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1. Slide 1: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Science Interactive LTD Multimedia CD-ROM for PC is a collection of 38 units totalling over 1150 PowerPoint slides matched to current single and double Science GCSE syllabuses. Each unit covers a wide range of different delivery and learning styles, offering an exciting way to involve your pupils during lessons or revision sessions. All styles of teaching and learning are supported through use of high quality images, graphics, challenging exercises and questions. Units can be used in the classroom via an interactive whiteboard, data projector or used during individual study via a PC or school network. Full users’ licence is available under our ‘comprehensive package’ or lessons can be purchased separately. Science Interactive LTD. PO BOX 50764 LONDON NW6 9AT email: sales@science-interactive.co.uk web: www:science-interactive.co.uk GCSE SCIENCE Unit 1: The Digestive System Unit 20: Crude Oil and its Products Unit 2: The Circulatory System Unit 21: Rock Cycle OCR Unit 3: Healthy Body and Immunity Unit 22: Elements, Molecules and Compounds EDEXCEL AQA Unit 4: The Respiratory System Unit 23: Ionic and Covalent Compounds Unit 5: Nervous System and the Senses Unit 24: The Halogens, their Uses and Compounds Unit 6: Human Homeostasis Unit 25: The Noble Gases, their Properties and Uses Unit 7: Hormones and the Endocrine System Unit 26: Rates of Reaction Unit 8: Drugs and Bad Body Maintenance Unit 27: Energy Unit 9: Photosynthesis in Green Plants Unit 28: Generating Electricity and its Domestic Use Unit 10: Water Transport in Plants Unit 29: Electricity Unit 11: Flow of Energy and Elements through the Environment Unit 30: Light and the Electromagnetic Spectrum Unit 12: Mitosis and Meiosis Unit 31: Radioactivity Unit 13: Inheritance and Selection Unit 32: Newton's Forces and the Effects of Forces Unit 14: Evolution and Human Impact Unit 33: Earth and Space Unit 15: Genetic Engineering Unit 34: The Earth and Plate Tectonics Unit 16: The Periodic Table and its Elements Unit 35: The Alkaline Earth Metals Unit 17: The Alkali Metals Unit 36: Sound and Hearing Unit 18: Metals and their Properties Unit 37: Natural Forces Unit 19: The Transitional Metals Unit 38: Cells, Tissue, Organs and Organs systems
2. Slide 2: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Unit 15  Genetic Engineering 
3. Slide 3: Unit 15: Genetic Engineering Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Understand: Keywords: The purpose of the human genome project and 1. Gene, Genome, Therapy, DNA, Trait, its importance in health and medical research. Characteristic, Selective, Breeding, Species, That modern crops like rice, wheat or corn have 2. Fertilisation, In-vitro, Genetic, Engineering, changed from their original ‘wild types’ due to Cloning, Fingerprinting & Human genome. selective breeding. That artificial selection and selective breeding 3. has been employed by farmers to ‘improve’ animal livestock and crops. That high tech breeding methods like in-vitro 4. fertilisation can lead to more efficient ways to ‘improve’ animal and plant characteristics. That genetic engineering can be used to change 5. one single trait or characteristic in an animal or plant species. An example of genetic engineering: The flavour 6. savour tomato. That genetic engineering has been used to 7. produce human insulin taken by diabetics. Some of the ethical issues surrounding the 8. cloning of humans and animals. Click mouse to begin Science Interactive LTD PO BOX 50764 LONDON NW6 9AT web: www.science-interactive.co.uk email: sales@science-interactive.co.uk
4. Slide 4: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 The human genome project one The Human Genome Project has an aim to ‘sequence’ or order the three billion base pairs found in the Human g_________, with the ultimate goal of identifying all of the 31,000 genes and their functions, found in Human chromosomes. Over 1000 scientists, from 50 countries worldwide are currently unravelling the code of life. Genes that cause inherited diseases like c__________ fibrosis or those that increase the risk of contracting diseases like cancer, once identified could be treated with new designer drugs. How many chromosomes do human cells normally contain ? The human genome project: Word bank: genome cystic Code of life Human genes Sequencing genes Targets and benefits Diagram Every human except Humans have 23 pairs Scientists will use Notes information found in Designer babies identical twins has a of chromosomes which unique and different contain over 31,000 our genes to treat Drug treatments set of genes found in separate genes. Each many diseases like chromosomes inherited gene codes for a cancer and cystic DNA banks separate characteristic. from both our parents. fibrosis.
5. Slide 5: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 The human genome project two The more we understand about our own genetic programming, the better we will be able to understand which g_______ codes for which characteristic, why some people are more prone to contracting life threatening diseases like cancer and how some people may benefit from medication designed to interact with our genes. Scientists will also be able to offer gene therapy for patients with inherited diseases like s_________ cell anaemia and cystic fibrosis. There is a concern that misusing this information might lead to so-called designer babies. Insurance companies or employers may also misuse this information for profit. How might these companies misuse this information ? Using the code of life: Word bank: gene sickle DNA banks Designer babies Designer drugs Inherited diseases Diagram Will scientists use Parents could begin to New drugs designed Gene therapy offers Notes information on an screen and select their for individuals and hope for humans born individuals’ DNA children on the basis of based on their DNA with inherited diseases ethically. How could their DNA/genes. What will improve survival like sickle cell you ensure that this characteristics might be rates in patients with anaemia and cystic happens ? chosen by parents ? diseases like cancer. fibrosis.
6. Slide 6: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Artificial selection one animals Artificial selection in plants and animals has been used by farmers since modern agriculture began. Farmers first used ‘wild varieties’ as a f______ source, then selected the best individuals for breeding future generations of crops or livestock. The modern broiler chicken lays around 250 eggs per year, whereas hens used by farmers at the beginning of the 16th century only laid about 20 eggs per year. Domestic pet varieties (cat and dog species) are another example of a_________ selection in practice. Make a list of all the different breeds of dogs and cats ? Artificial selection in animals: Word bank: food artificial Dairy cow Hairless cat Pork farming Horse racing Diagram Notes Dairy cows are Selection in domestic All animals and The racing horse: selected for both the pets like the cat has plants used in List the features that quality and yield of led to many different, commercial farming have been selected for their milk. Beef cattle even strange varieties, have been subjected by horse breeders are selected for the for example the to many centuries of over many, many quality of their beef. hairless cat. artificial selection. generations ?
7. Slide 7: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Artificial selection two plants Over many years, farmers have chosen which p______ have useful characteristics, whilst using these individuals to generate future crops. These useful characteristics will be passed on to the next generation of young plants. Selecting plants and their characteristics in this way has led to the very wide choice of f______ and vegetables that we see everyday on supermarket shelves. The simple tomato, for example has many varieties including plum, beef, vine and salad. Bananas are the biggest selling fruit in England, with modern varieties having many of the characteristics that the consumer expects. List these characteristics ? Artificial selection in plants: Word bank: plants fruit Wheat Rice Corn Bananas Diagram Wheat produces large Rice is used by 1.5 Corn produces, like Modern Bananas are Notes quantities of good billion people instead wheat and rice large slow ripening, have a quality carbohydrates of wheat. It, like wheat amounts of carbo- consistent size, shape, which are then used in produces high amounts hydrates and oils colour and taste and the manufacture of of carbohydrates for the which are important have a very high sugar bread and pasta. human food chain. for feeding humans. content.
8. Slide 8: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Artificial selection three Many thousands of years ago, wild varieties were first used by humans for food. These were then grown by farmers to produce food for the ever expanding population. Using artificial selection, f_________ have produced new crop varieties with the best characteristics for human consumption. In the table below list the characteristics that make the modern varieties better for human consumption ? Wild types to modern varieties: Word bank: farmers Banana Corn (maize) Strawberry Sunflower (for oil) Wild types Modern varieties Characteristics _______________ ? _______________ ? _______________ ? _______________ ? _______________ ? _______________ ? _______________ ? _______________ ?
9. Slide 9: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Artificial selection four New breeds of farm animals (beef cattle, pig and lamb) have been produced by choosing the animals with the best characteristics and then allowing those individuals to b_______. Cattle are used to produce two main products; milk and beef. Milk is an extremely important source of protein and fat. It is also used to manufacture many products including cheeses and yoghurt. Cattle also supplies b______ for the meat market. Modern consumers now require lean, low fat beef for cooking and eating. Make a list of all the products that contain beef ... List the characteristics in cattle that are chosen by farmers ? Dairy cows and beef cattle: Word bank: breed beef Choosing bulls Characteristics Milk quality Beef quality Diagram Bulls like the one Beef cattle are raised The quantity and the Beef now supplied to Notes pictured above with and then slaughtered quality of milk from supermarkets have to the best characteristics for the meat market. female cows will been tasty and low in are used to fertilise Female cows are used determine a farmers fat. Why is high fat meat many female cows. for milk production. profit. less popular ?
10. Slide 10: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 High tech breeding Although artificial selection over many centuries has been used to produce a wide range of plant and a_________ varieties, modern techniques are now used to make breeding new varieties more efficient and f______. There are currently three methods: 1: Plant tissue culture 2: Insemination 3: Embryo transplants Word bank: animal faster High tech Plant tissue culture breeding: Insemination Embryo transplants Diagram Test tube cloned plants raises Collected sperm from male Harvested eggs and sperm are Notes plant crops in very controlled animals are injected into female fertilised in test tubes forming a conditions. This technique is animals, allowing breeders zygote. This is then split many widely used and is called plant more control of the offspring's times and implanted producing tissue culture. characteristics. many identical clones.
11. Slide 11: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 High tech breeding plant tissue culture Tissue culture is used to produce high volumes of cloned plants commonly sold for human consumption by supermarkets. Small pieces taken from the parent plant are grown on a nutrient rich jelly and treated with the plant h_________ called auxin to help their roots develop. Using tissue culture, farmers can produce large numbers of plants containing the same g______, from just one single plant. These clones will all have identical characteristics. Make a list of the plants or crops that are produced using tissue culture ? Tissue culture in plants: Word bank: hormones genes Stage one Stage two Stage three Diagram Notes Plants with the best Tiny plant cuttings Cloned plants have identical characterises are chosen coated with rooting characteristics allowing farmers and by farmers for cloning powder are grown on supermarkets to ensure only the best new individuals by plant nutrient rich jelly in products reach the consumer. How does tissue culture. controlled conditions. this reduce choice for the consumer ?
12. Slide 12: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 High tech breeding Insemination Normal reproduction involves m_________ between a female and male animal of the same species. This method can sometimes introduce unwanted variation. It can also be ‘hit or miss.’ Farmers can inseminate female animals with semen containing s_______. Using insemination, farmers can control the offspring's characteristics by selecting the best males and females. Horse and bull semen is sold around the world to different farmers searching for specific characteristics. Semen can also be frozen and stored for convenience. Explain why semen from a top racing horse can cost up to £100,000 per sample ? Insemination in animals: Word bank: mating sperm Stage one Stage two Stage three Diagram Notes Stage one: Live sperm are taken from animals with the best characteristics. Sperm is then frozen, stored, sold and distributed before insemination. Stage two: The sperm is injected directly into the vagina of the female animal. Stage three: By adopting this method you can control which male ‘mates’ with which female.
13. Slide 13: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 High tech breeding In vitro fertilisation and embryo transplanting Breeders and farmers also use e___________ transplants to produce many identical offspring with the desired characteristics. All the embryos are produced from a single fertilisation, by the fusing of an egg and a sperm which takes place in a test-tube. The zygote is then split many times producing identical c________. These are then implanted into host female animals and then allowed to develop during a normal pregnancy. Cloning animals in this way: is it ethical ? Embryo transplantation: Word bank: embryos clones Sperm Egg Fertilisation Embryo transplant Diagram Notes Sperm gametes taken Egg cells are The sperm and egg Embryos develop as from the best male harvested from the fuse. The resulting normal inside the host individuals are taken ovaries of the best zygote is then split womb until delivery. from liquid nitrogen female animals. A many times. Each The offspring have the and defrosted ready single harvest can clone is then placed very best for fertilisation. yield many eggs. into the womb. characteristics.
14. Slide 14: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Genetic engineering and transferring genes Genetic engineering, the science of transferring g_______ from one species to another is currently used to manufacture human insulin and alter the characteristics of some food crops like corn and tomatoes. In the near future, scientists may be able to treat humans with inherited diseases like sickle cell anaemia or c________ fibrosis. Already GM crops are now on the market and diabetics inject human insulin made using bacteria with chromosomes containing the human insulin gene. How was insulin originally produced for diabetics before genetic engineering ? Genetic engineering in use: Word bank: genes cystic Human insulin Changing crops Inherited diseases Diagram Human insulin is now There are now many GM Research is now taking place to Notes produced using genetically crops on the market, for treat inherited diseases by gene modified bacteria. This helps example corn. The USA leads therapy. This might lead to a millions of diabetics across the the way in GM technology. In cure for sickle cell anaemia, world to control their blood the UK, protests have been cystic fibrosis and Huntington's sugar levels. made against GM crops. disease.
15. Slide 15: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Genetic engineering in plants Plants characteristics can be changed by scientists using genetic engineering. Scientists can now ‘insert’ genes from other species that make crops r_________ to a pesticide or even produce a vitamin like vitamin C. Crops that are changed in this way are called GM crops. Corn has been engineered to be resistant to a herbicide which kills off other plants or weeds. Some plant species now have genes from bacteria which produces a poison that kills i________ that eat and destroy the crop, therefore reducing the amount of profit farmers make when their crops are sold. Inserting new genes into crops: Word bank: resistant insects Stage one Stage two Stage three Stage four Diagram Promoter Antibiotic gene New genes New genes are inserted into a The plasmid is inserted into a bacterial ‘plasmid’ bacterium and then transferred Terminator into corn. Genes or a gene that The ‘new gene’ is then The bacterial plasmid A new genetically Notes codes for new proteins inserted into a bacterial inserts itself into the modified crop called from other species are plasmid isolated from plant crop DNA (e.g. GM crops are identified and isolated bacteria using corn) Seeds now produced carrying the by scientists. restriction or cutting contain the new genes. new inserted gene. enzymes.
16. Slide 16: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 The flavr savr tomato The flavr savr tomato was one of the first true genetically modified crops. Scientists wanted to prolong the time t_________ took to ripen. This would make transport easier and increase the shelf life of the tomato. Altering the tomato's genes to slow down the ripening process would increase the profits of the tomato growers and supermarkets. Calgene were the company responsible for producing the new tomato. The new gene does not affect the tomato's t______ or appearance. Why is this important to growers, consumers and supermarkets ? The flavr savr tomato: Word bank: tomato's taste Wild type Creating the Flavour Savour tomato GM tomato Diagram Promoter Antibiotic gene Terminator Gene to slow Gene inserted into a bacterial ‘plasmid’ ripening and then transferred into the tomato. The original wild Artificial selection over many hundreds of years, by The flavr Savr Notes type tomato. How tomato growers has changed the tomato and led to all the tomato is now does it differ from varieties that we can buy in the supermarket. Scientists widely used in the tomatoes found in using genetic engineering can now change the USA and other today’s shops. characteristics of a plant crop like a tomato in weeks. countries.
17. Slide 17: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Genetic engineering and Human insulin Genetic engineering makes it possible to produce human insulin for d_________ on a large scale using simple bacteria. Prior to genetic engineering, diabetics had to inject pig insulin extracted from pig pancreas to control their blood sugar levels. Scientists isolated the gene in humans that makes insulin and inserted it into bacteria. The bacteria with a copy of the insulin g______ are grown in bioreactors. The insulin produced by the bacteria is then extracted, purified and sterilised for human use. Why was pig insulin not suitable for some humans ? Making insulin: Word bank: diabetes gene Insulin gene Inserting insulin genes into bacteria Human insulin Diagram Promoter Marker gene New genes Gene inserted into a Plasmid inserted bacterial ‘plasmid’ into a bacterium Terminator Notes The human gene The insulin gene is cut from the rest of the DNA, Human insulin for making insulin inserted into a bacterial plasmid using enzymes and made by simple inside the pancreas then inserted into a bacteria. These bacteria divide microbes is now is isolated from producing identical clones which are all able to used instead of Human DNA. produce insulin which can then be extracted. pig insulin.
18. Slide 18: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Cloning humans and animals Nature throws up its own c______ with the birth of identical twins. Scientists have so far managed to clone sheep and even chimpanzees. Molly and Dolly were cloned from DNA obtained from the skin cells of a single sheep. The skin DNA was placed inside two empty egg cells. Cell division was started by a small e_________ charge. The embryos were then implanted into two surrogate sheep who gave birth to identical clones, Molly and Dolly. Although this technology may save endangered species, like the Giant Panda, humans too could be cloned. Why is there ethical issues to cloning Humans ? Cloning: Word bank: clone electric Molly and Dolly Natural cloning Endangered species Diagram Notes Molly and Dolly were Nature produces its own Many species are now under successfully cloned in the late clones when a single fertilised threat from hunting or loss of 90s. What implications does egg splits and leads to the habitat. These species could this new technology hold for formation of two identical be saved from extinction, by the Human race ? babies. cloning.
19. Slide 19: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Designer babies Understanding what genes in Humans, code for which human characteristics will allow scientists to screen developing foetuses for inherited diseases like sickle cell anaemia and other diseases like cancer and mental illness. Eventually scientists could even give parents information about their offspring, like eye and hair c_______, behaviour and even intelligence. Parents could then begin to screen and s_______ their children on the basis of the child’s genes or DNA. This could lead to so called designer babies. Do you think that this is an ethical use of such information ? Designer babies: Word bank: colour select Gene testing Eye colour Hair colour Behaviour/intelligence Diagram The foetus’s DNA Eye colour: The eye colour of the new baby can be determined by genetic Notes profile is determined testing. Hair colour: The hair colour can also be determined by knowing during pregnancy by the genes that are carried by the foetus. Intelligence: Gene indicators for analysis of a small intelligence and even behaviour maybe discovered in the near future. sample of cells. Parents may decide to terminate a pregnancy on this advice.
20. Slide 20: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Cloning humans The future ? Cloning humans has been made possible by technology developed by British scientists who first c_______ sheep, Molly and Dolly. In January 2005, an American scientist made claims on World News that he and his team had cloned the first human, although the identity of the donor and the family involved remains secret. Like scientists who cloned Molly and Dolly, DNA from the skin cell of a m______ was placed inside a female donor egg that was emptied of its DNA. If the pregnancy succeeds the birth of first human clone will raise the question: What have we done in the name of science ? Cloning humans: Word bank: cloned male Skin DNA Replacing genes Implantation Clones Diagram Notes DNA from the The DNA from a human The developing embryo A new World is born human to be donor is placed inside an is then implanted into with the birth of the cloned is taken empty egg cell. An the womb of a surrogate first human clone, but from a single skin electric current is used to mother for nine months when will it happen and epithelial cell. start cell division. until birth. who is it ?
21. Slide 21: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Genetic engineering and Human cloning Headlines everyday claim that scientists have cloned the first Human. Genetic e__________ makes it possible to produce human clones using similar technology first used to clone sheep i.e Molly and Dolly. How many days, months or years are we from the fist Human clone, only time will tell ! Cloning Humans: Word bank: engineering Stage one Stage two Stage three Stage four Stage five Stage six Donor cell Cloned Human Donor cell Host female Fusing cells Fused cell contains Embryo is placed are shocked 23 pairs of genes inside a host womb Donor egg Donor egg Stage one: A donor cell is taken from the skin of a male and an egg cell is taken from a female. Stage two: The egg is emptied of its genes and then fused with the donor skin cell DNA. The two cells are allowed to fuse. Stage three. A small electric charge is applied across the two fusing cells. Stage four: The zygote now contains 23 pairs of chromosomes identical to the donors cells. Stage five. Like any other normal zygote, the cell starts dividing. It is then implanted into a host womb, where it develops during a normal pregnancy. Stage six: Nine months later a Human clone of the donor is born.
22. Slide 22: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Extension questions and homework 1: Define the following terms: Genome, Gene, Characteristic, Selective-breeding, Genetic-engineering & Cloning 2: Look at the pictures of the following fruit and vegetables. Complete the table. Sunflower Corn Strawberry Plant Wild type appearance Selective breeding (yes/no) Modern variety appearance Strawberry Sunflower Corn 3: a) Explain the advantages to animal and plant breeders of the following: (i) Selective breeding. (ii) Artificial insemination. (iii) Embryo transplants. (iv) Designer babies and human cloning. (v) Genetic engineering and the transfer of genes into plant crops. b) What are the arguments against and for the use of information on human genes provided by the human genome project. c) What are the dangers of cloning humans and selecting children based on their genes.
23. Slide 23: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 4: a) What is meant by a bacterial plasmid. b) How has genetic engineering helped diabetics. c) Explain how genetic engineering has made it possible to produce large amounts of drugs quickly and cheaply. d) Why are these drugs thought to be safer than those extracted from plants or tested on animals. e) How can insurance industries use information on your DNA. f) How will knowing the human genome help humans born with inherited diseases like cystic fibrosis and sickle cell anaemia. g) How has genetic fingerprinting helped the police catch criminals. 5: Look at the table and answer the following questions. Tomato Characteristic Yield/hectare Protein/kg Vitamin C/kg Ripening Cost/kg Wild variety 2300 kg 90 g/kg 1100 mg/kg Fast £0.60/kg Engineered variety 4350 kg 90 g/kg 2030 mg/kg Slow £0.45/kg a) Which characteristics have been changed by genetic engineering. b) Why is slow ripening so important to farmers and supermarkets. c) Why is it beneficial for tomatoes to have a high Vitamin C content. d) Why are GM crops controversial in this country. 6: Complete the following: Diabetics need regular injections of the hormone called ____________ to control their blood _________. This hormone is made by a _________ which can be isolated and cut out of human DNA and then added to a ___________ using a plasmid. Internet: Go to google.co.uk and find about how demonstrators have protested about the introduction of GM crops in the UK. Also find out about the Human Genome project and its likely uses.