Rock Cycle

Science Interactive LTD Multimedia CD-ROM for PC is a collection of 38 units totalling over 1150 PowerPoint slides matched to current single and double Science GCSE syllabuses. Each unit covers a wide range of different delivery and learning styles, offering an exciting way to involve your pupils during lessons or revision sessions. All styles of teaching and learning are supported through use of high quality images, graphics, challenging exercises and questions. Units can be used in the classroom via an interactive whiteboard , data projector or used during individual study via a PC or school network. Full users’ licence is available under our ‘ comprehensive package ’ or lessons can be purchased separately. Science Interactive LTD. PO BOX 50764 LONDON NW6 9AT email: sales@science-interactive.co.uk web: www:science-interactive.co.uk GCSE SCIENCE OCR EDEXCEL AQA Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Unit 19: The Transitional Metals Unit 18: Metals and their Properties Unit 17: The Alkali Metals Unit 16: The Periodic Table and its Elements Unit 15: Genetic Engineering Unit 14: Evolution and Human Impact Unit 13: Inheritance and Selection Unit 12: Mitosis and Meiosis Unit 11: Flow of Energy and Elements through the Environment Unit 10: Water Transport in Plants Unit 9: Photosynthesis in Green Plants Unit 8: Drugs and Bad Body Maintenance Unit 7: Hormones and the Endocrine System Unit 6: Human Homeostasis Unit 5: Nervous System and the Senses Unit 4: The Respiratory System Unit 3: Healthy Body and Immunity Unit 2: The Circulatory System Unit 1: The Digestive System Unit 38: Cells, Tissue, Organs and Organs systems Unit 37: Natural Forces Unit 36: Sound and Hearing Unit 35: The Alkaline Earth Metals Unit 34: The Earth and Plate Tectonics Unit 33: Earth and Space Unit 32: Newton's Forces and the Effects of Forces Unit 31: Radioactivity Unit 30: Light and the Electromagnetic Spectrum Unit 29: Electricity Unit 28: Generating Electricity and its Domestic Use Unit 27: Energy Unit 26: Rates of Reaction Unit 25: The Noble Gases, their Properties and Uses Unit 24: The Halogens, their Uses and Compounds Unit 23: Ionic and Covalent Compounds Unit 22: Elements, Molecules and Compounds Unit 21: Rock Cycle Unit 20: Crude Oil and its Products

Unit 21

Rock Cycle

The nature of the Earth’s crust.

That rocks contain different types of minerals which are formed by elements joining together.

That there are three rock types: sedimentary, igneous and metamorphic.

That these are grouped because of how they are formed.

That fossils are only found in sedimentary rocks.

The main uses of the mineral calcite (CaCO 3 ) in cement, concrete and glass manufacture.

That the rock cycle is a continuous process of rock formation and breakdown.

That there are different types of weathering; Physical, Biological and Chemical.

That erosion can lead to further breakdown of sedimentary, metamorphic and igneous rocks.

Rocks, Cycle, Formation, Erosion, Breakdown, Sedimentary, Igneous, Metamorphic, Sediments, Fossils, Properties, Minerals, Elements, Calcite, CaCO 3 , Weathering, Physical, Chemical & Biological. Unit 21: Rock Cycle web: www.science-interactive.co.uk email: sales@science-interactive.co.uk Science Interactive LTD PO BOX 50764 LONDON NW6 9AT Click mouse to begin Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Understand: Keywords:

The Earth’s crust The Earth’s crust ranges from 5 to 65 kilometres thick. About 30% of the Earth’s crust lies above the great oceans and seas. It is extremely important for human survival, with its top layer of n________ rich soil, its minerals and metal ores. A mineral is any solid substance that is rich in elements like iron, silicon and oxygen. Rocks are complex mixtures of minerals containing many different e___________, chemically joined together. The main elements in the Earth’s crust are oxygen, silicon, aluminium and iron. Name three metal ores found in Earth’s crust ? Earth’s crust: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Word bank: nutrient elements Fe AL Si O Symbol Mg K Na Ca Symbol Magnesium Potassium Sodium Calcium Element 2% 5% Iron 2.5% 8% Aluminium 3% 28% Silicon 47% Percentage Oxygen Element 3.5% Percentage Notes Diagram Earth The Earth’s surface

Earth’s elements, minerals and rocks The Earth’s crust is a collection of elements like o_________, silicon, aluminium and iron. Elements are bound together forming different minerals. These minerals are the building blocks of sedimentary, i__________ and metamorphic rocks. Minerals found in all types of rocks are continuously recycled over hundreds of millions of years as surface rocks are worn away to be replaced by new rocks forced up by tectonic plate movements. Show how sedimentary rocks are formed from the remains of eroded surface rocks ? Minerals and rocks: Igneous Metamorphic Sedimentary Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Word bank: oxygen igneous Metamorphic Elements only contain one type of atom and are pure substances. Minerals like calcite (CaCO 3 ) and quartz (SiO 2 ) form when water is forced out, leaving behind these compounds. All rock types contain a high percentage of metallic salts. Marble is made mostly from the mineral calcite (CaCO 3 ) Notes Diagram Types of rock Minerals Elements

The rock cycle The rock cycle is a continue process of rock formation and breakdown. The three types of rocks s____________, igneous and metamorphic are recycled in this way over many millions of years. The movement of the Earth’s plates, which is driven by the convection currents inside its mantle causes uplift and burying of all three types of rocks. At the p_______ boundaries, geographical features like mountains or trenches are formed. The rock cycle: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Word bank: sedimentary plate Uplift cooling continental crust Erosion Heat and pressure Heat and pressure Uplift Pressure Heat Magma Metamorphic Igneous Uplift Sedimentary Uplift The movement of the plates is driven by the convection currents deep inside the Earth's mantle. At plate boundaries mountains or trenches form due to the huge pressures involved. Inside the Earth

Formation of the Earth’s rocks All three rocks types that make up the five continental plates are continually formed and broken down by chemical, p_________ and biological weathering. Their origins and how they are formed are very different giving them their own unique properties. Follow the diagrams and explanations below and learn the starting materials and how each type of rock is formed (sedimentary, igneous & metamorphic) Rock formation: Sedimentary Igneous Metamorphic Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Word bank: physical Formed rock Metamorphic rock forms when either igneous or sedimentary rock is buried. High temperatures and pressure cause the crystals to realign giving the new rock very different properties Igneous rock is formed when buried rock is heated forming magma. Molten magma rock rises to the Earth’s surface through cracks and then cools forming igneous rock. Any rock type that is eroded by chemical, physical and biological weathering can lead to the formation of sediments. These sediments begin to form layers which are then subjected to compacting over time. Notes Metamorphic Starting materials Rock Sedimentary Igneous

Sedimentary rock formation one The Earth’s surface rocks are continuously eroded away by physical and chemical weathering. These weathered r_______ and other small rock fragments begin to settle as sediments on the bottom of lakes, seas and oceans. With time these layers accumulate. Pressure on the lower layers cause these particles to compact and bond together. Water is also forced out leaving behind minerals like quartz. Sedimentary rocks can be formed from either s______, clay, silt and mud. Which are the older sediments, ones found on the bottom or on the surface ? Formation of sedimentary rocks: Weathering and erosion of rocks exposed at the Earth’s surface forming small particles. Sediments form, collect and are buried. Pressure then compacts sediments into sedimentary rocks. Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Word bank: rocks sand Weathered rock fragments begin to settle as sediments. With time, these layers accumulate. Pressure on the lower layers cause these particles to bond together. Water is also forced out leaving behind minerals like quartz. Sedimentary rocks can be formed from either sand, clay, silt and mud. Notes Diagram Sedimentary rocks Sediments accumulating in a river delta

Sedimentary rock formation two Weathering and erosion of rocks exposed at the Earth’s surface forming small particles. Sediments form, collect and are buried. Pressure then compacts sediments into sedimentary rocks. Sedimentary rocks can be made from clay, plant material, silt, sand and mud. Sedimentary rocks are relatively s______ when compared to metamorphic and igneous rocks. England’s land mass is largely made from relatively y________ sedimentary rock, between 20 and 400 million years old. In the table below are some examples of the starting materials and the resulting sedimentary rock types that we can find right across Europe and England. Why and how are fossil formed in layers of sedimentary rocks ? Formation of sedimentary rocks: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Word bank: soft young Coal is formed from layers of fossilised fern and tree material. Sandstone is formed by compacting sediments and rock particles similar to sand. Chalk is formed from layers of shells and animal bones rich in calcium carbonate (CaCO 3 ) Notes Sandstone Coal Diagram Sedimentary rocks Limestone

Sedimentary rock and fossils Many animals and plants are fossilised in layers of m____ and silt during the formation of s___________ rocks. Minerals in the layers of sedimentary rocks slowly replace the bone and soft t_______ of animals leaving behind fossils which give us an insight into what extinct species looked like. Fossil evidence has helped support the many theories about evolution and how different species have evolved and changed over many millions of years. Fossils are only found in sedimentary rocks...why ? Examples of fossils found in sedimentary rocks: Animals and plant remains are covered with sediments. Their bones are then replaced by minerals forming fossils. Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Word bank: mud sedimentary tissue Diagram Fossils

Sedimentary or igneous rocks that are buried and subjected to very high temperatures and pressures. Metamorphic rock formation one Metamorphic rocks can be formed from both sedimentary and i________ rocks. Movement of the Earth’s crust can bury rock and rock layers deep underground. Deep underground heat, p_________ and time changes how the rock minerals are arranged. Marble used in sculptures, kitchens and bathrooms is one of the most important examples of metamorphic rock. Marble is formed from sedimentary chalk which is made from layers of calcium carbonate found in the remains of boned animals and molluscs. Metamorphic rock: Over time the mineral structure is changed forming metamorphic rock minerals and structures. Shale Limestone Conglomerate Organic remains Slate Marble Gneiss Oil Oil shale heat, pressure & time Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Word bank: igneous pressure Metamorphic rocks are formed deep inside the Earth’s crust. Heating by the magma contained in the mantle, causes the rock crystal structure to be rearranged therefore changing the rock’s properties. Chalk, the remains of shells forms marble. Notes Diagram Metamorphic rocks Changing rocks with heat, pressure and time

Metamorphic rock formation two During the formation of metamorphic rocks, the mineral structures of the rocks are changed without the rocks actually becoming m________. Metamorphic rocks show bands of crystals. Gneiss rock, for example is an good example of metamorphic rock. This rock may have been igneous granite, but heat and pressure changed it. Slate used in the building industry for roofing is formed when sedimentary mudstone is heated under pressure. The microscopic c_________ in slate line up. This is why slate can be split to form roof tiles ! Formation of metamorphic rocks: Sedimentary or igneous rocks that are buried and subjected to very high temperatures and pressures. Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Word bank: molten crystals Metamorphic rocks are sometimes highly colourful like the various marbles we find used for making statues, kitchen tiles and bathroom surfaces. Pictured above is a very small sample of metamorphic rocks...observe their colour and structure. Notes Types of metamorphic rocks Diagram Metamorphic rocks

Igneous rock formation one Igneous rocks forms from molten rock called magma. These type of rocks are formed when molten magma from v__________ rise to the Earth’s surface and cools. They are mineral rich with these minerals being arranged in crystals. How quickly the lava flows cools, determines the size of the crystal found in the rock. Basalt, an example of a very common form of i__________ rock covers most of Scotland and is aged around 4 billion years. Scotland was formed from huge lava flows from super volcanoes. Explain why you cannot find fossils (plant or animal) in igneous rock layers ? Igneous rock: Meting of rocks that are buried deep, close to the Earth’s hot mantle. Magma rises and forms lava which then cools and crystallises over time forming igneous rock. Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Word bank: volcanoes igneous Millions of years ago, volcanic activity spewed out huge basalt flows which then cooled and formed many of the continental land masses we see today. Basalt is extremely hard and resistant to physical and chemical weathering. Notes Diagram Igneous rocks Cooling products of lava flows...basalt flows

Igneous rock formation two Molten rock from deep underground rises to the surface through cracks in the Earth’s crust. A volcano spews out many millions of tonnes of molten l_____ or even volcanic ash. Lava then cools and forms igneous rock. Around the plate boundaries, where volcanic activity is still very high, new islands rise to the surface from the constant e________ and cooling of lava. These islands form atolls. Also, volcanic glass is responsible for some of the most stunning beaches in Japan and other volcanic islands. Formation of igneous rocks: Magma rises and forms lava which then cools and crystallises over time forming igneous rock. Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Word bank: lava eruption Igneous rock comes in many forms. Pictured above are molten lava flows from volcanic activity (basalt.) Also shown are huge areas of land covered by volcanic ash. Just as some land is lost, new land is created from deep underneath the ocean. Notes Types of igneous rocks Diagram Igneous rocks

Calcite the mineral CaCO 3 Calcite is a very important mineral and is a general name for Calcium Carbonate with the formula CaCO 3 . Calcite comes in several forms including chalk, limestone and m__________. Chalk, limestone and marble are important, because they are all used in the building industry. Chalk is used to manufacture c________ and quick lime. Limestone and marble are both used for building materials. The cliffs at Dover contain chalk...How were these cliffs formed ? Calcite: its forms and uses: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Word bank: marble cement Calcite (CaCO 3 ) comes in many forms. Chalk and limestone found in England is rich in calcium carbonate. Marble is the most expensive form. It is ideal for use in kitchen and bathrooms. It is also an ideal material for statues, like those pictured above. Notes Calcite the mineral in its various forms Diagram Calcium carbonate

Using Calcite CaCO 3 quicklime Calcite or Calcium Carbonate with the formula CaCO 3 comes in several forms including chalk, limestone and m__________. Limestone is used in huge quantities in the building industry as a raw material for concrete production. Concrete is quicker, cheaper, stronger and easier to use for building, when compared to using s_______ or brick. It can also form any shape because it is poured and then allowed to set. What is steel reinforced concrete and why use steel rather than iron ? Limestone for concrete: Calcium carbonate Calcium carbonate Carbon dioxide Calcium oxide Heat Heat Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Word bank: marble stone When limestone is heated strongly (CaCO 3 ), the compound breaks up or decomposes. Carbon dioxide breaks away leaving calcium with just one oxygen. This is called calcium oxide or quick lime. This is soluble and a very strong alkaline. It reacts with water to form slaked lime or calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH) 2 ]. Slaked lime is used for several uses including soil neutralisation and cement manufacture. Notes Diagram Manufacture of Calcium oxide (quicklime) Calcium carbonate

Using Calcite CaCO 3 Concrete When Calcium Oxide is made from heating Calcium Carbonate (CaCO 3 ), it can be used to make cement and c________. Limestone (CaCO 3 ) is heated in a kiln forming quicklime (CaO) and then mixed with clay and sand. This process forms a grey powder called cement. When water is added and the cement is poured, a slow reaction makes the cement go hard. During this reaction, the quick lime reabsorbs carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. Cement and concrete are often h_______ than natural stone. Where would you place a cement factory...explain why ? Making concrete: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Word bank: concrete harder Heat Calcium Carbonate Clay and Sand Rotary kiln (Calcium Oxide) Grinder Cement Vast amounts of concrete and cement are used to build flats, houses, office building and roads. Without concrete, we would still be using red brick or natural stone. Notes Diagram Manufacture of cement or concrete Concrete

Using Calcite CaCO 3 Glass Glass is a useful material because it is transparent, hard and non absorbent. Glass is made from heating very pure Silicon Dioxide (sand) and Calcium Carbonate (Limestone.) The two chemicals react when heated and give off carbon dioxide. When the reacting mixture cools, it forms glass sheets which can then be used in construction. Glass is used to allow l______ into a building whilst keeping the elements out. Glass can also be coloured by adding trace amounts of metal ions. What is the synthetic replacement for glass...what are the advantages and disadvantages of using this material ? Making glass: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Word bank: light Stained glass Heat Calcium Carbonate Pure Sand Rotary kiln (Molten glass) Molten glass (calcium silicate) Stained glass Heat Calcium Carbonate Pure Sand Rotary kiln (Molten glass) Molten glass (calcium silicate) Diagram Manufacture of glass from sand and calcium carbonate Glass

Calcium carbonate is also used during the s_________ of iron oxide. Impurities in the iron ore are trapped by the calcium oxide, float to the surface and are then removed. This waste product is called slag. If the impurities were left in the iron, it would reduce its overall quality. Blast furnace process: Notes: The carbon in coke reacts with oxygen to form carbon monoxide a powerful reducing agent. Notes: The carbon monoxide gas displaces iron from its oxide producing carbon dioxide and molten iron which is collected. Notes: Limestone reacts with silicon impurities to form slag which floats to the surface and is removed. Using Calcite CaCO 3 Pig iron extraction Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Word bank: smelting Diagram Diagram Diagram Formation of carbon monoxide 2C + O 2 2CO ( 1700 o C ) Reduction of iron oxide 3CO + Fe 2 O 3 2Fe + 3CO 2 ( 900 o C ) Impurity Formation (Slag) CaCO 3 + SiO 2 CASiO 3 ( 1200 o C ) Diagram Iron ore Coal Heat Smelting Cooling Process

Weathering rocks An essential part of the rock cycle is weathering. All rock forms can be worn away by physical, chemical and biological weathering. Over thousands of years, the slow process of weathering, reduces rocks to small fragments and sediments. These particles provide new material for forming s___________ rocks. If buried and heated, these layers can be changed or metamorphosed over time forming metamorphic rocks. Further burial and heating can lead to the formation of i_________ rock. Weathering processes: Uplift, Erosion, Sediments, Burial, Heating, Pressure, Time & Uplift Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Word bank: sedimentary igneous Physical weathering: The impact of physical weathering on rocks, produced by gravity, rivers, wind and ice flows. Chemical weathering: The impact of chemicals in the atmosphere dissolved in the rain which falls and reacts with minerals in the rock. Biological weathering: The impact of plant or animal life on rocks. Biological Chemical Physical The rock cycle

Physical weathering Physical weathering is the result of changes in t____________. These changes can break rocks. Different rates of expansion and c__________ causes stresses to build up eventually cracking the rock. Onion skinning or exfoliation: In deserts, the day time temperature is very hot causing e__________ of the rock. At night, the rock contracts as it cools. This repeated warming and cooling causes exfoliation or the rock to flake off. Freeze and thaw: In small cracks, trapped water freezes. When ice is formed it expands forcing the crack apart. Repeated over many times, even large rocks can be broken apart. Physical weathering: Uplift, Erosion, Sediments, Burial, Heating, Pressure, Time & Uplift Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Word bank: temperature contraction expansion Onion skin or exfoliation: Heating by the solar rays during the day and cooling at night leads to the rapid expansion and contraction of the rock. The stress induced leads to rocks breaking apart or flaking as pictured above. Freeze and thaw: Where temperatures drop below zero, cracked rock can fill with water. This then freezes forming ice which then expands. The force produced deepens the crack and separates the rock. Exfoliation Freeze and thaw The rock cycle

Chemical weathering Chemical weathering is the result of rocks interaction with acids, oxygen or water. They cause rock weathering by reacting with or dissolving many of the rock minerals. Rain water is weakly a_______ with a pH of about 5.5. Rain water contains carbonic acid, from dissolved carbon dioxide and sulphuric acid from s_________ dioxide released during the combustion of fossil fuels like petrol. Why are buildings found in large cities and near busy roads subjected to high levels of chemical weathering ? Chemical weathering: Uplift, Erosion, Sediments, Burial, Heating, Pressure, Time & Uplift Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Word bank: acidic sulphur Carbonic acid: The weak carbonic acid attacks rocks like chalk, marble and limestone which all contain calcite (CaCO 3 ) Sulphuric acid: Most fuels contain sulphur which when combusted forms sulphur dioxide. This then forms sulphuric acid, stronger and more damaging than carbonic acid. Oxygen: Oxygen can combine with iron metal present in rocks forming rusty brown streaks of iron oxide. This can weaken the rock over time. Oxygen Sulphuric acid Carbonic acid The rock cycle

Biological weathering Biological weathering is the result of the effects of plant and animal activities on all rock types. Plant and tree roots can invade bedrock and cause widespread cracking, although tree roots can help stabilise steep sided slopes and the topsoil, therefore reducing e_________ by running water or rain. Animals burrowing, for example rabbits, can also cause damage to the bedrock. Smaller animals including many insects have a widespread effect on the soil and deeper rock layers. Biological erosion: Uplift, Erosion, Sediments, Burial, Heating, Pressure, Time & Uplift Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Word bank: erosion Plant roots: Plant and tree roots can cause rock weathering by invading the bedrock causing widespread cracking and destabilisation. Burrows: Animals that burrow can weaken whole areas of the bedrock by their tunnels. Insects: Even small insects and animals can have a huge influence on the bedrock. Ants and termites move huge amounts of material to create their nests. Insect burrowing Animal burrowing Plant and tree roots The rock cycle

Erosion The movement of rocks by gravity, w_____, rivers, seas and even ice flows can further breakdown rock fragments. This is called erosion. These small rock fragments are produced as a result of chemical, physical or biological weathering. During their transportation they are further eroded by: Erosion and the rock cycle: Uplift, Erosion, Sediments, Burial, Heating, Pressure, Time & Uplift Gravity Wind Rivers Seas Ice flows Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Word bank: wind Strong winds carry small grains. This can wear away soft sedimentary rock. This is often seen in deserts. Rivers carry rock fragments. The size of the rock fragments depends on the rate of water flow. This erosion leads to the formation of valleys. Waves can carry huge amounts of rock fragments that pound our coastline. Rock cliffs are eroded mostly below the water line. Sea Rivers Wind The rock cycle

1: Define the following terms: Sedimentary, Igneous, Metamorphic, Minerals, Weathering & Erosion. 2: Look at the diagram of the three types of Rock types. Complete the table. 3: Using the rock cycle, describe the steps required to turn: a) Igneous rock into sedimentary rock b) Igneous rock into metamorphic rock. c) Sediments into sedimentary rock. 4: A sample of limestone can be distinguished from a sample of sandstone by adding dilute acid. No reaction takes place with the sandstone. Describe what you would see with limestone and acid: Give a word equation for the reaction. 5: Draw a diagram to show the process of fossilisation of dead plant and animals in layers of silt and mud before the formation of sedimentary rock. Why are they not found in igneous or metamorphic rocks. Extension questions and homework Sedimentary Igneous Metamorphic Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 How are they formed Metamorphic Igneous Sedimentary What are there properties Examples Rock

6: Complete the table: 7: Describe how: a) Frost damage can weather rocks. b) Rapid changes in daily temperatures can weather rocks. c) Rain water becomes acidic from combusting fossil fuels. d) Valleys are formed by rivers over millions of years. e) Moving water can erode rocks over time. 8: Complete the following: As weathered pieces of rock are transported by gravity, _________ or water they can wear away more rock. This process is called ___________. Sedimentary rock is formed when ____________ in a river are deposited in lakes or ________. Igneous rock forms when _________ lava cools. Metamorphic rock is formed when either ______________ or ______________ is subjected to heat and ___________ over time. Internet: Go to google.co.uk and find about the last eruption of Mount St. Helens in the USA. Also find out about fossil formation in sedimentary rocks. Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Diagram _______________________________________? Chemical ___________________________________________? ________________________________________? Caused by ? Biological Physical Type of weathering