Unit 19 The Transitional Metals

Science Interactive LTD Science Interactive LTD. PO BOX 50764 LONDON NW6 9AT email: sales@science-interactive.co.uk web: www:science-interactive.co.uk Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Science base multimedia CD-ROM for PC is a collection of 38 units or tools totalling over 1150 PowerPoint slides . Each unit covers a wide range of different delivery and learning styles, offering an exciting way to involve your pupils during lessons or revision sessions. All styles of teaching and learning are supported through use of high quality images , graphics , challenging exercises and questions . Units can be used in the classroom via an interactive whiteboard , data projector or used during individual study via a PC or school network . Unit 19: The Transitional Metals Unit 18: Metals and their Properties Unit 17: The Alkali Metals Unit 16: The Periodic Table and its Elements Unit 15: Genetic Engineering Unit 14: Evolution and Human Impact Unit 13: Inheritance and Selection Unit 12: Mitosis and Meiosis Unit 11: Flow of Energy and Elements through the Environment Unit 10: Water Transport in Plants Unit 9: Photosynthesis in Green Plants Unit 8: Drugs and Bad Body Maintenance Unit 7: Hormones and the Endocrine System Unit 6: Human Homeostasis Unit 5: Nervous System and the Senses Unit 4: The Respiratory System Unit 3: Healthy Body and Immunity Unit 2: The Circulatory System Unit 1: The Digestive System Unit 38: Cells, Tissue, Organs and Organs systems Unit 37: Natural Forces Unit 36: Sound and Hearing Unit 35: The Alkaline Earth Metals Unit 34: The Earth and Plate Tectonics Unit 33: Earth and Space Unit 32: Newton's Forces and the Effects of Forces Unit 31: Radioactivity Unit 30: Light and the Electromagnetic Spectrum Unit 29: Electricity Unit 28: Generating Electricity and its Domestic Use Unit 27: Energy Unit 26: Rates of Reaction Unit 25: The Noble Gases, their Properties and Uses Unit 24: The Halogens, their Uses and Compounds Unit 23: Ionic and Covalent Compounds Unit 22: Elements, Molecules and Compounds Unit 21: Rock Cycle Unit 20: Crude Oil and its Products

Unit 19

The Transitional Metals

That the transitional metals form the largest sub group of metals in the periodic table.

That the transitional metals all have similar physical properties.

That some of the transitional metals react with other non metals to form ionic compounds.

Some of the main uses of the transitional metals and their compounds.

That the extraction method of a transitional metal from its ore depends on its reactivity.

How gold is extracted in its pure state from river sediments and gold deposits.

How iron is smelted from its ore.

How ‘pig-iron’ is converted into steel.

How titanium is extracted from its ore using electrolysis.

Metal, Non metal, Semi metals, Elements, Molecules, Compounds, Physical, Chemical, Properties, Hard, Dense, Shiny, Colour, Conductive, Heat, Electricity, Malleable, Ductile, Reactivity, Iron, Zinc, Gold, Platinum, Silver, Mercury, Copper, Steel, Tungsten, Extraction, Panning, Smelting & Electrolysis Unit 19: The Transitional Metals web: www.science-interactive.co.uk email: sales@science-interactive.co.uk Science Interactive LTD PO BOX 50764 LONDON NW6 9AT Click mouse to begin Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Understand: Keywords:

The transitional metals There are 30 metallic elements found between group II and III, which are known as the transitional metals . This group contains metals like g_____, silver, zinc, copper, titanium, platinum, mercury, chromium and perhaps the most commonly used metal iron . Most of the transitional metals have very important uses. The thirty metals in this block share many physical and c_________ properties. Name three uses of iron ? The transitional metals: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Word bank: gold chemical 1% Others 2% Mg Magnesium 2.5% K Potassium 3% Na Sodium 3.5% Ca Calcium 5% Fe Iron 8% Al Aluminium 28% Si Silicon O Symbol Oxygen Element 47% % Abundance of the transitional metals on Earth Found between group II and III, there are 30 transitional metals. The transitional metals include gold, copper, zinc, iron, silver, mercury titanium and platinum. They all have similar chemical properties because they all have either one, two or three electrons in their outer shell. Except mercury, they have relatively high melting and boiling points. Unlike silicon and oxygen they are relatively rare, with iron being the most abundant. Position of the transitional metals

Transitional metals like iron, zinc and copper are used extensively because of their unique physical properties. A physical property describes the metal itself. A typical transitional metal is h______, dense, shiny, malleable and conductive of heat and electricity. Some have more unusual properties, for example iron, cobalt and nickel are m_________. Also some have a high monetary value like silver, gold and platinum. Properties of metals: Physical properties of the transitional metals one Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Word bank: hard magnetic Ductile Malleable Conductive of heat: Metal atoms are tightly packed together and are able to transfer heat energy. Conductive of electricity: In all metals, electrons are free to leave their outer shells when a potential difference or voltage is applied. This flow of electrons is known as a current. Malleable: Metals can be pressed or formed into most shapes. The arrangement of metal atoms and metallic structure allow metal atoms to slide over each other, therefore resisting cracking. Ductile: Metals can be drawn into wires. Copper in electrical wires is used because of its good conductivity and because it is very ductile. Conductive of heat Conductive of electricity

Not all transitional metals have these general physical properties that we normally associate with metals like i_____, titanium and zinc, there are some exceptions. Mercury has a low melting point and is liquid at room temperature. Silver, gold and platinum have great monetary v_______, but have little use other than for jewellery. They are also extremely un-reactive, unlike metals like lithium, sodium and potassium. Name five general physical properties of metals ? Properties of metals: Physical properties of the transitional metals two Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Word bank: iron value Melting point Magnetism Density Hardness: Metals atoms have high forces of attraction between them. They resist huge forces of impact. Shiny: Metals reflect light very well. Polished they make very effective mirrors. Density: Metals atoms are tightly packed together. Metals with the highest density include gold, lead and Platinum. Melting points: Metals have high melting points typically above 1000 o C. Magnetism: Iron, nickel and cobalt are all magnetic. The Earth contains an iron core which makes it magnetic. Hardness Shiny

Transitional metals and their uses one Metals are used extensively because of their many physical properties. Iron is the most common metal used in buildings and to manufacture s______. Steel is mostly iron with small amounts of carbon and chromium added to it. Steel performs better than iron, because of its tensile strength and it reluctance to r_____. Titanium is used to manufacture aeroplanes because of its high strength to weight ratio. Copper is used for water pipes and electrical w_________. Gold and silver have a monetary value and are used to manufacture jewellery. Explain why iron is not used for the manufacture of jewellery? Uses of metals: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Word bank: steel rust wiring Gold has a high monetary value and is used for jewellery and by governments to guarantee their currencies. It is found in its natural state un-combined. Copper is an excellent conductor of heat and electricity and is used in wiring and water pipes. Copper is also used in alloys of metals like bronze and brass. Stainless steel is used for surgical instruments and cutlery. It is also used instead of iron because it is stronger. Also it does form rust with water and oxygen. Iron and steel are used for super structures like the Eiffel tower, building and bridges like the firth of fourth bridge found in Scotland. Notes Copper Gold Diagram Iron Iron in steel

Transitional metals and their uses two By far the most useful group of metals are the transitional metals. Unlike the alkaline and alkaline Earth metals, they are only moderately reactive. Their differing physical properties like strength, d__________, conductivity and hardness determines what we use them for. Tungsten, for example is useful because of its extremely h_____ melting point and its overall hardness. Tungsten is therefore used in light bulb filaments and drill bits. Explain why gold, other than for making jewellery is not a particularly useful transitional metal? Uses of metals: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Word bank: density high Zinc is added to iron during galvanising to prevent iron from corroding when it is exposed to water and oxygen. Zinc is more reactive than iron. Mercury is an unusual transitional metal which is liquid at room temperature. It is highly toxic if ingested accidentally, by the human body. Titanium is now widely available for the production of implants and lots of different sports equipment, for example cycle frames and golf clubs. Chromium is used in the manufacture of stainless steel found in kitchens and toilets. Chromium is also used to coat the metal bumpers and wheel rims of cars. Notes Mercury Zinc Diagram Chromium Titanium

Properties and uses of chromium Chromium is a typical transitional metal. It is hard, dense and very shiny. Chromium is extracted from its o______ using electrolysis. Chromium is used to make stainless steel. Adding small quantities of carbon and chromium to iron gives stainless s______ its strong and anti corrosive properties. Chromium is also used in the manufacture of chrome bumpers and car parts. Although these have now been replaced by plastic, chrome was once very popular in the 1950s. Why is stainless steel used to make hot and cold water taps ? Properties and uses of chromium: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Word bank: oxide steel Chrome is used in the manufacture of stainless steel found in kitchens and bathrooms. Chrome also used to be used to coat the metal bumpers of cars like the one pictured above. Chromium in steel and as a coating reflects the light strongly and gives the product a shiny appearance. Chrome is extracted from its oxide using electrolysis. Main uses of the metal element chromium Chromium Chromium is a very shiny silver. Atoms are held in a metallic structure. Chromium is an extremely good reflector of light and takes its name from chroma. The symbol for chromium is Cr. Element

Properties and uses of tungsten Tungsten is a typical transitional metal. It is hard, dense and shiny. Tungsten is extracted from its oxide using electrolysis. Tungsten is used in b_____ filaments because it has a very high metal point, essential since the temperature of a bulb filament is around 3000 o C. Tungsten is also used to manufacture drill bits because it is a very hard and dense transitional metal. Although it is fairly b____, it can drill through softer metals like copper and iron. What gas surrounds tungsten inside a light bulb. What's the function of this gas ? Properties and uses of tungsten: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Word bank: bulb brittle Tungsten has a very high melting point and is also very hard. It is found in billions of light bulbs all over the World. Tungsten is able to cope with the very high temperatures created in a light bulb filament. Tungsten is also used to coat drills that are used to drill holes in brickwork or other metals. Again its hardness and ability to cope with heat makes it an ideal metal. Main uses of metal element tungsten Tungsten Tungsten is a shiny silver metal. Atoms are held in a metallic structure. Tungsten is a poor conductor of electricity and has a very high melting and boiling point. The symbol for tungsten is W. Element

Properties and uses of silver Silver is a soft, relatively valuable shiny grey transitional metal. Silver is extracted from its ore using carbon displacement or s__________. Silver is used because of its value as a currency. It is also used in the form of silver nitrate by Kodak. Silver nitrate is light sensitive and covers film used in cameras. Kodak is in fact the biggest users of silver worldwide. Silver is also used for jewellery because of its v_______ and ability to be formed into different complex shapes. Why might the use of silver nitrate by Kodak decline in the next few years ? Properties and uses of silver: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Word bank: smelting value Silver is a moderately expensive metal. Silver is used for jewellery and a limited amount of high value currency. Silver nitrates, made be reacting silver with hot concentrated nitric acid is used in colour photography film. These molecules are light sensitive and therefore react to light, forming an image. Kodak are the biggest users of silver. Main uses of the metal element silver Silver Silver is a shiny grey metal. Atoms are held in a metallic structure. Silver is an extremely good conductor of heat and electricity and is relatively valuable. The symbol for silver is Ag. Element

Properties and uses of copper Copper is a soft, relatively inexpensive transitional metal. Copper is extracted from its ore by the carbon displacement method or smelting. Copper is used in applications that make good use of it excellent conductivity of both h______ and electricity. Copper is used to carry electricity from the power station to the consumer. It has a low resistance, only gold has lower. Copper is also used to carry w_______ because of its resistance to corrosion. Copper piping is also relatively easy to solder at moderate temperatures. Why is gold not used in electrical cable, if it is a better conductor than copper ? Properties and uses of copper: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Word bank: heat water Copper is extracted from malachite, a green ore rich in copper. Most of the World’s reserves of copper are found in Chile... South America. Copper is used for electrical wiring because of its relatively high conductivity. Copper is also used to carry hot and cold water. Copper does not readily corrode like other metals including iron. Main uses of the metal element copper Copper Copper is a shiny pinkish metal. Atoms are held in a metallic structure. Copper is an extremely good conductor of heat and electricity. The symbol for copper is Cu. Element

Properties and uses of gold Gold is an extremely soft, highly valuable shiny yellow transitional metal. Gold is extracted from deposits in its natural state. Gold is used because of its value as a currency. Gold is also used for j__________ because of its value and ability to be formed into different complex shapes. There are different purities of gold from relatively inexpensive 9 carat to almost pure 24 carat gold. Gold is also used by dentists, to replace decayed or broken t_______. A gold crown is easily shaped like a tooth and relatively strong. Also acidic foods do not react with the gold in your mouth like iron would. Properties and uses of gold: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Word bank: jewellery teeth Gold is relatively rare and expensive. It is also very un-reactive. It is used because of its monetary value as bullion or gold coins. Gold is also ideal as a material to crown chipped and decayed teeth. Gold will not corrode inside your mouth. It is also valued as a material to make jewellery like earrings, rings, necklaces and chains. Mains uses of the metal element gold Gold Gold is a shiny yellow metal. Atoms are held in a metallic structure. Gold is an extremely good conductor of heat and electricity and because of its rarity is very expensive. The symbol for gold is Au. Element

Properties and uses of zinc Zinc is a typical transitional metal. It is hard, dense and shiny. Zinc is extracted from its oxide using the carbon displacement method. Zinc is used to make the alloy brass (copper and zinc). Brass is used to make l______ and keys. It is also used to plate products made from iron. Zinc is more reactive than iron. Oxygen in the atmosphere will combine with zinc, in preference to iron, to form zinc oxide, a white ionic compound. This prevents iron from beginning the r_________ process. Zinc is used in this way, as a sacrificial metal to protect iron structures like oil rigs. Properties and uses of zinc: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Word bank: locks rusting Zinc is added to iron during galvanising to prevent iron from corroding when it is exposed to water and oxygen. Zinc is more reactive than iron and will form its oxide when exposed to oxygen. In a oxygen free environment iron will not rust. Zinc is also used to plate nails and screws, again to stop them corroding when they are used outside. Mains uses of the metal element zinc Zinc Zinc is a shiny grey metal. Atoms are held in a metallic structure. Zinc is an extremely good conductor of heat and electricity and is more reactive than iron or copper. The symbol for zinc is Zn. Element

Properties and uses of platinum Platinum is an extremely valuable shiny silver transitional metal. Platinum is extracted from deposits in its natural state. Platinum is used because of its value as an exclusive form of jewellery. Platinum is also used in modern catalytic converters. In exhaust emissions from an internal combustion e_______, there are carbon particulates, carbon monoxide and nitrogen monoxide. These are all harmful pollutants. Platinum increases the rate at which these harmful gases are further oxidised, forming less harmful pollutants like carbon dioxide and nitrogen dioxide. Why are catalytic converters expensive to make ? Properties and uses of platinum: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Word bank: engine Platinum is extremely rare and expensive. It is profitable to extracted platinum from rocks and sediments at just over two hundreds parts per billion. That means to yield 200 tonnes of platinum you would have to find and process one billion tonnes of rock ores and sediments. Platinum is an extremely useful catalyst despite its high cost. Main uses of the metal element platinum Platinum Platinum is a shiny silver metal. Atoms are held in a metallic structure. Platinum is the most valuable transitional metal because of its rarity. The symbol for platinum is Pt. Element

Properties and uses of titanium Titanium is a typical transitional metal. It is very hard, dense and has a grey appearance. Titanium is extracted from its o_______ using electrolysis. Titanium is used for a number of applications because it is very strong, highly resistant to corrosion and is flexible. Titanium is used to manufacture prison fences and for implants to replace worn hips and teeth in humans because it doesn’t corrode inside the human body (gold is too soft.) Titanium is also used to manufacture b______ components, spectacle frames and even golf clubs. Why is titanium better than aluminium ? Properties and uses of titanium: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Word bank: oxide bike Titanium is now widely available for the manufacture of implants and sports equipment, for example cycle frames and golf clubs. It has a very high strength to weight ratio and is very corrosive resistant. Only recently has titanium become available because of its lower cost. This is because less titanium is needed for military use. Main uses of the metal element titanium Titanium Titanium is a dull greyish metal. Atoms are held in a metallic structure. Titanium is an extremely strong transitional metal. It also has a very high strength to weight ratio. The symbol for titanium is Ti. Element

Properties and uses of mercury Mercury is not a typical transitional metal at all. It has an extremely low melting and boiling point. Mercury is extracted from its oxide using electrolysis. Mercury is used in thermometers and like any liquid it responds to changes in temperature. It is also used by dentists when they fill your teeth. The filler is called mercury amalgam. Although mercury is very t_______ it is safe in this form and reduces the amount of bacteria behind the filling. Mercury is also used in anti tilt devices found in pin ball and slot machines Find out how mercury is used to help prospectors find gold from river sediments ? Properties and uses of mercury: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Word bank: toxic Mercury Mercury is an unusual metal which is liquid at room temperature. It is highly toxic if ingested in the human body. Mercury was accidentally released into Minimata bay in Japan poisoning local food chains including fish caught and ate by local people. Mercury poisoning caused many birth defects in the following years. Main uses of the metal element mercury Mercury is a shiny silver metal. Atoms are held in a metallic structure. Mercury has an extremely low melting and boiling point and is a liquid at room temperature. The symbol for mercury is Hg. Element

Properties and uses of iron Iron is an extremely abundant, inexpensive dull grey transitional metal. Iron is extracted from iron ore (haematite) using the carbon displacement method or smelting. Iron is used mainly to manufacture s______ and stainless steel. Iron, once favoured by the Victorians for building bridges, railways and buildings has now been replaced by steel and stainless steel. Iron reacts with o_________ and water forming rust. Iron needs to be protected from the elements by paint, oil or a plasticized coating. Why is zinc added to iron buckets during the process that is known as galvanising ? Properties and uses of iron: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Word bank: steel oxygen Iron is the most abundant transitional metal. It is smelted from iron ore which is almost 70% iron oxide. Iron is very versatile and can be used to manufacture many products and structures. Most of the iron now produced is turned into steel and stainless steel because of its improved strength and resistance to corrosion. Main uses of the metal element iron Iron Iron is a dull grey metal. Atoms are held in a metallic structure. Iron is the most abundant of all the transitional metals and can be extracted using a blast furnace. The symbol for iron is Fe. Element

Metals and their extraction How we extract metals from their rock ores, depends on their reactivity. All metals except for gold, platinum and silver must be chemically removed from their compounds by either smelting or electrolysis. Metal o_____ contain metallic compounds, where the metal is bonded together with other non-metal elements like oxygen. Smelting or electrolysis displaces metal from its compound. Both smelting and electrolysis requires lots of e_______ in the form of heat or electricity. Smelting also pollutes the atmosphere, with waste gases like carbon dioxide and sulphur dioxide. Overview of extracting metals: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Word bank: ores energy Highly reactive metals like titanium, aluminium and magnesium are extracted from their ores using electrolysis. Name three uses for titanium ? Highly reactive Moderately reactive metals like zinc, copper and iron are extracted using the smelting process. Name three uses for iron ? Metals like gold and platinum are found in rocks and sediments in their pure form. Name three uses for gold ? Notes Diagram Un-reactive Moderately reactive

Extracting un-reactive metals Gold has been mined and extracted from rock deposits and river sediments for many thousands of years. Gold is found in a p______ state because it does not combine to form compounds with other non metal elements. Much of the gold mined today is found in South Africa and Brazil. Gold is worth and is sold for around £900/100g. The largest gold n________ was found by Holter and was known as the Holter nugget . It weighed over 200 kilograms. Its value today would be approximately two million pounds . Overview of extracting un-reactive metals: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Word bank: pure nugget Rivers that ran through rock rich in gold produced sediments rich in gold. Panning separates out the gold from the sediment using gravity. Mercury is also used to help form gold nuggets. Panning for gold. A typical gold seam or vein. The rock is heated and the molten gold is collected and then purified removing other trace metals. Find out the price of pure gold (£/ounce) ? Gold mines access rocks rich in gold deposits. This method of extraction was popular in the late 18 th and early 19 th centuries. Notes Gold The Holter nugget Gold seam

Extracting moderately reactive metals Moderately reactive metals can be extracted from their compounds or ores using the carbon displacement method. This is also known as smelting. A rock ore is a rock containing a high percentage of m______ in a compound like copper oxide and iron oxide. Carbon displaces any metal from its compound which is below aluminium in the reactivity series. Other metals that are ‘smelted’ using carbon displacement include lead, zinc, t_____ and copper. Give some uses of these metals ? Overview of extracting moderately reactive metals: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Word bank: metal tin Iron ore is rock rich in iron compounds like iron oxide. Iron ore is known as haematite with the formula Fe 2 O 3 . Iron ore Pure molten iron is collected in a huge vessel called a pig. Molten iron is then poured into moulds ready for sale. Pig iron Coal and iron ore are smelted in huge blast furnaces to obtain pure iron. Smelting of iron oxide is done at temperatures of 1700 o C. Coal is used as a rich source of carbon and as an energy source. They combust coal producing carbon monoxide which then reduces iron oxide. Notes Iron Coal Smelting

The raw materials: coal, iron ore and limestone are placed into the blast furnace. Air is blasted into the furnace to reach temperatures in excess of 1700 o C, whereby, the iron formed sinks to the bottom and runs into moulds. Carbon acts as a reducing agent displacing i______ from its oxide (Fe 2 O 3 ). Blast furnace process: Smelting iron in a blast furnace Notes: The carbon in coke reacts with oxygen to form carbon monoxide a powerful reducing agent. Notes: The carbon monoxide gas displaces iron from its oxide producing carbon dioxide and molten iron which is then collected. Notes: Limestone reacts with silicon impurities to form slag which floats to the surface and is then removed. Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Word bank: iron Diagram Diagram Diagram Formation of carbon monoxide 2C + O 2 2CO ( 1700 o C ) Reduction of iron oxide 3CO + Fe 2 O 3 2Fe + 3CO 2 ( 900 o C ) Impurity Formation (Slag) CaCO 3 + SiO 2 CASiO 3 ( 1200 o C ) Smelting process Iron ore Coal Heat Smelting Cooling Process

Properties and uses of steel Iron produced from the blast furnace process contains about 4% carbon as well as other metal impurities. Pig iron is very brittle and rusts very easily in the presence of water and oxygen. Unless it is painted, oiled or coated in a p________ material, iron will rust until it is no longer useful. Steel is much more useful, being much stronger and less prone to rusting. Steel contains almost 98% iron and about 2% carbon . Stainless steel used for cutlery and surgical instruments is made by adding small amounts of other metals like chromium and n________. Properties and uses of steel: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Word bank: plastic nickel Most of the iron now smelted from iron ore is turned into steel and stainless steel. Iron, with its high carbon content is brittle and relatively quick to corrode forming rust with water and oxygen. Steel is many times stronger and very rust resistant. Stainless steel with chromium has a very shiny finish and doesn't rust, even when submersed in water. Main uses of steel (iron, carbon chromium and nickel) Steel and stainless steel are made from iron and small amounts of carbon (2%) and chromium (1%) This gives steel and stainless steel its superior qualities when compared to the element iron. Elements (Fe + C + Cr)

Extracting highly reactive metals Reactive transitional metals like titanium exist in very stable compounds. Displacement from their ores using carbon will not work. A process called e__________ is able to separate the metal from its ore. Firstly, the ore is melted using heat energy, then a current is passed through the molten ore. Both steps use a lot of energy, making extraction of reactive metals very expensive. During electrolysis, the i______ of the metal are forced to take back their lost electrons forming the atoms of the metal. Electrolysis needs to be done in an oxygen free environment to prevent the reactive metals combusting, once newly formed. Overview of extracting reactive metals: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Word bank: electrolysis ions Molten titanium Molten titanium ore Pure metal Titanium ore rich in TiO 2 is heated and then electrolysed. The current flows through the molten ore containing titanium and oxygen ions. Titanium ions are always attracted to the negative electrode (cathode), where they pick up their lost electrons forming titanium atoms. Oxide ions are attracted to the positive electrode where they lose their electrons forming molecular oxygen. Notes Titanium Electrolysis of titanium ore

Properties of transitional metal compounds Transitional metals, unlike group I and II metals react slowly if not at all with oxygen, water and acids. The transitional metals mainly form coloured i______ compounds which can have more than one formula. This is because each transitional metal can form different ions losing one, two or three electrons from their outer shells. For example there are two forms of copper oxide; copper (II) oxide CuO and Copper (I) oxide (Cu 2 O) These two oxides differ in their colours. There are also two forms of iron oxide; Iron (II) oxide with a formula of FeO and iron (III) oxide with a formula of Fe 2 O 3 . Properties of transitional metals compounds: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Word bank: ionic Molten titanium Molten titanium ore Molten titanium Molten titanium ore Property four Property three Property one : Some transitional metal compounds are very coloured. Iron (III) oxide is red, iron (III) chloride is orange, copper sulphate is blue, copper (I) oxide is green, manganese (II) chloride is pink, and chromium compounds are green in colour. Property two : They form regular crystals and appear like mini coloured diamonds under the microscope. Property three : When molten or in ionic solutions, transitional metal compounds can conduct electricity. They can be extracted from their compounds using electrolysis. Property four : They are moderately soluble in water. Property one Property two

Main uses of transitional metal compounds Transitional metal compounds like titanium dioxide have a wide range of uses. Titanium (IV) oxide (TiO 2 ), which is orange in colour is used in total sun block creams to protect the skin against UV damage. It is also not very soluble, so it remains on the skin’s surface even during and after a swim. It is also used to coat s_________, again to protect the eyes against the effects of UV rays. Iron oxide (Fe 2 O 3 ) found in iron ore (haematite) is used for the production of pig iron during smelting. Manganese (II) chloride is found in pink rose quartz. Main uses of transitional metal compounds: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Word bank: sunglasses Manganese (II) chloride is found in natural rose quartz. It is also used to colour stained glass windows pink. In this window, the majority of glass is stained using this metal compound. Iron is extracted from iron (III) oxide using the carbon displacement method during smelting. This yields more iron (%) when compared with other iron ores. Sunglasses as pictured above and made by Oakley are coated with a titanium compound to protect our eyes from harmful UV rays, which may cause cataracts. Notes Diagram Manganese (II) Chloride Iron (III) oxide Titanium (IV) dioxide

1: Define the following terms: Metal, Non-Metal, Semi-metals, Elements, Compounds, Reactivity, Extraction, Smelting & Electrolysis. 2: Look at the following pictures. Complete the table and answer the questions. a) What transitional metal might be suitable to manufacture indestructible spectacle frames: Explain your choice. b) Why is iron not used to make surgical and other knives: Explain your reasons. c) Explain why the properties of steel are far better for many applications that iron. 3: These questions are about extracting iron using the smelting process: a) Why are foundries (where iron is smelted) placed near, where iron ore, fuel and water are readily available. b) What is the role of carbon and carbon monoxide during the smelting process. c) What element except iron is found in pig iron directly after smelting. d) Why are high temperatures required during the displacement of iron from its ore (Fe 2 O 3 ) Extension questions and homework Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Main uses Mercury Iron & Steel Gold Main physical properties Transitional metal

5: Titanium can be extracted from its ore (TiO 2 ) a) What process is used to extract titanium from its ore. b) Why does titanium oxide have to be molten. c) Are titanium ions positive or negative. d) Which electrode will the titanium form around. 6: a) Name two uses for platinum and explain how it helps reduce toxic emissions from cars. b) Whys is gold found in its natural state in river seams and gold deposits. c) Give five general properties of all metals and why is mercury not a typical transitional metal. d) Which of these metals is suitable for outside applications (i) Iron (ii) Copper (iii) Steel (iv) Titanium (v) Zinc e) Name two uses for silver. Why is the use of silver nitrate (AgNO 3 ) by companies like Kodak declining. f) Name three transitional metal compounds and give one use for each. g) Give the name for the following compounds: CuO, Cu 2 O, Fe 2 O 3 , FeO CuCl 2 NiCl FeCl 3 . h) What colours are CuO, Fe 2 O 3 & FeCl 3 . i) What are the main uses of titanium oxide. 7: Complete the following: There are over 50 metals in the ______________ table. They all have similar physical properties. They are good at conducting heat and ______________ are shiny, dense, malleable and sonorous. Group I and II metals are extremely reactive unlike the transitional metals. These metals like titanium, copper, zinc are used for their structural qualities. Iron is the most commonly used metal because it is easily extracted by ____________ and relatively cheap to produce. Internet: Go to google.co.uk and find about the use of transitional metals as catalysts for industrial processes. Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005