Unit 16 The Periodic Table And Its Elements

Science Interactive LTD Science Interactive LTD. PO BOX 50764 LONDON NW6 9AT email: sales@science-interactive.co.uk web: www:science-interactive.co.uk Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Science base multimedia CD-ROM for PC is a collection of 38 units or tools totalling over 1150 PowerPoint slides . Each unit covers a wide range of different delivery and learning styles, offering an exciting way to involve your pupils during lessons or revision sessions. All styles of teaching and learning are supported through use of high quality images , graphics , challenging exercises and questions . Units can be used in the classroom via an interactive whiteboard , data projector or used during individual study via a PC or school network . Unit 19: The Transitional Metals Unit 18: Metals and their Properties Unit 17: The Alkali Metals Unit 16: The Periodic Table and its Elements Unit 15: Genetic Engineering Unit 14: Evolution and Human Impact Unit 13: Inheritance and Selection Unit 12: Mitosis and Meiosis Unit 11: Flow of Energy and Elements through the Environment Unit 10: Water Transport in Plants Unit 9: Photosynthesis in Green Plants Unit 8: Drugs and Bad Body Maintenance Unit 7: Hormones and the Endocrine System Unit 6: Human Homeostasis Unit 5: Nervous System and the Senses Unit 4: The Respiratory System Unit 3: Healthy Body and Immunity Unit 2: The Circulatory System Unit 1: The Digestive System Unit 38: Cells, Tissue, Organs and Organs systems Unit 37: Natural Forces Unit 36: Sound and Hearing Unit 35: The Alkaline Earth Metals Unit 34: The Earth and Plate Tectonics Unit 33: Earth and Space Unit 32: Newton's Forces and the Effects of Forces Unit 31: Radioactivity Unit 30: Light and the Electromagnetic Spectrum Unit 29: Electricity Unit 28: Generating Electricity and its Domestic Use Unit 27: Energy Unit 26: Rates of Reaction Unit 25: The Noble Gases, their Properties and Uses Unit 24: The Halogens, their Uses and Compounds Unit 23: Ionic and Covalent Compounds Unit 22: Elements, Molecules and Compounds Unit 21: Rock Cycle Unit 20: Crude Oil and its Products

Unit 16

The Periodic Table

That an element is a pure substance containing only one type of atom.

That there are over 100 elements found in the periodic table.

That these elements are located in eight distinct groups and five distinct periods in the modern periodic table.

That elements can exists as different isotopes and allotropes.

That each element has its own unique relative atomic mass.

The physical and chemical properties of group I elements, the alkaline metals.

The physical and chemical properties of group II metals, the alkaline earth metals.

The physical and chemical properties of group VII elements, the halogens.

The physical and chemical properties of group VIII elements, the Noble gases.

The physical properties of the transitional metals.

Element, Periodic, Table, Groups, Periods, Allotrope, Isotope, Metals, Non metals, Lithium, Sodium, Potassium, Rubidium, Beryllium, Magnesium, Calcium, Aluminium, Iron, Titanium, Iron, Gold, Silver, Gold, Mercury, Platinum, Lead, Sulphur, Carbon, Oxygen, Nitrogen & Lead. Unit 16: The Periodic Table web: www.science-interactive.co.uk email: sales@science-interactive.co.uk Science Interactive LTD PO BOX 50764 LONDON NW6 9AT Click mouse to begin Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Understand: Keywords:

The periodic table one Elements in the periodic table are arranged by their atomic number which is determined by the number of protons each element contains. Using this rule gives rise to g_______ of elements with similar chemical and physical properties. There are eight distinct groups of elements, for example group one elements are the reactive alkaline metals. There are also 30 elements known as the transitional metals . There are five periods or rows. Each e__________ has its own unique symbol which is used all over the World to save time. Find the symbols for the following elements: Sodium, Gold, Iron, Oxygen, Nitrogen and Neon ? The periodic table: C 6 12 Atomic mass Symbol Atomic number Each element has its own symbol, atomic number and atomic mass. The symbol for each element is unique. This is not always the first letter of the element. Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Word bank: group element There are over 100 elements in the periodic table. There are eight groups, the transitional metals and five periods or rows in the periodic table. Each vertical group of elements have very similar chemical and physical properties because of their similar electronic configuration (electrons in shells) Describing elements The periodic table (Look at the metallic, non metallic and semi metallic elements)

Understanding materials one All materials, c___________ or chemicals are made from matter or atoms of elements. There are just over 100 elements in the periodic table that combine together in different ways to give rise to all the different types of materials that we use and see every day. Some materials are extremely simple, containing only one or two different e__________, where as others like biological molecules contain many different types of elements. What is the definition of a pure substance ? Materials and what they contain: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Word bank: compounds elements Diamond, the hardest known substance is made from one type of element: Carbon Diamond Water, without which life would not exist is made from two elements: Hydrogen and Oxygen Water Notes Diagram Sand found on beaches everywhere is made from two elements: Silicon and Oxygen Sand Humans contain many thousands of complex molecules, made from the following elements: Hydrogen, Iron Oxygen Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus Human

Understanding materials two Atoms of different elements found in the p_________ table are the building blocks of all materials. There are over 30 million materials made from just over 100 elements . In iron, all the atoms are the same, because iron is an element. In a material like steel, all the atoms are not the same. Steel contains iron atoms, carbon atoms and other metals atoms like chromium and nickel. Iron, the pure element is like any other metal, but it rusts, combining readily with o________ and water. Steel which does not rust is also much stronger. That’s why we use the majority of iron for making steel. What is a metal alloy and give two examples ? Materials and what they contain: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Word bank: periodic oxygen Tungsten extracted from tungsten oxide is a pure element containing only one type of atom: Tungsten Tungsten Glass a transparent non absorbent material used in windows and glasses contains the elements: Calcium oxygen & silicon. Glass Notes Diagram Iron extracted from iron ore is a pure element containing only one type of atom: Iron. Iron Steel is stronger and more rust resistant than iron because it also contains the elements: Iron, Carbon, Nickel & Chromium. Steel

Each element has an internationally recognised symbol and unique atomic and mass number . Atoms of different elements like sodium (reactive group I metal) and chlorine (reactive group VII non metal gas) are all made from three identical sub atomic particles. Elements are made from e_________ , protons and neutrons . The only difference between elements is the number of each sub atomic particle. Therefore, the number of electrons, protons and neutrons each element contains determines all their physical and chemical properties . What makes a reactive metal like s_______, simply 11 electrons and protons and 12 neutrons. What makes a reactive gas like chlorine, simply 17 electrons and protons and 20 neutrons and that’s it !! Elements : Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Word bank: electrons sodium Understanding elements Sulphur atoms Oxygen molecules Gold atoms Mercury atoms Notes Sulphur Oxygen Particle diagram Diagram Mercury Gold

Understanding isotopes of atoms Some elements like carbon and hydrogen have naturally occurring isotopes. Atoms of isotopes like hydrogen are made up of atoms of different m_______. The number of protons in isotopes of the same element is always identical, but the number of n________ is different. Isotopes of the same element have identical chemical properties, because their e__________ are arranged in the same way. How could we separate different isotopes of the same element ? Isotopes of atoms: Pu 240 94 Isotope Symbol Radiation type Plutonium 240 Technetium 98 Uranium 238 Radium 228 Te 98 52 U 238 92 Ra 228 88 Alpha Gamma Alpha Beta Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Word bank: masses neutrons electrons Hydrogen Deuterium Tritium 2,4 _____ ? 2,4 Electron configuration 6 _____ ? 6 Electrons 6 _____ ? 6 Protons 8 _____ ? 6 Neutrons Diagram Common radioactive isotopes Tritium Deuterium Hydrogen Isotope

Understanding allotropes of atoms Some non-metals like metals can also build giant structures by sharing electrons. In these structures, every atom is joined to the next atom by a very strong c_________ bond. These examples of giant covalent structures have different properties to simple covalent molecules. They are very hard and have high melting and boiling points. For example, there are three forms of c________: Diamond, Graphite and Buckminster fullerene . Each allotrope of carbon is unique. Explain why diamond is the hardest substance on Earth ? Allotropes of carbon: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Word bank: covalent carbon Can trap molecules inside or be stretched into fibres to make modern materials. These C 60 balls are stretched to make carbon fibre. They are used in tennis rackets, bike frames and F1 racing cars Buckminster fullerene Hardest natural substance. Each atom is held in place by 3 other carbon atoms. Highly expensive, valued for its rarity and refraction of light. Costs up to £4,000 per carat for a flawless diamond. Diamond Conducts electricity and allows electrons to flow between its layers. Used a an un-reactive conductor of electricity. Used in pencils to write with. The soft layers are left on the paper. Graphite

Relative atomic mass one Each e_________ in the periodic table has a unique atomic number and relative atomic mass. We can use the atomic number and mass number to build a complete picture of an atom. The atomic number of an atom tells us the number of protons found in element’s nucleus. Subtracting the atomic number from the m______ number gives the number of neutrons. In an uncharged element the number of protons equals the number of electrons. Work through the four examples below, giving the number of neutrons, protons and electrons ? Atomic mass: Lithium Carbon Oxygen 3P + 4N 3E - Calcium 6P + 6N 6E - 8P + 8N 8E - 20P + 20N 20E - Seven Twelve ____________ ? ____________ ? Three Six _____________ ? ____________ ? Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Word bank: element mass Li 3 7 C 6 12 O 8 16 Ca 20 40 Atomic Number Calcium Oxygen Mass Number Diagram Element Lithium Carbon

Relative atomic mass two Single atoms have a very s_______, almost negligible mass. The mass is so small that it makes it impossible to use in calculations. Instead, an element’s mass is compared with other elements. Relative atomic masses has been calculated for all elements, so that we can compare the mass of one element relative to another. For example: hydrogen has a mass of one on this scale, h________ is four times heavier, at four. Carbon is twelve times heavier, at twelve. Link the relative atomic mass of an element with the number of protons and neutrons that each element contains. Why do electrons appear not to contribute to the mass of an element ? Comparing masses of elements: Hydrogen Helium Carbon 1P + 1E - Magnesium 12P + 12N 12E - 6P + 6E - 6N 2E - 2N 2P + one four twelve twenty four Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Word bank: small helium H 1 1 He 2 4 C 6 12 Mg 12 24 Hydrogen Equivalents Twenty four Magnesium Twelve Carbon Mass Number Diagram Element One Hydrogen Four Helium

Elements and electron shells one The atomic number of an element also tells us the number of electrons that an element has. These electrons are arranged in s_______ or orbits around the positive nucleus. These shells are also sometimes called e_______ levels. Electrons start filling the inner shell first. The inner shell contains two electrons. The next two shells each contain eight electrons. The fourth shell can contain up to eighteen electrons. Look at the first six elements: Hydrogen, Helium, Lithium, Beryllium, Boron and Carbon. How do the number of electrons found in the element’s outer shell relate to their position in the period table ? Elements and electron shells one Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Word bank: shells energy Elements one to six Carbon Boron Beryllium Lithium Helium Hydrogen 3P + 4N 3E - 6P + 6N 6E - H 1 1 He 2 4 Li 3 7 Be 4 9 B 5 11 C 6 12 5P + 6N 5E - 4P + 5N 4E - 2P + 2E - 2N 1P + 1E -

Elements and electron shells two As the atomic number of an element increases, so do the number of electrons. When each electron shell is f_______ a new one begins to fill with electrons. It is the electron arrangement of an element that determines its c__________ properties. During chemical reactions, elements either gain, lose or share their electrons. Find out the difference in what happens to electrons during the formation of an ionic and covalent product ? Elements and electron shells two 20 28 31 32 40 39 19 Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Word bank: filled chemical N 7 14 O 8 16 F 9 Ne 10 Na 11 23 Mg 12 24 Al 13 27 Si 14 P 15 S 16 Cl 17 35 Ar 18 K 19 Ca 20 40 Calcium Potassium Argon Chlorine Sulphur Phosphorus Silicon Aluminium Magnesium Sodium Neon Fluorine Oxygen Nitrogen

Physical properties of the alkaline metals one Group I of the periodic table contains a family of very reactive metals known as the alkaline metals. This group of e________ contains lithium, sodium, potassium and rubidium. They are not found in their pure state like gold, but are found tied up in ionic compounds. These metal elements have relatively low melting or boiling points and densities, when compared to transitional m______ like copper, iron and titanium. Name two compounds that contain sodium and potassium ? The alkaline metals: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Word bank: elements metals The alkaline metals have similar chemical properties because they all have one electron in their outer shell. Their reactivity and atom size (radius) increases as you descend the group from lithium to rubidium. Their melting and boiling points rise as you descend the group. The alkaline metals Notes Diagram Found in group I of the periodic table, all the alkaline metals have one electron in their outermost shell. Losing this single electron to other non-metal atoms completely empties their outer shell making the ion of the atom stable. Position of the alkaline metals

Physical properties of the alkaline metals two The group I elements, the alkaline metals are all reactive metals able to form ionic compounds with other non-metals like chlorine. They have similar p_______ and chemical properties. They all have a typical shiny metallic appearance when freshly cut, but all tarnish within minutes of contact with air. They all have to be stored under o____ so they don’t react with either oxygen or water vapour. Like all metals, they are good conductors of heat and electricity, but they have low melting and boiling points. Give a definition of an ionic and covalent compound ? Physical properties of group I alkaline metals: 2,1 2,8,1 Li Na K 2,8,8,1 Rb 2,8,8,18,1 Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Word bank: physical oil All are reactive metals, tarnish in air and have to be stored under oil. All form ions carrying a +1 plus charge Li + , Na + , K + All are less dense than water and react vigorously to form hydroxides with alkaline pHs. All react with non-metals to form ionic salts with similar formulas (e.g. Lithium chloride LiCl) All are soft and can be cut with a knife. Shared group I properties Rubidium Potassium Atom Formula Electron configuration Sodium Lithium Element Symbol

Properties and uses of lithium Lithium is a shiny soft reactive metal. Lithium is the least reactive group I metal. Lithium compounds are found in a wide range of uses including long life batteries, similar to those used in pacemakers. Lithium is also used in psychiatric drugs to control the behaviour of patients suffering from aggressive psychosis. Lithium reacts readily with o_______, water and acid forming ionic salt compounds which are white, alkaline and highly soluble. Lithium gives a r____ flame when combusted in oxygen Find out about other uses of lithium or its compounds ? Properties and uses of lithium: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Word bank: oxygen red Anti psychotic drugs Metallic structure Lithium is the least reactive group I alkaline metal. Lithium compounds have many uses including batteries found in mobile phones, calculators and heart pacemakers. Lithium is also used as an antipsychotic drug. It has an effect in the human body to lower the activity of the brain and is often called a chemical straightjacket. Lithium batteries Lithium is a shiny silver metal, which is easy to cut with a low density. Atoms are held in a metallic structure. Lithium is a good conductor of heat and electricity. The symbol of lithium is Li. Lithium

Properties and uses of sodium Sodium is a shiny soft reactive metal. Sodium is the second least reactive group I metal. Sodium compounds are found in a wide range of chemicals or uses including sodium found in table s_____ or sodium chloride. It is also used in ‘sodium vapour lights’ found in street lighting. Sodium reacts readily with oxygen, water and acid forming ionic salt compounds which are white, alkaline and highly soluble. Sodium gives an o_______ flame when combusted in oxygen. Find out about other uses of sodium or its compounds ? Properties and uses of sodium: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Word bank: salt orange Sodium in sodium chloride Metallic structure Sodium is the second most reactive group I alkaline metal. Sodium is used in sodium vapour lights. This characteristic orange light helps light our streets at night. Sodium is also found in table salt or sodium chloride. Too much salt in our diets will lead to high blood pressure and the increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Sodium vapour lamps Sodium is a shiny silver metal, which is easy to cut with a low density. Atoms are held in a metallic structure. Sodium is a good conductor of heat and electricity. The symbol of sodium is Na. Sodium

Properties and uses of potassium Potassium is a shiny soft reactive metal. Potassium is the third most reactive group I metal. Potassium compounds are found in a wide range of chemicals or uses including soluble potassium ions essential for healthy p______ growth. Potassium reacts readily with oxygen, water and acid forming ionic salt compounds which are white, alkaline and highly soluble. Potassium gives a l_______ flame when combusted in oxygen. Find out about other uses of potassium or its compounds ? Properties and uses of potassium: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Word bank: plant lilac Metallic structure Potassium is the third most reactive group I alkaline metal. It is available in schools and needs to kept under oil in a locked metal cabinet. Potassium is found in fertilisers, and is used by plants for healthy growth. Without potassium, plants would have yellow leaves and stunted growth. Bananas are also rich in potassium and are good for you. Potassium in fertilisers Potassium in bananas Potassium is a shiny silver metal, which is easy to cut with a low density. Atoms are held in a metallic structure. Potassium is a good conductor of heat and electricity. The symbol of potassium is K. Potassium

Properties and uses of rubidium Rubidium is a shiny silver soft reactive metal. Rubidium is the most reactive and dangerous group I metal. It is so reactive that schools cannot use it in their laboratories. Rubidium compounds are found in a wide range of chemicals or uses including rubidium used in psychiatric drugs to control the behaviour of patients suffering from aggressive psychosis. Find out about any other uses of rubidium ? Properties and uses of rubidium: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Metallic structure Rubidium is the most reactive and dangerous of the group I alkaline metals. It is so reactive that schools cannot use it in their laboratories. It is kept in sealed vials to prevent it making contact with oxygen or water. Rubidium, like lithium is found in strong sedative drugs like valium and librium. These drugs have a sedative effect on the patient, reducing anxiety and stress. Mental illness in Humans Sedative Drugs and rubidium Rubidium is a shiny metal which is a liquid at room temperature. Atoms are held in a metallic structure. Rubidium is a good conductor of heat and electricity. The symbol for rubidium is Rb. Rubidium

Physical properties of the Alkaline Earth metals one Group II of the periodic table contains a family of moderately r_________ metals known as the Alkaline Earth metals . This group contains Beryllium, Magnesium, Calcium and Strontium. They are not found in their pure state like gold, but are found tied up in ionic compounds. They have relatively low melting and boiling points and densities, when compared to transitional metals like c________, iron and titanium. Name two compounds that contain calcium and magnesium ? The Alkaline Earth metals: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Word bank: reactive copper The Alkaline Earth metals have similar chemical properties because they all have two electrons in their outer shell. Their reactivity with non metals increases as you descend the group along with the size of their atoms. Their melting and boiling points also rise as you descend the group. The Alkaline Earth metals Notes Diagram Found in group II of the periodic table, all the Alkaline Earth metals have two electrons in their outermost shell. Losing both electrons to other non-metal atoms completely empties their outer shell making the ion of the atom stable. Position of the Alkaline Earth metals

Physical properties of the Alkaline Earth metals two The group II elements, the Alkaline Earth metals are all reactive metals (except beryllium), able to form ionic compounds with non-metals like chlorine. They have similar physical and chemical properties. They have a typically s_______ metallic appearance when freshly cut, but all tarnish with time. They all have to be stored under oil (except beryllium and magnesium) so they don’t react with either o_________ or water vapour. Like all metals, they are good conductors of heat and electricity, but they have relatively low melting and boiling points. Physical properties of group II Alkaline Earth metals: 2,2 2,8,2 Be Mg Ca 2,8,8,2 Sr 2,8,8,18,2 Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Word bank: shiny oxygen All except beryllium and magnesium are reactive, are able to tarnish in air and have to be stored under oil. All form ions carrying +2 charge. Mg 2+ , Ca 2+ . All react with non-metals to form ionic salts with similar formulae (CaCl 2 & MgCl 2 ) Magnesium and beryllium are used because of their high strength to weight ratio. The calcium ion (Ca 2+ ) is extremely important for teeth and bone formation. Shared group II properties. Strontium Calcium Atom Formula Electron configuration Magnesium Beryllium Element Symbol

Properties and uses of beryllium Beryllium is a shiny, silver and un-reactive metal with a very high strength to weight ratio. Beryllium is the least reactive group II metal. Beryllium is very expensive because, like gold it is rare. This metal is used to build s________ and aircraft parts because it is so light and strong. The cost of beryllium is over £10,000 per kilogram. Unlike other Alkaline Earth metals, beryllium does not readily react with oxygen, w_______ or laboratory acids. Beryllium gives a blue flame when combusted in oxygen Give a definition of an ionic and covalent compound ? Properties and uses of beryllium: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Word bank: satellite water Satellites Metallic structure Beryllium is the least reactive group II Alkaline Earth metal. Beryllium does not easily form ionic compounds with other non metals. Beryllium is an extremely light and strong metal and is used in the satellite industry. This is to save weight. It is also very costly at over £10,000 per kilogram. This is because it is very rare. Beryllium in emeralds Beryllium is a shiny silver metal, with an extremely high strength to weight ratio. Atoms are held in a metallic structure. Beryllium is a good conductor of heat and electricity. The symbol of beryllium is Be. Beryllium

Properties and uses of magnesium Magnesium is a shiny, hard and moderately reactive metal. Magnesium is the second least reactive group II metal. Magnesium can be used as a metal for the manufacture of lightweight car components and b_______ frames. Magnesium is an extremely light and strong metal. Magnesium was also used in incendiary bombs which caused widespread damage to German cities in WWII. Magnesium carbonate is used as an i___________ remedy as it neutralises excessive stomach acid. Magnesium gives an white flame when combusted in oxygen. Properties and uses of magnesium: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Word bank: bike indigestion Magnesium frames Metallic structure Magnesium is the second most reactive group II Alkaline Earth metal. Magnesium is used to build lightweight components for the car industry as well as bike frames. Powdered magnesium will readily combust giving an intense white flame. Magnesium incendiary bombs were dropped on Germany during the second World war. Incendiary bombs Magnesium is a shiny silver metal, with an moderately high strength to weight ratio. Atoms are held in a metallic structure. Magnesium is a good conductor of heat and electricity. The symbol of Magnesium is Mg. Magnesium

Properties and uses of calcium Calcium is a shiny, soft and reactive metal. Calcium is the third most reactive group II metal. Calcium compounds are found in a wide range of chemicals or uses including calcium carbonate which is used by all mammals to build b_______ and teeth. Calcium carbonate is also the main mineral found in three types of rock, marble, chalk and limestone. Milk and dairy products are very rich in the calcium ion, Ca +2 . Calcium gives a reddish o_________ flame when combusted in oxygen. Properties and uses of calcium: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Word bank: bones orange Metallic structure Calcium is the third most reactive group II Alkaline Earth metal. It is available in schools and needs to kept under oil in a locked metal cabinet. Calcium is used by humans in calcium carbonate to build teeth and bones. Calcium found in calcium carbonate is also found in three rocks types named marble, limestone and chalk. Marble (CaCO 3 ) Milk Calcium is a shiny grey metal with a low strength to weight ratio. Most calcium is found in calcium carbonate. Atoms are held in a metallic structure. Calcium is a good conductor of heat and electricity. The symbol of calcium is Ca. Calcium

Properties and uses of strontium Strontium is a shiny, silver, soft and reactive metal. Strontium is the most r________ group II metal. Strontium compounds are found in a wide range of chemicals or uses including those that give a vibrant r____ colour to fireworks. It is so reactive that schools cannot have a sample in their laboratories. It is kept in sealed vials to prevent it making contact with oxygen or water. Strontium gives a strong red flame when combusted in oxygen. Properties and uses of strontium: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Word bank: reactive red Sr 38 Metallic structure Strontium is the most reactive and dangerous of the group II Alkaline Earth metals. It is so reactive that schools cannot have samples in their laboratories. It is kept in sealed vials to prevent it making contact with oxygen or water. Strontium compounds are used in fireworks like the ones used on bonfire night to give a bright red colour. Strontium in fireworks Strontium is a shiny grey metal and is the most reactive Alkaline Earth metal. Atoms are held in a metallic structure. Strontium is a good conductor of heat and electricity. The symbol of strontium is Sr. Strontium

Physical properties of the halogens one Group VII of the periodic table contains a family of very r________ non-metals known as the halogens. This group contains fluorine, a pale yellow gas, chlorine a pale green gas, bromine a dark brown liquid and iodine a dark purple solid. They are not found in their pure state like gold, but are found tied up in c________ or ionic compounds. They have low melting and boiling points and do not conduct electricity at all. Give a use for the chloride and fluoride ion ? The halogens: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Word bank: reactive covalent The halogens have similar chemical properties because they all have seven electrons in their outer shell. Their colour darkens as you descend the group from fluorine a pale yellow gas to iodine a dark purple solid. Their melting and boiling points also rise as you descend the group. The halogens Notes Diagram Found in group VII of the periodic table, all the halogens have seven electrons in their outermost electron shell. They are therefore just one short of a full outer shell. This is what makes them reactive with other elements. Position of the halogens

Physical properties of the halogens two The group VII elements, the halogens are all reactive non-metals, able to form both ionic and covalent compounds with other elements. They have similar physical and chemical properties. They are all diatomic m_________. As you descend the group their colour deepens from pale yellow to dark purple. Their melting and b__________ points also increase with fluorine and chlorine being a gas, bromine a liquid and iodine a solid at room temperature. Give a definition of an ionic and covalent compound ? Physical properties of group VII halogens: Yellow Green Brown Purple 2,7 2,8,7 F 2 Cl 2 Br 2 I 2 2,8,18,7 2,8,18,18,7 Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Word bank: molecules boiling 337 o C 59 o C -34 o C -188 o C Boiling point Solid Iodine Liquid Bromine Electron configuration Formula Colour Gas Gas State at room temperature Chlorine Fluorine Element Symbol

Properties and uses of fluorine Fluorine is a pale yellow diatomic gas. Two atoms of fluorine form a covalent molecule, where the atoms share a pair of electrons. Fluorine is the most reactive halogen. Fluorine is found in a wide range of chemicals including teflon a non stick inert coating for kitchen equipment like s_________. Small amounts of fluoride is found in toothpaste, to reduce bacteria in our mouths. Fluorine is also used in CFCs, a refrigerant now banned because of its effects on the o_______ layer. Find out about other uses of fluorine and its compounds ? Properties and uses of fluorine: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Word bank: saucepans ozone Fluoride Diatomic gas Fluorine is the most reactive and dangerous of the halogens. It was used during the first world war to make mustard gas which when inhaled would destroy your lungs within minutes. Fluorine forms an extremely stable non-stick compound called teflon. Developed by NASA scientists, it now coats millions of frying pans and artificial implants like hip replacement joints. Non-stick Refrigerants Fluorine is a pale yellow diatomic gas. Two atoms of fluorine covalently bond, sharing two electrons. The formula of fluorine is F 2 . Fluorine is the most reactive halogen. Fluorine

Properties and uses of chlorine Chlorine is a pale green diatomic gas. Two atoms of chlorine form a covalent molecule, where the atoms share a pair of electrons. Chlorine is the second most reactive halogen. Chlorine is found in a wide range of chemicals including bleach, a disinfectant used to clean surfaces, f______ and toilets. Small amounts of chloride is added to drinking water to kill any remaining b_________. Chlorine is also found in sodium chloride or table salt (excessive salt in the diet leads to high blood pressure and cardiovascular problems) Find out about other uses of chlorine and its compounds ? Properties and uses of chlorine: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Word bank: floors bacteria Bleach Diatomic gas Chlorine gas is very dangerous if inhaled but in small amounts it is extremely useful. Since we have chlorinated our drinking water, our life expectancy has risen dramatically over the decades. It is also added to swimming pools in higher concentrations to kill bacteria. Chlorine is also found in salt or sodium chloride (NaCl) Chlorination Salt Chlorine is a pale green diatomic gas. Two atoms of chlorine covalently bond sharing two electrons. The formula of chlorine is Cl 2 . Chlorine is the second most reactive halogen. Chlorine

Properties and uses of bromine Bromine is a dark brown diatomic liquid. Two atoms of bromine form a covalent molecule, where the atoms share a pair of e________. Bromine is the third most reactive halogen. Bromine is found in a wide range of chemicals including pesticides, which when sprayed on crops kills pests like locusts. Halon f______ extinguishers contain bromine which extinguishes small fires that cannot be put out using powder or water. Small amounts of bromine are added to plastics to prevent their decomposition by bacteria. This is useful for plastics that are used over long periods of time. Find out about other uses of bromine and its compounds ? Properties and uses of bromine: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Word bank: electrons fire Fire extinguishes Diatomic liquid Bromine is a very toxic brown liquid, but it does have several uses. Bromine toxicity is used to kill pests that destroy crops. Bromine is also used in fire extinguishers. It works by reacting with the oxygen, therefore preventing further combustion. Bromine is also added to plastics so that bacteria and moulds do not rot or decompose them. Pesticides Plastics Bromine is a brownish diatomic liquid. Two atoms of bromine covalently bond, sharing two electrons. The formula of bromine is Br 2 . Bromine is the third most reactive halogen Bromine

Properties and uses of iodine Iodine is a dark purple diatomic solid. Two atoms of iodine covalently bond sharing two electrons. Iodine is the l_______ reactive halogen. Iodine is found in high concentrations in certain seaweeds and in salt water. Iodine is used by the thyroid gland to make the h_________ thyroxin. Humans require small amounts of iodine in their diets. If iodine is lacking in the diet then goitre, a disease of the thyroid gland can develop. Iodine is also used to sterilise skin prior to surgical operations. Why don’t surgeons use bleach to sterilise the skin ? Properties and uses of iodine: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Word bank: least hormone Thyroid Diatomic solid Iodine is used by the human thyroid gland in order to produce thyroxine, an essential hormone. If your diet is poor in iodine, you may develop goitre which is a medical condition where your thyroid becomes enlarged. Iodine is also used to sterilise your skin prior to major surgery. It kills the bacteria on your skin. Explain why halogens, like iodine have an antiseptic effect ? Goitre Sterilisation Iodine is a deep purple diatomic solid. Two atoms of iodine covalently bond sharing two electrons. The formula of iodine is I 2 . Iodine is the least reactive halogen. Iodine

Physical properties of the Noble gases one Group VIII of the periodic table contains a family of very stable non-metals known as the Noble gases. This group contains h________, neon, argon and krypton. They are all monatomic colourless gases . All but helium are found in low quantities in our atmosphere. Helium is found trapped under the bedrock along with deposits of n_________ gas. Helium is so light that the Earth’s gravity is not strong enough to keep it in our atmosphere. Eventually we will run out of helium as it escapes the Earth’s gravitational pull. Give two uses helium and neon ? The Noble gases: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Word bank: helium natural The Noble gases have similar chemical and physical properties because they all have eight electrons in their outer shell. They are all colourless monatomic gases which do not form ionic or covalent compounds with any other elements. They also have extremely low melting and boiling points. The Noble gases Notes Diagram Found in group VIII of the periodic table, all the Noble gases have eight electrons in their outermost electron shell. They all therefore have a full outer shell. This is what makes them very stable monatomic gases. Position of the Noble gases

Physical properties of the Noble gases two The group VIII elements, the Noble gases are all colourless gases unable to form ionic and c_______ compounds with other elements. They have similar physical and chemical properties. They are all monatomic gases. They have extremely low melting and boiling points which increase slightly as you descend the group. Although they are very s______ they do have many important uses. Why is helium used in airships rather than hydrogen which provides more lift ? Physical properties of group VIII Noble gases: Colourless He Ne Ar Kr Colourless Colourless Colourless 2 2,8 2,8,8 2,8,18,8 Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Word bank: covalent stable -179 o C -189 o C -210 o C -272 o C Melting point Gas Krypton Gas Argon Electron configuration Formula Colour Gas Gas State at room temperature Neon Helium Element Symbol

The discovery of the Noble gases The noble gases were not discovered until about the turn of the last century. Because the Noble gases are highly un-reactive, they remained hidden in the a____. Helium was discovered with deposits of natural gas found under the bedrock. In 1892, scientists discovered that, when all the nitrogen and oxygen from a sample of air was reacted with hot magnesium, there was around one percent of the gas that would not react. This small fraction contained n______, argon and krypton. Discovery of the Noble gases: 100 50 0 Nitrogen Oxygen Noble gases CO 2 Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Word bank: air neon Hydrogen although having greater lift has now been replaced by stable helium. Using helium The Noble gases were not discovered until 1892 due to their stability. They make up only 1% percent of the atmosphere. Although they are stable they are still useful. Percentage composition of noble gases in air Notes Diagram

Helium and its uses Helium is the least dense of the Noble gases. A balloon full of helium will have lift in normal air. Although hydrogen gives more l_____ because it has the lowest density of any of the elements it is also highly reactive. Helium makes for a safe alternative and is used in airships and ‘party balloons’ Helium is also used by deep seas divers instead of nitrogen. It has a low solubility and therefore reduces the risk of divers suffering the bends. This is when nitrogen in the blood comes out of solution and begins to bubble in the b_______. This can be fatal. Why is this condition called the bends ! Helium and its uses: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Word bank: lift bubble Helium is also used for party balloons. They are able to rise above the air. They also (when breathed in) make you sound like Mickey Mouse. Helium balloons Notes Diagram Helium Helium is a low density stable gas that gives ‘lift’ to objects like balloons in air. Hydrogen is better but it is also very unstable and can react with the oxygen in the atmosphere forming water. This is an explosive reaction. Using helium for lift

Neon and its uses Neon is the most widely used Noble gas. Neon is used to make fluorescent light tubes, which can take on many colours. When you pass a high v_______ current across a tube full of n______, it glows and gives off light. The tubes can be coloured using various dyes making them ideal for use in advertising signs around the World. If you take a trip to London’s Piccadilly Circus, then you will see hundreds of flashing neon signs all advertising various products and fast food companies. Explain why a neon light uses less energy than a normal filament bulb ? Neon and its uses: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Word bank: voltage neon By colouring the glass tube you can colour the light that is emitted. Neon lights do not produce any heat and are therefore much more efficient. Choose a colour Notes Diagram Neon Scientists found out that when you pass a high voltage current through a tube filled with neon, it fluoresces. Neon lights are used in advertising signs. There are also more energy efficient compared to filament bubs. Neon lights at Piccadilly circus

Argon and its uses Argon makes up nearly one percent of the composition of atmospheric air. Argon is more dense than air, so balloons filled with just argon appear to ‘sink.’ Argon has two main uses. Argon is used to replace air or o________ where you need an oxygen free environment in order to prevent combustion. Filament b______ made from tungsten contain argon to prevent the tungsten from oxidising with oxygen. Argon is also used during the welding of metals to prevent metals combusting with oxygen. What other processes require an oxygen free environment ? Argon and its uses: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Word bank: oxygen bulbs Light bulbs are filled with inert argon gas so that the tungsten filament does not begin to form tungsten oxide with oxygen from the atmosphere. Light bulbs Notes Diagram Argon During welding very high temperatures would cause most metals to begin to react with oxygen found in air. Argon is flowed over the weld to prevent the metals reacting. This techniques is called ‘argon welding’ Using argon during welding

Krypton and its uses Krypton makes up a very small fraction of the composition of atmospheric air. Like argon, krypton is more d______ than air. Krypton has one main use. Krypton is used to produce high energy lasers. These lasers are seen in disco lighting shows. They also carry sufficient energy to melt metal during their w________. When a high voltage current is applied to the krypton gas, a high energy light is emitted that is used to produce laser light. Find out from google.co.uk how laser light is produced ? Krypton and its uses: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Word bank: dense melting Krypton lasers are use to remove excess corneal tissue during laser eye correction. The cornea is reshaped to give the correct focal length. Eye surgery Notes Diagram Krypton Krypton is used in lasers used for disco lighting and welding. A high voltage current is applied to the krypton gas which produces a high energy beam. This energy is sufficient to cause melting in metals during welding. Krypton lasers

The transitional metals There are 30 metallic elements found between group II and III, which are known as the transitional metals . This group contains metals like g_____, silver, zinc, copper, titanium, platinum, mercury, chromium and perhaps the most commonly used metal iron . Most of the transitional metals have very important uses. The thirty metals in this block share many physical and c_________ properties. Name three uses of iron ? The transitional metals: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Word bank: gold chemical 1% Others 2% Mg Magnesium 2.5% K Potassium 3% Na Sodium 3.5% Ca Calcium 5% Fe Iron 8% Al Aluminium 28% Si Silicon O Symbol Oxygen Element 47% % Abundance of the transitional metals on Earth Found between group II and III, there are 30 transitional metals. The transitional metals include gold, copper, zinc, iron, silver, mercury titanium and platinum. They all have similar chemical properties because they all have either one, two or three electrons in their outer shell. Except mercury, they have relatively high melting and boiling points. Unlike silicon and oxygen they are relatively rare, with iron being the most abundant. Position of the transitional metals

Properties and uses of chromium Chromium is a typical transitional metal. It is hard, dense and very shiny. Chromium is extracted from its o______ using electrolysis. Chromium is used to make stainless steel. Adding small quantities of carbon and chromium to iron gives stainless s______ its strong and anti corrosive properties. Chromium is also used in the manufacture of chrome bumpers and car parts. Although these have now been replaced by plastic, chrome was once very popular in the 1950s. Why is stainless steel used to make hot and cold water taps ? Properties and uses of chromium: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Word bank: oxide steel Chrome is used in the manufacture of stainless steel found in kitchens and bathrooms. Chrome also used to be used to coat the metal bumpers of cars like the one pictured above. Chromium in steel and as a coating reflects the light strongly and gives the product a shiny appearance. Chrome is extracted from its oxide using electrolysis. Main uses of the metal element chromium Chromium Chromium is a very shiny silver. Atoms are held in a metallic structure. Chromium is an extremely good reflector of light and takes its name from chroma. The symbol for chromium is Cr. Element

Properties and uses of tungsten Tungsten is a typical transitional metal. It is hard, dense and shiny. Tungsten is extracted from its oxide using electrolysis. Tungsten is used in b_____ filaments because it has a very high metal point, essential since the temperature of a bulb filament is around 3000 o C. Tungsten is also used to manufacture drill bits because it is a very hard and dense transitional metal. Although it is fairly b____, it can drill through softer metals like copper and iron. What gas surrounds tungsten inside a light bulb. What's the function of this gas ? Properties and uses of tungsten: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Word bank: bulb brittle Tungsten has a very high melting point and is also very hard. It is found in billions of light bulbs all over the World. Tungsten is able to cope with the very high temperatures created in a light bulb filament. Tungsten is also used to coat drills that are used to drill holes in brickwork or other metals. Again its hardness and ability to cope with heat makes it an ideal metal. Main uses of metal element tungsten Tungsten Tungsten is a shiny silver metal. Atoms are held in a metallic structure. Tungsten is a poor conductor of electricity and has a very high melting and boiling point. The symbol for tungsten is W. Element

Properties and uses of silver Silver is a soft, relatively valuable shiny grey transitional metal. Silver is extracted from its ore using carbon displacement or s__________. Silver is used because of its value as a currency. It is also used in the form of silver nitrate by Kodak. Silver nitrate is light sensitive and covers film used in cameras. Kodak is in fact the biggest users of silver worldwide. Silver is also used for jewellery because of its v_______ and ability to be formed into different complex shapes. Why might the use of silver nitrate by Kodak decline in the next few years ? Properties and uses of silver: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Word bank: smelting value Silver is a moderately expensive metal. Silver is used for jewellery and a limited amount of high value currency. Silver nitrates, made be reacting silver with hot concentrated nitric acid is used in colour photography film. These molecules are light sensitive and therefore react to light, forming an image. Kodak are the biggest users of silver. Main uses of the metal element silver Silver Silver is a shiny grey metal. Atoms are held in a metallic structure. Silver is an extremely good conductor of heat and electricity and is relatively valuable. The symbol for silver is Ag. Element

Properties and uses of copper Copper is a soft, relatively inexpensive transitional metal. Copper is extracted from its ore by the carbon displacement method or smelting. Copper is used in applications that make good use of it excellent conductivity of both h______ and electricity. Copper is used to carry electricity from the power station to the consumer. It has a low resistance, only gold has lower. Copper is also used to carry w_______ because of its resistance to corrosion. Copper piping is also relatively easy to solder at moderate temperatures. Why is gold not used in electrical cable, if it is a better conductor than copper ? Properties and uses of copper: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Word bank: heat water Copper is extracted from malachite, a green ore rich in copper. Most of the World’s reserves of copper are found in Chile... South America. Copper is used for electrical wiring because of its relatively high conductivity. Copper is also used to carry hot and cold water. Copper does not readily corrode like other metals including iron. Main uses of the metal element copper Copper Copper is a shiny pinkish metal. Atoms are held in a metallic structure. Copper is an extremely good conductor of heat and electricity. The symbol for copper is Cu. Element

Properties and uses of gold Gold is an extremely soft, highly valuable shiny yellow transitional metal. Gold is extracted from deposits in its natural state. Gold is used because of its value as a currency. Gold is also used for j__________ because of its value and ability to be formed into different complex shapes. There are different purities of gold from relatively inexpensive 9 carat to almost pure 24 carat gold. Gold is also used by dentists, to replace decayed or broken t_______. A gold crown is easily shaped like a tooth and relatively strong. Also acidic foods do not react with the gold in your mouth like iron would. Properties and uses of gold: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Word bank: jewellery teeth Gold is relatively rare and expensive. It is also very un-reactive. It is used because of its monetary value as bullion or gold coins. Gold is also ideal as a material to crown chipped and decayed teeth. Gold will not corrode inside your mouth. It is also valued as a material to make jewellery like earrings, rings, necklaces and chains. Mains uses of the metal element gold Gold Gold is a shiny yellow metal. Atoms are held in a metallic structure. Gold is an extremely good conductor of heat and electricity and because of its rarity is very expensive. The symbol for gold is Au. Element

Properties and uses of zinc Zinc is a typical transitional metal. It is hard, dense and shiny. Zinc is extracted from its oxide using the carbon displacement method. Zinc is used to make the alloy brass (copper and zinc). Brass is used to make l______ and keys. It is also used to plate products made from iron. Zinc is more reactive than iron. Oxygen in the atmosphere will combine with zinc, in preference to iron, to form zinc oxide, a white ionic compound. This prevents iron from beginning the r_________ process. Zinc is used in this way, as a sacrificial metal to protect iron structures like oil rigs. Properties and uses of zinc: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Word bank: locks rusting Zinc is added to iron during galvanising to prevent iron from corroding when it is exposed to water and oxygen. Zinc is more reactive than iron and will form its oxide when exposed to oxygen. In a oxygen free environment iron will not rust. Zinc is also used to plate nails and screws, again to stop them corroding when they are used outside. Mains uses of the metal element zinc Zinc Zinc is a shiny grey metal. Atoms are held in a metallic structure. Zinc is an extremely good conductor of heat and electricity and is more reactive than iron or copper. The symbol for zinc is Zn. Element

Properties and uses of platinum Platinum is an extremely valuable shiny silver transitional metal. Platinum is extracted from deposits in its natural state. Platinum is used because of its value as an exclusive form of jewellery. Platinum is also used in modern catalytic converters. In exhaust emissions from an internal combustion e_______, there are carbon particulates, carbon monoxide and nitrogen monoxide. These are all harmful pollutants. Platinum increases the rate at which these harmful gases are further oxidised, forming less harmful pollutants like carbon dioxide and nitrogen dioxide. Why are catalytic converters expensive to make ? Properties and uses of platinum: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Word bank: engine Platinum is extremely rare and expensive. It is profitable to extracted platinum from rocks and sediments at just over two hundreds parts per billion. That means to yield 200 tonnes of platinum you would have to find and process one billion tonnes of rock ores and sediments. Platinum is an extremely useful catalyst despite its high cost. Main uses of the metal element platinum Platinum Platinum is a shiny silver metal. Atoms are held in a metallic structure. Platinum is the most valuable transitional metal because of its rarity. The symbol for platinum is Pt. Element

Properties and uses of titanium Titanium is a typical transitional metal. It is very hard, dense and has a grey appearance. Titanium is extracted from its o_______ using electrolysis. Titanium is used for a number of applications because it is very strong, highly resistant to corrosion and is flexible. Titanium is used to manufacture prison fences and for implants to replace worn hips and teeth in humans because it doesn’t corrode inside the human body (gold is too soft.) Titanium is also used to manufacture b______ components, spectacle frames and even golf clubs. Why is titanium better than aluminium ? Properties and uses of titanium: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Word bank: oxide bike Titanium is now widely available for the manufacture of implants and sports equipment, for example cycle frames and golf clubs. It has a very high strength to weight ratio and is very corrosive resistant. Only recently has titanium become available because of its lower cost. This is because less titanium is needed for military use. Main uses of the metal element titanium Titanium Titanium is a dull greyish metal. Atoms are held in a metallic structure. Titanium is an extremely strong transitional metal. It also has a very high strength to weight ratio. The symbol for titanium is Ti. Element

Properties and uses of mercury Mercury is not a typical transitional metal at all. It has an extremely low melting and boiling point. Mercury is extracted from its oxide using electrolysis. Mercury is used in thermometers and like any liquid it responds to changes in temperature. It is also used by dentists when they fill your teeth. The filler is called mercury amalgam. Although mercury is very t_______ it is safe in this form and reduces the amount of bacteria behind the filling. Mercury is also used in anti tilt devices found in pin ball and slot machines Find out how mercury is used to help prospectors find gold from river sediments ? Properties and uses of mercury: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Word bank: toxic Mercury Mercury is an unusual metal which is liquid at room temperature. It is highly toxic if ingested in the human body. Mercury was accidentally released into Minimata bay in Japan poisoning local food chains including fish caught and ate by local people. Mercury poisoning caused many birth defects in the following years. Main uses of the metal element mercury Mercury is a shiny silver metal. Atoms are held in a metallic structure. Mercury has an extremely low melting and boiling point and is a liquid at room temperature. The symbol for mercury is Hg. Element

Properties and uses of iron Iron is an extremely abundant, inexpensive dull grey transitional metal. Iron is extracted from iron ore (haematite) using the carbon displacement method or smelting. Iron is used mainly to manufacture s______ and stainless steel. Iron, once favoured by the Victorians for building bridges, railways and buildings has now been replaced by steel and stainless steel. Iron reacts with o_________ and water forming rust. Iron needs to be protected from the elements by paint, oil or a plasticized coating. Why is zinc added to iron buckets during the process that is known as galvanising ? Properties and uses of iron: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Word bank: steel oxygen Iron is the most abundant transitional metal. It is smelted from iron ore which is almost 70% iron oxide. Iron is very versatile and can be used to manufacture many products and structures. Most of the iron now produced is turned into steel and stainless steel because of its improved strength and resistance to corrosion. Main uses of the metal element iron Iron Iron is a dull grey metal. Atoms are held in a metallic structure. Iron is the most abundant of all the transitional metals and can be extracted using a blast furnace. The symbol for iron is Fe. Element

Properties and uses of other elements Although we have covered the vast majority of elements that belong to either the alkaline metals, the Alkaline Earth metals, the halogens, the N______ gases and the transitional metals, there are several other elements that are very important because of their physical or chemical properties. Lead for example, is used to shield us from radioactive isotopes like Uranium 235 . Oxygen is produced by g_______ plants during photosynthesis and is used by all respiring cells. Aluminium is an extremely lightweight corrosive resistant metal. Silicon is used to manufacture computer chips. Remaining elements in the periodic table: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Word bank: noble green S 16 S 16 Al 13 S 16 S 16 H 1 Elements Notes: Found outside the main element groups, these elements are used because of their physical or chemical properties. Position of the remaining elements

Properties and uses of lead Lead is a typical metal. It is hard, very dense and has a dull g_____ colour. Lead is extracted from its ore or oxide using the carbon displacement method. Lead is used in nuclear power stations to shield workers and their environment from gamma radiation. It is also used in stained glass windows to hold the coloured glass in place. Lead use to be added to p______ to aid its combustion. Lead was also used to make household paints. Lead is less popular now because it affects children’s development if it is inhaled or ingested. Once lead is ingested, it can cause many health problems later on in life. Why should you properly dispose of car batteries that contain large amounts lead ? Properties and uses of lead: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Word bank: grey petrol Lead, like mercury is an unusual metal because of its very high density. It is also very soft. Lead is used for a variety of uses from holding glass in place in church windows to shielding workers from radioactive sources in nuclear power stations. Lead was also added to petrol used by the combustion engine. It is no longer used because of its effects on the nervous system. Main uses of the metal element lead Lead Lead is a dull grey metal. Atoms are held in a metallic structure. Lead is a good conductor of electricity and heat. Lead also has a very high density. The symbol for lead is Pb. Element

Properties and uses of aluminium Aluminium is a typical metal. It is hard, dense and shiny. Aluminium is extracted from its oxide (bauxite) using electrolysis. Aluminium is used in the manufacture of a________ and cycles. This is because aluminium has a very high strength to weight ratio. It is also used as foil to protect food and to make cans for fizzy drinks like cola. Aluminium doesn’t readily react with atmospheric o________ or water because it is protected by a small layer of aluminium oxide on its surface. This makes it ideal for food use. Why is iron not used to make cans for food and drinks ? Properties and uses of aluminium: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Word bank: aircraft oxygen S 16 S 16 Al 13 Aluminium, found in group three of the periodic table is an extremely strong metal when compared to other metals like iron and copper. Due to its high strength to weight ratio, aluminium, makes a good material for making planes and bikes. Aluminium is also protected by a surface oxide layer which prevents further corrosion, therefore making it suitable for use in drinks cans. Main uses of the metal element aluminium Aluminium Aluminium is a shiny silver metal. Atoms are held in a metallic structure. Aluminium is a good conductor of electricity and has a very high strength to weight ratio. The symbol for aluminium is Al. Element

Properties and uses of Uranium Uranium is an unstable isotope that is radioactive. It is found in rocks in the Earth’s crust. Radioactive uranium is extracted from uranium o____. Uranium is used as a nuclear fuel in power stations. When fuel rods are submersed in water, the energy from the radioactive d________ of uranium 235 heats water producing steam which can then be used to generate electricity. Uranium decays to stable lead 206 through a sequence which takes around 700 million years. How can the amount of uranium 235 and lead 206 date a rock sample ? Properties and uses of uranium: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Word bank: ore decay Governments who have nuclear weapons or nuclear power stations spend large amounts of money extracting uranium 235 from uranium ore. In its pure form, it is valuable as a fuel source and is also used in nuclear missiles to provide defence capability against attack. Radioactive waste generated from its use could pollute our soils and water for thousands of years to come. Main uses of the element uranium Uranium Uranium is a dull grey radioactive isotope. Unstable uranium 235 atoms decay to other isotopes and then finally lead 206 over 700 million years. The symbol for uranium is U. Element

Properties and uses of silicon Silicon is a typical semi metallic element. It is hard, dense, dull grey, brittle and semi conductive of electricity. Silicon is extracted from sand or silicon dioxide (SiO 2 ) Silicon is used in computer chips. Intel the manufactures of Pentium and Celeron chips use vast amounts of silicon. Silicon is the starting material for making c______ and can be etched by acid to allow electrons to follow through specific logic pathways. Millions of these pathways make up the c_________ processor unit. After is extraction from sand, silicon used in chip manufacture has to be over 99.9999% pure. Name two other semi-metallic elements ? Properties and uses of silicon: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Word bank: chips central Silicon, extracted from silicon dioxide (sand) is an semi metallic element that acts like a semi conductor of electricity. Silicon is used by chip manufactures like Intel. Layers of pure silicon, acid etched form the computer chips that make billions of calculations per second (not to be confused with silicone which is used by the cosmetic industry) Main uses of the semi metallic element silicon Silicon Silicon is a shiny grey semi metallic element. Atoms are held in a metallic like structure. Silicon is a semi conductor of electricity and unlike metals is very brittle. The symbol for silicon is Si. Element

Properties and uses of oxygen Oxygen is a colourless non metal gas. It also has a very low melting and boiling point. Oxygen is found tied up with other compounds (oxides) or in water (H 2 O.) Oxygen is used by both plant and animals cells during r__________. Combined with glucose in the mitochondria during cellular respiration, cellular energy, carbon dioxide and water are released. Oxygen is formed by plants as a by product of photosynthesis during daylight hours. The atmosphere contains just over 20% oxygen by m_____. It is also the most common element on Earth. What is the test for oxygen gas ? Properties and uses of oxygen: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Word bank: respiration mass During the oxidation or combustion of foods and fuels, oxygen is combined to form the oxide. During combustion, combining fossil fuels with oxygen releases the chemical energy that has been trapped in their molecules for millions of years as well as polluting gases like carbon dioxide. Oxygen also causes the tarnishing and rusting of metals like iron. Main uses of the element oxygen Oxygen Oxygen is a colourless non metal gas. It occurs naturally as a diatomic molecule. It is a poor conductor of heat. Oxygen is found in oxides and the atmosphere. The symbol for oxygen is O. Element

Properties and uses of hydrogen Hydrogen is the lightest element in the periodic table. It exists as three isotopes, hydrogen, deuterium and tritium. Hydrogen is very reactive and is mostly found in compounds, for example it is found in water, alkanes, alkenes and food molecules like carbohydrates. Hydrogen was once used to provide l______ in airships, but due to its reactivity with oxygen, it is no longer used. Combustion with oxygen produces a lot of energy, which can be used to power a car. Scientists are now trying to bring hydrogen fuel c_____ technology to cars and buses. Although expensive, one day all that will come from your car exhaust is water... explain why ? Properties and uses of hydrogen: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Word bank: lift cell S 16 S 16 H 1 Hydrogen is found in water and organic compounds like the alkanes and the alkenes. It is also liberated from water or acids like hydrochloric acid by reactive metals like lithium and sodium. Hydrogen could be the clean fuel of the future emitting nothing more than water as a waste product. The key will be to develop the technology to utilise hydrogen. Main uses of the element hydrogen Hydrogen Hydrogen is a colourless gas. Hydrogen is found as a diatomic gas with extremely low melting and boiling points. Hydrogen is less dense than air. The symbol for hydrogen is H. Element

Properties and uses of carbon Carbon is a group IV non-metal. Carbon exists as three different allotropes, diamond, graphite and Buckminster fullerene. All three forms have very different physical properties but all have the same chemical properties. C________ is found in all organic molecules like carbohydrates, sugars, proteins and fats. Molecules with long carbon chains build ‘ life molecules ’ like DNA. The main source of carbon are the fossil fuels like crude oil, coal and natural gas. Compare the properties of diamond and graphite ? Properties and uses of carbon: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Word bank: carbon Carbon is the most important element in the periodic table because it can form long chained molecules. This is due to the fact that it can form four covalent bonds. Molecules like glucose and methane are also used as fuel molecules and when combusted with oxygen, releases energy in the form of heat and light. Main uses of the element carbon Carbon Carbon can come in three different forms or allotropes: Diamond, Graphite and Carbon. Carbon is found in very high percentages in fossil fuels like natural gas and coal. The symbol for carbon is C. Element

1: Define the following terms: Metals, Elements, Ionic-compound, Ion & Ionic-bond. 2: Look at the three pictures below. Complete the table. 3: Answer the following: a) Why are the group I metals known as the alkaline metals. b) Sodium has this chemical symbol. What does all this information mean. c) Draw an atom of sodium from the information given. d) In part C you drew an atom of sodium, now label the protons, electrons and neutrons. e) Name three compound in which an alkaline metal can lose an electron to form an ion. f) Give five properties of all metals. How do the chemical and physical properties of the alkaline metals differ from an average transitional metal like copper, gold or iron. g) All the alkaline metals have a metallic structure, explain this term. Extension questions and homework 23 Na 11 Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Physical properties and uses Sodium Three Potassium Two Lithium One Element Picture

4: Complete the following table. 5: Answer the following questions: a) The chemical reactivity of the alkaline metals increases as you go down the group: Explain why. b) The boiling and melting points of the alkaline metals decrease as you go down the group. Explain why. 6: Complete the following table. Name the salts formed during the following reactions. 7: Draw a dot and cross diagram for LiI, NaOH & Na 2 O Internet: Go to google.co.uk and find out the use of Sodium Hydroxide and Sodium Chloride. How do they extract Sodium Chloride from the Cheshire brine pits. Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Na 2 O NaOH LiI Potassium Solid Sodium Li 1 Lithium Symbol Colour State at room temperature Electrons in outer shell Group I metal Salt Sodium hydroxide Salt Potassium + Water Sodium + Chlorine Lithium + Fluorine Reactants Potassium + Chlorine NaCl Sodium + Water Lithium + Chlorine Formula Formula Reactants

8: Look at the three pictures below. Complete the table. 9: Answer the following: a) Why are the group II metals known as the alkaline earth metals. b) Beryllium has this chemical symbol. What does all this information mean. c) Draw an atom of Beryllium from the information given. d) In part c you drew an atom of Beryllium, now label the protons, electrons and neutrons. e) Name three compound in which an alkaline earth metal can lose two electrons to form an ion. f) Give five properties of all metals. How do the chemical and physical properties of the alkaline earth metals differ from an average transitional metal like copper, gold or iron. g) All the alkaline earth metals have a metallic structure, explain this term. 9 Be 4 Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Physical properties and uses Strontium Three Beryllium Two Magnesium One Element Picture

10: Complete the following table. 11: Answer the following questions: a) The chemical reactivity of the alkaline earth metals increases as you go down the group explain this. b) The boiling and melting points of the alkaline earth metals decrease as you go down the group. Explain why. 12: Complete the following table. Name the salts formed during the following reactions. 13: Draw a dot and cross diagram for CaI 2 , Ca(OH) 2 & MgCl 2 Internet: Go to google.co.uk and find out the use of Calcium oxide, Calcium hydroxide and Calcium carbonate. Which one is also known as ‘quicklime.’ x2 Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 MgCl 2 Ca(OH) 2 CaI 2 Calcium Solid Magnesium 2 Beryllium Symbol Colour State at room temperature Electrons in outer shell Group II metal Salt Calcium oxide Salt Strontium + Oxygen Beryllium + Fluorine Calcium + Water Reactants Magnesium + Oxygen BeF 2 Calcium + Oxygen Magnesium + Chlorine Formula Formula Reactants

14: Define the following terms: Halogens, Elements, Reactivity, Gases, Ionic and Covalent. 15: Look at the three pictures below. Complete the table. 16: Answer the following: a) From physical data, chlorine’s melting and boiling point is -101 o C and -35 o C between what temperatures would chlorine be a solid, liquid and gas. b) All the halogens are diatomic molecules explain this term. c) Name a compound in which a halogen can share an electron in a covalent bond. Do a dot & Cross diagram. d) Name a compound in which a halogen gain an electron to form an ion. Do a dot & cross diagram. e) State the type of bonding in the following compounds. Hydrogen fluoride, Lithium chloride, Tetra chloro-methane, Potassium bromide and hydrochloric acid. f) Draw an atom of chlorine from the information given. 35 Cl 17 Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Properties and uses Bromine Three Iodine Two Chlorine One Element Picture

17: Complete the following table. 18: Answer the following questions: a) The chemical reactivity of the halogens decreases as you go down the group explain this. b) The boiling and melting points of the halogens increases as you go down the group. Explain why. c) Write down the salts formed during the following reactions. 19: Complete the following table. Internet: Go to google.co.uk and find out the use of fluoride and chloride in drinking water. What form are they used and when were they first used and what do they aim to prevent. 20: Answer the following questions: a) How could you determine the pH of bromine liquid, chlorine gas and hydrogen chloride gas. b) What are silver halide films used for...clue you might have one if you have a suspected broken bone. c) If you electrolyse sodium chloride solution. (i) What ions would be attracted to the cathode (-ve) (ii) What ions would be attracted to the anode (+ve) (iii) Why is it impossible to form sodium when electrolysis a solution of sodium chloride...Explain your answer . Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 I Iodine Brown Bromine Gas Chlorine 7 Fluorine Symbol Colour State at room temperature Electrons in outer shell Halogen Sodium + Iodine Magnesium + Chlorine MgCl 2 Iron + Bromine Iron (III) Chloride Iron + Chlorine Formula Salt Reactants

21: Define the following terms: Elements, Reactivity, Noble Gases, Inert, Ionic and Covalent. 22: Look at the three pictures below. Complete the table. 23: Answer the following using the following table: a) How much (percent) do the noble gases make up of the atmosphere. b) Thus gas use to be used to give lift to air ships. c) Argon is used in this device to stop the filament form combusting with oxygen. d) Whereas the halogen are diatomic gases, the noble gases are what type of gases. e) All noble gases are said to be chemically what . Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Properties and uses Helium Three Argon Two Krypton One Element Picture Lasers Sign Hydrogen Light bulbs Lift Reactive Diatomic One percent Monatomic Inert

24: Complete the following table. 25: Answer the following questions: a) What would happen when a light bulb is switched on and it is filled with normal air. b) Airships are no loner filled with, hydrogen. Helium is now used. Explain why. c) Explain why there are no known compounds that contain either helium, neon, argon or krypton. d) Why do helium balloons deflate more quickly than balloons filled with atmospheric air e) How many electrons do (i) group I alkaline metals have in their outer shell (ii) The group VIII Noble gases. f) Explain which the melting and boiling points of the nobles gases increases as you descent the group. 26: Look at the information in the table opposite: a) Why were the noble gases discovered very late and why do they have similar properties. b) Why is neon used in advertising signs. c) Why will we eventually rum out of the element helium. d) Why is argon used to replace air in light bulbs. e) Give two uses of a krypton laser. Internet: Go to google.co.uk and find out the use of fluoride and chloride in drinking water. What form are they used and when were they first used and what do they aim to prevent. Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Kr Krypton colourless Argon Gas Neon 8 Helium Symbol Colour State at room temperature Electrons in outer shell Gas 1669 Phosphorus 1774 Oxygen 1898 Neon 1895 Helium < 2000 B.C Gold When found Element

27: Define the following terms: Metal, Non-Metal, Semi-metals, Elements, Compounds, Reactivity, Extraction, Smelting & Electrolysis. 28: Look at the following pictures. Complete the table and answer the questions. a) What transitional metal might be suitable to manufacture indestructible spectacle frames: Explain your choice. b) Why is iron not used to make surgical and other knives: Explain your reasons. c) Explain why the properties of steel are far better for many applications that iron. 29: These questions are about extracting iron using the smelting process: a) Why are foundries (where iron is smelted) placed near where iron ore, fuel and water are readily available. b) What is the role of carbon and carbon monoxide during the smelting process. c) What element except iron is found in pig iron directly after smelting. d) Why are high temperatures required during the displacement of iron from its ore (Fe 2 O 3 ) Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Main uses Mercury Iron & Steel Gold Main physical properties Transitional metal

30: Titanium can be extracted from its ore (TiO 2 ) a) What process is used to extract titanium from its ore. b) Why does titanium oxide have to be molten. c) Are titanium ions positive or negative. d) Which electrode will the titanium form around. 31: a) Name two uses for platinum and explain how it helps reduce toxic emissions from cars. b) Whys is gold found in its natural state in river seams and gold deposits. c) Give five general properties of all metals and why is mercury not a typical transitional metal. d) Which of these metals is suitable for outside applications (i) Iron (ii) Copper (iii) Steel (iv) Titanium (v) Zinc. e) Name two uses for silver. Why is the use of silver nitrate (AgNO3) by companies like Kodak declining. f) Name three transitional metal compounds and give one use for each. g) Give the name for the following compounds: CuO, Cu 2 O, Fe 2 O3, FeO CuCl 2 NiCl FeCl 3 . h) What colours are CuO, Fe 2 O 3 & FeCl 3 . i) What are the uses of titanium oxide. 32: Complete the following: There are over 50 metals in the ______________ table. They all have similar physical properties. They are good at conducting heat and ______________ are shiny, dense, malleable and sonorous. Group I and II metals are extremely reactive unlike the transitional metals. These metals like titanium, copper, zinc are used for their structural qualities. Iron is the most commonly used metal because it is easily extracted by ____________ and relatively cheap to produce. Internet: Go to google.co.uk and find about the use of transitional metals as catalysts for industrial processes. Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005

33: Complete the table. 34: a) Give three examples of each of the following; Elements, Single molecules and compounds b) Based on their physical properties answer the following.: Why is gold metal use for rings and necklaces. Why is iron used to build bridges and other structures like buildings. c) The chemical formula of carbon dioxide is CO 2 , of sugar C 6 H 12 O 6 what does this tell you about both molecules and the elements present. d) Work out the relative atomic mass (A r ) or relative formula mass (M r ) of the following: CaCO 3 , Al 2 O 3 , NaOH, H 2 , C 4 H 10 & C 12 H 24 , CuSO 4 , CO, H 2 0, Fe 2 O 3 , O 3 , O 2 , H 2 O 2 + SO 2 (RAM H = 1, C = 12, O = 16, Na = 23, Al = 27, S = 32 & Ca = 40) 35: Complete the table. 13 11 23 27 Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 92 143 92 U Uranium Al Al Aluminium 11 12 11 Na Na Sodium Electrons Neutrons Protons A r & RAM Symbol Element _______________________________? _____________________________? _________________________________? _____________________________? Pure element of only one type of atom E D C B A