen Carbon Oxygen O2 6.0 x 1023 atoms 6.0 x 1023 atoms 6.0 x 1023 atoms 6.0 x 1023 molecules Particles s ule le c ms s s to m to m mo ato a a 3 23 23 23 2 10 10 10 10 x x x x 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0
26. Slide 26: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 The mole two Working with relative atomic masses and the mole allows us to understand equations and know exactly how much substrates and p__________ are involved during a chemical reaction. Example: Haematite or iron ore is used to produce iron. In the blast furnace, iron ore is reduced by carbon monoxide to yield iron and carbon dioxide. How much iron will be produced from 100 kg of iron ore providing there is sufficient quantities of carbon monoxide ? Follow the solution (R.A.Ms: C = 12 O = 16, Ca = 20, Fe = 56) Extracting iron: Word bank: products Iron extraction Smelting process Calculation: Formation of carbon monoxide The equation tells us that 3 moles of carbon monoxide are required to reduce 1 mole of 2C + O2 2CO (1700oC) iron oxide producing 2 moles of iron metal Notes: The carbon in coke reacts with and 3 moles of carbon dioxide. oxygen to form carbon monoxide a powerful reducing agent. So how much iron in mass and moles will Reduction of iron oxide you obtain from 100 kg of iron ore ? 3CO + Fe2O3 2Fe + 3CO2 (900oC) Solution: Mr of Fe2O3 is 160 g (2 x 56 + 3 x Notes: The carbon monoxide gas displaces 16) Every 160 g of iron oxide produces 112 g iron from its oxide producing carbon dioxide and molten iron which is then (2 x 56) of iron which gives a 70% yield collected. (112/160). 100 kg of Fe2O3 will therefore Impurity Formation (Slag) produce 70% or 70 kg of iron metal. 70 kg or 70,000 g of iron is equivalent to 1250 moles CaCO3 + SiO2 CASiO3 (1200oC) of iron (70,000/56). What would be the yield Notes: Limestone reacts with silicon for 2500 kg of iron oxide be ? impurities to form slag which floats to the surface and is then removed.
27. Slide 27: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Extension questions and homework 1: Define the following terms: Atom, Molecule, Compound, Element, Material & Particle 2: Complete the table. A B C D E Pure element of only _______________ _________________ _______________ ________________ one type of atom ______________? ________________? ______________? _______________? 3: a) Give three examples of each of the following; Elements, Single molecules and compounds b) Based on their physical properties answer the following.: Why is gold metal use for rings and necklaces. Why is iron used to build bridges and other structures like buildings. c) The chemical formula of carbon dioxide is CO2, of sugar C6H12O6 what does this tell you about both molecules and the elements present. d) Work out the relative atomic mass (Ar) or relative formula mass (Mr) of the following: CaCO3, Al2O3, NaOH, H2, C4H10 & C12H24, CuSO4, CO, H20, Fe2O3, O3, O2, H2O2 + SO2 (RAM H = 1, C = 12, O = 16, Na = 23, Al = 27, S = 32 & Ca = 40) 4: Complete the table. Element Symbol Ar & RAM Protons Neutrons Electrons 23 Na Sodium Na 11 12 11 11 Aluminium Al 27 Al 13 Uranium U 92 143 92
28. Slide 28: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 5: Which one of the following reactions are correctly balanced? a) Fe3O4 + 2H2 3Fe + 2H2O b) H20 H2 + O2 c) H2O2 H2O + O2 d) Mg(OH)2 MgO + H2O e) 2Na + H20 2NaOH + H2 6: Balance these following equations: a) H2 + O2 H2O b) Al + O2 Al2O3 7: Choose from this word list to complete the sentences below: Hundreds Millions Tens Thirty Ninety Twenty There are about _________ naturally occurring elements. From these elements ___________ of different substances can be made. 8: A pure substance was melted then allowed to cool. The temperature of the substance was measured every minute as it cooled down. The results are given. a) Plot a graph of temperature against time. b) What is the melting point of the substance. Time (min) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Temperature (oC) 74 58 55 54 54 54 53 49 45 Internet: Go to google.co.uk and find out about the three forms of the element carbon; Diamond, Graphite and Buckminster fullerene. Cut and paste diagrams and write an a sentence about each type.