Genetic Engineering

Science Interactive LTD Multimedia CD-ROM for PC is a collection of 38 units totalling over 1150 PowerPoint slides matched to current single and double Science GCSE syllabuses. Each unit covers a wide range of different delivery and learning styles, offering an exciting way to involve your pupils during lessons or revision sessions. All styles of teaching and learning are supported through use of high quality images, graphics, challenging exercises and questions. Units can be used in the classroom via an interactive whiteboard , data projector or used during individual study via a PC or school network. Full users’ licence is available under our ‘ comprehensive package ’ or lessons can be purchased separately. Science Interactive LTD. PO BOX 50764 LONDON NW6 9AT email: sales@science-interactive.co.uk web: www:science-interactive.co.uk GCSE SCIENCE OCR EDEXCEL AQA Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Unit 19: The Transitional Metals Unit 18: Metals and their Properties Unit 17: The Alkali Metals Unit 16: The Periodic Table and its Elements Unit 15: Genetic Engineering Unit 14: Evolution and Human Impact Unit 13: Inheritance and Selection Unit 12: Mitosis and Meiosis Unit 11: Flow of Energy and Elements through the Environment Unit 10: Water Transport in Plants Unit 9: Photosynthesis in Green Plants Unit 8: Drugs and Bad Body Maintenance Unit 7: Hormones and the Endocrine System Unit 6: Human Homeostasis Unit 5: Nervous System and the Senses Unit 4: The Respiratory System Unit 3: Healthy Body and Immunity Unit 2: The Circulatory System Unit 1: The Digestive System Unit 38: Cells, Tissue, Organs and Organs systems Unit 37: Natural Forces Unit 36: Sound and Hearing Unit 35: The Alkaline Earth Metals Unit 34: The Earth and Plate Tectonics Unit 33: Earth and Space Unit 32: Newton's Forces and the Effects of Forces Unit 31: Radioactivity Unit 30: Light and the Electromagnetic Spectrum Unit 29: Electricity Unit 28: Generating Electricity and its Domestic Use Unit 27: Energy Unit 26: Rates of Reaction Unit 25: The Noble Gases, their Properties and Uses Unit 24: The Halogens, their Uses and Compounds Unit 23: Ionic and Covalent Compounds Unit 22: Elements, Molecules and Compounds Unit 21: Rock Cycle Unit 20: Crude Oil and its Products

Unit 15

Genetic Engineering

The purpose of the human genome project and its importance in health and medical research.

That modern crops like rice, wheat or corn have changed from their original ‘wild types’ due to selective breeding.

That artificial selection and selective breeding has been employed by farmers to ‘improve’ animal livestock and crops.

That high tech breeding methods like in-vitro fertilisation can lead to more efficient ways to ‘improve’ animal and plant characteristics.

That genetic engineering can be used to change one single trait or characteristic in an animal or plant species.

An example of genetic engineering: The flavour savour tomato.

That genetic engineering has been used to produce human insulin taken by diabetics.

Some of the ethical issues surrounding the cloning of humans and animals.

Gene, Genome, Therapy, DNA, Trait, Characteristic, Selective, Breeding, Species, Fertilisation, In-vitro, Genetic, Engineering, Cloning, Fingerprinting & Human genome. Unit 15: Genetic Engineering web: www.science-interactive.co.uk email: sales@science-interactive.co.uk Science Interactive LTD PO BOX 50764 LONDON NW6 9AT Click mouse to begin Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Understand: Keywords:

The human genome project one The Human Genome Project has an aim to ‘sequence’ or order the three billion base pairs found in the Human g_________, with the ultimate goal of identifying all of the 31,000 genes and their functions , found in Human chromosomes. Over 1000 scientists, from 50 countries worldwide are currently unravelling the code of life. Genes that cause inherited diseases like c__________ fibrosis or those that increase the risk of contracting diseases like cancer, once identified could be treated with new designer drugs. How many chromosomes do human cells normally contain ? The human genome project: Designer babies Drug treatments DNA banks Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Word bank: genome cystic Scientists will use information found in our genes to treat many diseases like cancer and cystic fibrosis. Sequencing genes Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes which contain over 31,000 separate genes. Each gene codes for a separate characteristic. Every human except identical twins has a unique and different set of genes found in chromosomes inherited from both our parents. Notes Diagram Code of life Human genes Targets and benefits

The human genome project two The more we understand about our own genetic programming, the better we will be able to understand which g_______ codes for which characteristic, why some people are more prone to contracting life threatening diseases like cancer and how some people may benefit from medication designed to interact with our genes. Scientists will also be able to offer gene therapy for patients with inherited diseases like s_________ cell anaemia and cystic fibrosis. There is a concern that misusing this information might lead to so-called designer babies. Insurance companies or employers may also misuse this information for profit. How might these companies misuse this information ? Using the code of life: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Word bank: gene sickle New drugs designed for individuals and based on their DNA will improve survival rates in patients with diseases like cancer. Designer drugs Gene therapy offers hope for humans born with inherited diseases like sickle cell anaemia and cystic fibrosis. Parents could begin to screen and select their children on the basis of their DNA/genes. What characteristics might be chosen by parents ? Will scientists use information on an individuals’ DNA ethically. How could you ensure that this happens ? Notes Diagram DNA banks Designer babies Inherited diseases

Artificial selection one animals Artificial selection in plants and animals has been used by farmers since modern agriculture began. Farmers first used ‘wild varieties’ as a f______ source, then selected the best individuals for breeding future generations of crops or livestock. The modern broiler chicken lays around 250 eggs per year, whereas hens used by farmers at the beginning of the 16 th century only laid about 20 eggs per year. Domestic pet varieties (cat and dog species) are another example of a_________ selection in practice. Make a list of all the different breeds of dogs and cats ? Artificial selection in animals: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Word bank: food artificial All animals and plants used in commercial farming have been subjected to many centuries of artificial selection. Pork farming The racing horse: List the features that have been selected for by horse breeders over many, many generations ? Selection in domestic pets like the cat has led to many different, even strange varieties, for example the hairless cat. Dairy cows are selected for both the quality and yield of their milk. Beef cattle are selected for the quality of their beef. Notes Diagram Dairy cow Hairless cat Horse racing

Artificial selection two plants Over many years, farmers have chosen which p______ have useful characteristics, whilst using these individuals to generate future crops. These useful characteristics will be passed on to the next generation of young plants. Selecting plants and their characteristics in this way has led to the very wide choice of f______ and vegetables that we see everyday on supermarket shelves. The simple tomato, for example has many varieties including plum, beef, vine and salad. Bananas are the biggest selling fruit in England, with modern varieties having many of the characteristics that the consumer expects. List these characteristics ? Artificial selection in plants: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Word bank: plants fruit Corn produces, like wheat and rice large amounts of carbo-hydrates and oils which are important for feeding humans. Corn Modern Bananas are slow ripening, have a consistent size, shape, colour and taste and have a very high sugar content. Rice is used by 1.5 billion people instead of wheat. It, like wheat produces high amounts of carbohydrates for the human food chain. Wheat produces large quantities of good quality carbohydrates which are then used in the manufacture of bread and pasta. Notes Diagram Wheat Rice Bananas

Artificial selection three Many thousands of years ago, wild varieties were first used by humans for food. These were then grown by farmers to produce food for the ever expanding population . Using artificial selection, f_________ have produced new crop varieties with the best characteristics for human consumption. In the table below list the characteristics that make the modern varieties better for human consumption ? Wild types to modern varieties: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Word bank: farmers _______________ ? _______________ ? _______________ ? _______________ ? _______________ ? _______________ ? _______________ ? _______________ ? Characteristics Strawberry Modern varieties Wild types Banana Corn (maize) Sunflower (for oil)

Artificial selection four New breeds of farm animals (beef cattle, pig and lamb) have been produced by choosing the animals with the best characteristics and then allowing those individuals to b_______. Cattle are used to produce two main products; milk and beef. Milk is an extremely important source of protein and fat. It is also used to manufacture many products including cheeses and yoghurt. Cattle also supplies b______ for the meat market. Modern consumers now require lean, low fat beef for cooking and eating. Make a list of all the products that contain beef ... List the characteristics in cattle that are chosen by farmers ? Dairy cows and beef cattle: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Word bank: breed beef The quantity and the quality of milk from female cows will determine a farmers profit. Milk quality Beef now supplied to supermarkets have to been tasty and low in fat. Why is high fat meat less popular ? Beef cattle are raised and then slaughtered for the meat market. Female cows are used for milk production. Bulls like the one pictured above with the best characteristics are used to fertilise many female cows. Notes Diagram Choosing bulls Characteristics Beef quality

High tech breeding Although artificial selection over many centuries has been used to produce a wide range of plant and a_________ varieties, modern techniques are now used to make breeding new varieties more efficient and f______. There are currently three methods: 1 : Plant tissue culture 2: Insemination 3: Embryo transplants High tech breeding: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Word bank: animal faster Harvested eggs and sperm are fertilised in test tubes forming a zygote. This is then split many times and implanted producing many identical clones. Embryo transplants Collected sperm from male animals are injected into female animals, allowing breeders more control of the offspring's characteristics. Test tube cloned plants raises plant crops in very controlled conditions. This technique is widely used and is called plant tissue culture . Notes Diagram Plant tissue culture Insemination

High tech breeding plant tissue culture Tissue culture is used to produce high volumes of cloned plants commonly sold for human consumption by supermarkets. Small pieces taken from the parent plant are grown on a nutrient rich jelly and treated with the plant h_________ called auxin to help their roots develop. Using tissue culture , farmers can produce large numbers of plants containing the same g______, from just one single plant. These clones will all have identical characteristics. Make a list of the plants or crops that are produced using tissue culture ? Tissue culture in plants: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Word bank: hormones genes Cloned plants have identical characteristics allowing farmers and supermarkets to ensure only the best products reach the consumer. How does this reduce choice for the consumer ? Stage three Tiny plant cuttings coated with rooting powder are grown on nutrient rich jelly in controlled conditions. Plants with the best characterises are chosen by farmers for cloning new individuals by plant tissue culture. Notes Diagram Stage one Stage two

High tech breeding Insemination Normal reproduction involves m_________ between a female and male animal of the same species. This method can sometimes introduce unwanted variation. It can also be ‘hit or miss.’ Farmers can inseminate female animals with semen containing s_______. Using insemination, farmers can control the offspring's characteristics by selecting the best males and females. Horse and bull semen is sold around the world to different farmers searching for specific characteristics. Semen can also be frozen and stored for convenience. Explain why semen from a top racing horse can cost up to £100,000 per sample ? Insemination in animals: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Word bank: mating sperm Stage one: Live sperm are taken from animals with the best characteristics. Sperm is then frozen, stored, sold and distributed before insemination. Stage two: The sperm is injected directly into the vagina of the female animal. Stage three: By adopting this method you can control which male ‘ mates ’ with which female. Notes Diagram Stage one Stage two Stage three

High tech breeding In vitro fertilisation and embryo transplanting Breeders and farmers also use e___________ transplants to produce many identical offspring with the desired characteristics. All the embryos are produced from a single fertilisation, by the fusing of an egg and a sperm which takes place in a test-tube. The zygote is then split many times producing identical c________. These are then implanted into host female animals and then allowed to develop during a normal pregnancy. Cloning animals in this way: is it ethical ? Embryo transplantation: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Word bank: embryos clones The sperm and egg fuse. The resulting zygote is then split many times. Each clone is then placed into the womb. Fertilisation Embryos develop as normal inside the host womb until delivery. The offspring have the very best characteristics. Egg cells are harvested from the ovaries of the best female animals. A single harvest can yield many eggs. Sperm gametes taken from the best male individuals are taken from liquid nitrogen and defrosted ready for fertilisation. Notes Diagram Sperm Egg Embryo transplant

Genetic engineering and transferring genes Genetic engineering, the science of transferring g_______ from one species to another is currently used to manufacture human insulin and alter the characteristics of some food crops like corn and tomatoes. In the near future, scientists may be able to treat humans with inherited diseases like sickle cell anaemia or c________ fibrosis. Already GM crops are now on the market and diabetics inject human insulin made using bacteria with chromosomes containing the human insulin gene. How was insulin originally produced for diabetics before genetic engineering ? Genetic engineering in use: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Word bank: genes cystic Research is now taking place to treat inherited diseases by gene therapy. This might lead to a cure for sickle cell anaemia, cystic fibrosis and Huntington's disease. Inherited diseases There are now many GM crops on the market, for example corn. The USA leads the way in GM technology. In the UK, protests have been made against GM crops. Human insulin is now produced using genetically modified bacteria. This helps millions of diabetics across the world to control their blood sugar levels. Notes Diagram Human insulin Changing crops

Genetic engineering in plants Plants characteristics can be changed by scientists using genetic engineering. Scientists can now ‘insert’ genes from other species that make crops r_________ to a pesticide or even produce a vitamin like vitamin C . Crops that are changed in this way are called GM crops. Corn has been engineered to be resistant to a herbicide which kills off other plants or weeds. Some plant species now have genes from bacteria which produces a poison that kills i________ that eat and destroy the crop, therefore reducing the amount of profit farmers make when their crops are sold. Inserting new genes into crops: Promoter Antibiotic gene New genes Terminator New genes are inserted into a bacterial ‘plasmid’ The plasmid is inserted into a bacterium and then transferred into corn. Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Word bank: resistant insects The bacterial plasmid inserts itself into the plant crop DNA (e.g. corn) Seeds now contain the new genes. Stage three A new genetically modified crop called GM crops are produced carrying the new inserted gene. The ‘new gene’ is then inserted into a bacterial plasmid isolated from bacteria using restriction or cutting enzymes. Genes or a gene that codes for new proteins from other species are identified and isolated by scientists. Notes Diagram Stage one Stage two Stage four

The flavr savr tomato The flavr savr tomato was one of the first true genetically modified crops. Scientists wanted to prolong the time t_________ took to ripen. This would make transport easier and increase the shelf life of the tomato. Altering the tomato's genes to slow down the ripening process would increase the profits of the tomato growers and supermarkets. Calgene were the company responsible for producing the new tomato. The new gene does not affect the tomato's t______ or appearance. Why is this important to growers, consumers and supermarkets ? The flavr savr tomato: Promoter Antibiotic gene Gene to slow Terminator Gene inserted into a bacterial ‘plasmid’ and then transferred into the tomato. ripening Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Word bank: tomato's taste The flavr Savr tomato is now widely used in the USA and other countries. Artificial selection over many hundreds of years, by tomato growers has changed the tomato and led to all the varieties that we can buy in the supermarket. Scientists using genetic engineering can now change the characteristics of a plant crop like a tomato in weeks. The original wild type tomato. How does it differ from tomatoes found in today’s shops. Notes Diagram Wild type Creating the Flavour Savour tomato GM tomato

Genetic engineering and Human insulin Genetic engineering makes it possible to produce human insulin for d_________ on a large scale using simple bacteria. Prior to genetic engineering, diabetics had to inject pig insulin extracted from pig pancreas to control their blood sugar levels. Scientists isolated the gene in humans that makes insulin and inserted it into bacteria. The bacteria with a copy of the insulin g______ are grown in bioreactors. The insulin produced by the bacteria is then extracted, purified and sterilised for human use. Why was pig insulin not suitable for some humans ? Making insulin: Promoter Marker gene New genes Terminator Gene inserted into a bacterial ‘plasmid’ Plasmid inserted into a bacterium Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Word bank: diabetes gene Human insulin made by simple microbes is now used instead of pig insulin. The insulin gene is cut from the rest of the DNA, inserted into a bacterial plasmid using enzymes and then inserted into a bacteria. These bacteria divide producing identical clones which are all able to produce insulin which can then be extracted. The human gene for making insulin inside the pancreas is isolated from Human DNA. Notes Diagram Insulin gene Inserting insulin genes into bacteria Human insulin

Cloning humans and animals Nature throws up its own c______ with the birth of identical twins. Scientists have so far managed to clone sheep and even chimpanzees. Molly and Dolly were cloned from DNA obtained from the skin cells of a single sheep. The skin DNA was placed inside two empty egg cells. Cell division was started by a small e_________ charge. The embryos were then implanted into two surrogate sheep who gave birth to identical clones, Molly and Dolly . Although this technology may save endangered species, like the Giant Panda, humans too could be cloned. Why is there ethical issues to cloning Humans ? Cloning: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Word bank: clone electric Many species are now under threat from hunting or loss of habitat. These species could be saved from extinction, by cloning. Endangered species Nature produces its own clones when a single fertilised egg splits and leads to the formation of two identical babies. Molly and Dolly were successfully cloned in the late 90s. What implications does this new technology hold for the Human race ? Notes Diagram Molly and Dolly Natural cloning

Designer babies Understanding what genes in Humans, code for which human characteristics will allow scientists to screen developing foetuses for inherited diseases like sickle cell anaemia and other diseases like cancer and mental illness. Eventually scientists could even give parents information about their offspring, like eye and hair c_______, behaviour and even intelligence. Parents could then begin to screen and s_______ their children on the basis of the child’s genes or DNA . This could lead to so called designer babies. Do you think that this is an ethical use of such information ? Designer babies: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Word bank: colour select Hair colour Eye colour: The eye colour of the new baby can be determined by genetic testing. Hair colour: The hair colour can also be determined by knowing the genes that are carried by the foetus. Intelligence: Gene indicators for intelligence and even behaviour maybe discovered in the near future. Parents may decide to terminate a pregnancy on this advice. The foetus’s DNA profile is determined during pregnancy by analysis of a small sample of cells. Notes Diagram Gene testing Eye colour Behaviour/intelligence

Cloning humans The future ? Cloning humans has been made possible by technology developed by British scientists who first c_______ sheep, Molly and Dolly . In January 2005, an American scientist made claims on World News that he and his team had cloned the first human, although the identity of the donor and the family involved remains secret. Like scientists who cloned Molly and Dolly, DNA from the skin cell of a m______ was placed inside a female donor egg that was emptied of its DNA . If the pregnancy succeeds the birth of first human clone will raise the question: What have we done in the name of science ? Cloning humans: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Word bank: cloned male A new World is born with the birth of the first human clone, but when will it happen and who is it ? Clones The developing embryo is then implanted into the womb of a surrogate mother for nine months until birth. Implantation The DNA from a human donor is placed inside an empty egg cell. An electric current is used to start cell division. Replacing genes DNA from the human to be cloned is taken from a single skin epithelial cell. Notes Diagram Skin DNA

Genetic engineering and Human cloning Headlines everyday claim that scientists have cloned the first Human. Genetic e__________ makes it possible to produce human clones using similar technology first used to clone sheep i.e Molly and Dolly. How many days, months or years are we from the fist Human clone, only time will tell ! Cloning Humans: Donor cell Donor egg Donor cell Donor egg Fusing cells are shocked Fused cell contains 23 pairs of genes Embryo is placed inside a host womb Cloned Human Host female Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Word bank: engineering Stage five Stage six Stage four Stage three Stage two Stage one Stage one: A donor cell is taken from the skin of a male and an egg cell is taken from a female. Stage two: The egg is emptied of its genes and then fused with the donor skin cell DNA. The two cells are allowed to fuse. Stage three. A small electric charge is applied across the two fusing cells. Stage four: The zygote now contains 23 pairs of chromosomes identical to the donors cells. Stage five. Like any other normal zygote, the cell starts dividing. It is then implanted into a host womb, where it develops during a normal pregnancy. Stage six: Nine months later a Human clone of the donor is born.

1: Define the following terms: Genome, Gene, Characteristic, Selective-breeding, Genetic-engineering & Cloning

2: Look at the pictures of the following fruit and vegetables. Complete the table.

3: a) Explain the advantages to animal and plant breeders of the following:

(i) Selective breeding.

(ii) Artificial insemination.

(iii) Embryo transplants.

(iv) Designer babies and human cloning.

(v) Genetic engineering and the transfer of genes into plant crops.

b) What are the arguments against and for the use of information on human genes provided by the human genome project.

c) What are the dangers of cloning humans and selecting children based on their genes.

Extension questions and homework Corn Sunflower Strawberry Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Selective breeding (yes/no) Corn Sunflower Strawberry Modern variety appearance Wild type appearance Plant

4: a) What is meant by a bacterial plasmid. b) How has genetic engineering helped diabetics. c) Explain how genetic engineering has made it possible to produce large amounts of drugs quickly and cheaply. d) Why are these drugs thought to be safer than those extracted from plants or tested on animals. e) How can insurance industries use information on your DNA. f) How will knowing the human genome help humans born with inherited diseases like cystic fibrosis and sickle cell anaemia. g) How has genetic fingerprinting helped the police catch criminals. 5: Look at the table and answer the following questions. a) Which characteristics have been changed by genetic engineering. b) Why is slow ripening so important to farmers and supermarkets. c) Why is it beneficial for tomatoes to have a high Vitamin C content. d) Why are GM crops controversial in this country. 6: Complete the following: Diabetics need regular injections of the hormone called ____________ to control their blood _________. This hormone is made by a _________ which can be isolated and cut out of human DNA and then added to a ___________ using a plasmid. Internet: Go to google.co.uk and find about how demonstrators have protested about the introduction of GM crops in the UK. Also find out about the Human Genome project and its likely uses. Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 £0.45/kg Slow 2030 mg/kg 90 g/kg 4350 kg Engineered variety 90 g/kg Protein/kg Fast Ripening £0.60/kg Cost/kg 1100 mg/kg 2300 kg Wild variety Vitamin C/kg Yield/hectare Tomato Characteristic