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1. Slide 1: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Science Interactive LTD Multimedia CD-ROM for PC is a collection of 38 units totalling over 1150 PowerPoint slides matched to current single and double Science GCSE syllabuses. Each unit covers a wide range of different delivery and learning styles, offering an exciting way to involve your pupils during lessons or revision sessions. All styles of teaching and learning are supported through use of high quality images, graphics, challenging exercises and questions. Units can be used in the classroom via an interactive whiteboard, data projector or used during individual study via a PC or school network. Full users’ licence is available under our ‘comprehensive package’ or lessons can be purchased separately. Science Interactive LTD. PO BOX 50764 LONDON NW6 9AT email: sales@science-interactive.co.uk web: www:science-interactive.co.uk GCSE SCIENCE Unit 1: The Digestive System Unit 20: Crude Oil and its Products Unit 2: The Circulatory System Unit 21: Rock Cycle OCR Unit 3: Healthy Body and Immunity Unit 22: Elements, Molecules and Compounds EDEXCEL AQA Unit 4: The Respiratory System Unit 23: Ionic and Covalent Compounds Unit 5: Nervous System and the Senses Unit 24: The Halogens, their Uses and Compounds Unit 6: Human Homeostasis Unit 25: The Noble Gases, their Properties and Uses Unit 7: Hormones and the Endocrine System Unit 26: Rates of Reaction Unit 8: Drugs and Bad Body Maintenance Unit 27: Energy Unit 9: Photosynthesis in Green Plants Unit 28: Generating Electricity and its Domestic Use Unit 10: Water Transport in Plants Unit 29: Electricity Unit 11: Flow of Energy and Elements through the Environment Unit 30: Light and the Electromagnetic Spectrum Unit 12: Mitosis and Meiosis Unit 31: Radioactivity Unit 13: Inheritance and Selection Unit 32: Newton's Forces and the Effects of Forces Unit 14: Evolution and Human Impact Unit 33: Earth and Space Unit 15: Genetic Engineering Unit 34: The Earth and Plate Tectonics Unit 16: The Periodic Table and its Elements Unit 35: The Alkaline Earth Metals Unit 17: The Alkali Metals Unit 36: Sound and Hearing Unit 18: Metals and their Properties Unit 37: Natural Forces Unit 19: The Transitional Metals Unit 38: Cells, Tissue, Organs and Organs systems
2. Slide 2: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Lesson number 20  Crude Oil and its Products 
3. Slide 3: Unit 20: Crude Oil and its Products Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Understand: Keywords: How crude oil and other fossil fuels rich in 1. Crude Oil, Formation, Fossil, Fuel, carbon were formed. Hydrocarbons, Hydrogen, Carbon, Fractional, That crude oil is a mixture of hydrocarbons. 2. Distillation, Alkanes, Alkenes, Cracking, That hydrocarbons contain only two elements: 3. Ethene, Polymers, Plastics, Polymerisation, hydrogen and carbon. Greenhouse, Global, Warming & Pollution. That different hydrocarbons have different uses 4. and can be separated using fractional distillation. That the alkane family of hydrocarbons are used 5. mainly as fuels by transport vehicles. The chemical properties of the alkanes and the 6. alkenes. The use of ethene and other alkenes in the 7. formation of polymers and plastics. The benefits and costs of using crude oil as 8. fuels and as a starting material for the manufacture of plastics. That the increases emissions of carbon dioxide 9. in the atmosphere is causing the greenhouse effect. 10. The likely impact of the greenhouse effect. 11. That there are many renewable alternative to Click mouse to begin using crude oil as an energy source. Science Interactive LTD PO BOX 50764 LONDON NW6 9AT web: www.science-interactive.co.uk email: sales@science-interactive.co.uk
4. Slide 4: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Oil and natural gas reserves Underneath the bedrock of some countries of the World like Saudi Arabia, Iraq and Russia are billions of barrels of c_______ oil. When extracted using drilling rigs, it can be used as a fuel, and a raw material to manufacture plastics, paints and medicines. The biggest users of crude oil are the United States followed by Europeans. The country with the greatest reserves of crude oil is Saudi Arabia, who until the discovery of oil had a simple economy and little modern infrastructure. Look at the map and find other countries with large reserves ? World reserves of crude oil: Word bank: crude World oil reserves Energy use in the modern World Diagram World oil reserves are finite. It estimated that This composite picture of the world at night shows us Notes we currently have around 60 – 80 years of the biggest energy users. North America, followed by crude oil remaining. Saudi Arabia, Iraq and Europe and Japan are the largest users or energy. These Russia have the largest reserves with over 50 countries depend most on the ‘cheap energy’ that crude billions barrels of crude oil underground. oil provides us.
5. Slide 5: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Formation of crude oil The formation of crude oil from the decayed remains of i________ and other organic material has taken place over the last 65 million years. Crude oil forms when organic matter is buried deep underground in an oxygen free environment. Over millions of years the carbon rich compounds from the bodies of dead organism are subjected to h_____ and pressure which changed them into hydrocarbons. Natural gas (mainly methane CH4), an important fossil fuel is also found trapped with crude oil under rock sediments. Why do we call crude oil a fossil fuel ? Formation of crude oil: Word bank: insects heat Waters rich with life Dead matter falls Oils layers form Surface water Oxygen free layer Sedimentary rock The warm seas over areas When these animals died they Over many millions of years, Notes like Saudi Arabia of 65 sank to the sea bottom. Over heat and pressure over time million years ago were time carbon rich sediments changes these compounds into teeming with organisms rich containing many carbon rich carbon rich hydrocarbons now in the element carbon. biological molecules formed. known as crude oil.
6. Slide 6: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Fossils fuels and crude oil A fossil fuel is a substance like o____ or coal that is rich in the element c_______, can be combusted readily with oxygen and produces energy in the form of h____. They are fossil fuels because they are formed from once living organisms with solar energy being the original e_______ source. Fossil fuels are a non-renewable resource, because it takes millions of years for them to form and we currently combust them faster than they are formed ! Fossil fuels are also a finite energy resource, because they will eventually run out ! How will this change our way of living ? Types of fossil fuels: Word bank: oil carbon heat energy Crude oil Coal Peat Diagram Remains of dead insects and Remains of dead plants More recent remains of dead Source other organic material plants Life 60-70 years 300 years 10-15 years expectancy
7. Slide 7: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Extraction, transport and storage of crude oil Crude oil, natural gas or coal can be extracted from under the sea or land, where they have remained trapped for millions of years. Companies like Shell and BP have invested billions of pounds exploiting oil r__________ under the North Sea, just off the coast of Scotland. The North Sea has about 45 oil platforms producing up to four million barrels a day. England has sufficient oil reserves meeting its current demand for the next forty years. Why is the price of oil likely to increase over the next 10 years ? Getting crude oil to the refinery: Word bank: reserves Extraction Transport Storage Diagram Notes Oil is trapped under Oil is transported by ship or Oil is stored at refineries usually sedimentary rock under the pipeline. This is the most by the coast. We use about 5 oceans and seas. Drilling is economic form of transport. million barrels a day. Oil will from a floating platform. The Transportation by this method finally run out in around 60-80 North sea has about 45 oil does have its risks. Explain what years. Explain what consequences platforms producing up to 4 these risks are and look for the this might have and what energy million barrels a day. Exxon Oil Disaster. alternatives we can use ?
8. Slide 8: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Processing of crude oil Crude oil, once it has been extracted from underneath the bedrock, has to be processed to be useful. Close to where it is stored, oil refineries process crude oil so that it can be more useful to us. There is a great demand for fuels like petrol and d_________ and of course natural gas for heating. There is less of a demand for the large hydrocarbons that make up the lubricating oils. These refineries produce large amounts of p__________. Why is the demand for fuels and natural gas very high in Europe and England ? Processing crude oil: Word bank: diesel pollution Oil refinery Distillation End Product Diagram Notes Oil refineries process millions Distillation by these huge Companies like Shell and BP of barrels of crude oil every fractionating columns separates sell millions of litres of fuels year to provide for the high out hydrocarbons based on their like petrol and diesel to over 40 demand for fuels like petrol boiling points. Natural gas has million drivers of cars, lorries and diesel. the lowest boiling point. and vans in the UK.
9. Slide 9: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Fractional distillation of crude oil Crude oil is a mixture of different hydrocarbons. They can be separated by fractional distillation according to their b_______ point which change according to their size (carbon atoms) The most volatile fraction, i.e with the lowest boiling point evaporates off first and goes to the top of the c________. The remaining, longer chain hydrocarbons also separate out according to their boiling points. Word bank: boiling column lubricating Carbon atoms Boiling points Use Fractionating column LPG gas C1 – C4 < 40oC Highly flammable gas fuel Boiling points and viscosity. Petrol C5 – C10 40oC – 200oC Car fuel Naphtha C10 – C12 125oC – 175oC Valuable source of organic molecules Paraffin 175oC – 275oC Less flammable than petrol, domestic C12 – C16 heater fuel Diesel 235oC – 300oC Larger vehicle fuels C16 – C30 >300oC Not as flammable, used for central C30 – C100 Fuel oil heating oil and l_________ oils Crude oil C100 – C300 > 350oC Bitumen Forms a thick, black, tough and resistant adhesive layer on cooling. Used to lay roads. Heat (400oC)
10. Slide 10: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Separating hydrocarbons Fractional distillation of crude oil, a mixture of hydrocarbons is able to separate different ‘fractions’ based on their boiling points. The l_______ the chain, the higher the boiling point. Methane, ethane and propane, all short chained hydrocarbons have very low boiling points, whereas hydrocarbons containing a hundred of more carbon atoms have relatively h_____ boiling points. How can differences in boiling points be used to separate different alkanes ? Distillation and fractional distillation: Word bank: longer high Distillation Crude oil distillation Hydrocarbons CH4 Diagram C2H6 C3H8 C4H10 C5H12 C6H14 C8H18 C10H22 Notes In the laboratory we can An industrial fractionating Hydrocarbons are separated separate different liquids from a column separating different into their fractions. Methane ‘mixture’ based on their hydrocarbons based on their with the lowest boiling point different boiling points. What is boiling points and number is separated first at a the role of the condenser ? of carbon atoms. temperature of around 40oC.
11. Slide 11: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Hydrocarbons in crude oil Crude oil contains two families of hydrocarbon compounds: The alkanes and alkenes. The alkanes have a general formula of CnH2n + 2 and are used mainly as fuels for combustion with o______. They include methane (natural gas), the simplest alkane with the formula CH4. Alkanes can have up to 200 carbon atoms in a long carbon chain, but their general formula does not change. Longer chains are used for diesel engines, lubricating oils and domestic h________ fuels. Alkanes with more than 100 carbon atoms are found in bitumen or tar. The alkanes: Word bank: oxygen heating Name Formula Diagram Name Formula Diagram CH4 C5H12 Methane Pentane C2H6 C6H14 Ethane Hexane C3H8 C8H18 Propane Octane C10H22 C4H10 Butane Decane
12. Slide 12: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Combustion of methane Useful alkanes include natural gas, petrol and diesel. When we combust these fuels with o________, energy in the form of h____ and light is released. The products of complete combustion are water and carbon dioxide. If insufficient oxygen from the atmosphere is supplied during combustion, what might form instead of carbon dioxide ? CH4 + 2O2 CO2 + 2H2O Methane Oxygen Carbon dioxide Water Combustion of methane: Word bank: oxygen heat Natural gas Substrates Reaction mixture Products Diagram O CH4 H H C02 O O H O2 H C O O2 H2O H2O Natural gas is extracted Methane is rich in carbon During combustion, The products of methane Notes from underneath the and is a store of ancient new products are combustion with oxygen bedrock, It is often chemical energy. During formed. The methane are water (H2O) and found with crude oil its combustion with (CH4) molecules breaks carbon dioxide. (C02) If deposits. The UK oxygen, it releases its apart and forms new there is not enough obtains its gas from the energy in the form of bonds with the oxygen oxygen carbon monoxide North Sea. heat and light. atoms. can form.
13. Slide 13: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Combustion of the alkanes Most vehicles use petrol or diesel as a fuel. When we combust these hydrocarbon fuels with o_______, energy in the form of h____ and motion is released. New substances are also produced including carbon dioxide and water. Equation: 2C8H18 + 25O2 CO2 + 18H2O Octane Oxygen Carbon dioxide Water Combustion of octane in the car engine: Word bank: oxygen heat Car engine Octane & Oxygen Engine Products Diagram With over 30 million In the engine, huge The engine is designed to The waste products are Notes cars in the UK, petrol amounts of oxygen are converted the chemical carbon dioxide and water. rich in octane (C8H18) combined with octane. engine contained in However, un-combusted This releases all the octane to forward carbon and carbon mon- is used as a source of stored chemical energy motion. It is highly oxide are also released chemical energy. Find contained in carbon inefficient releasing only into the environment as out the current cost of rich petrol. 13% of the energy. polluting gases. litre of petrol ?
14. Slide 14: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Supply and demand of crude oil fractions There is a greater demand by those who use fossil fuels for the low carbon, more volatile hydrocarbons which are used for f____ in cars, p_____ and lorries. However, there is a greater supply of the high carbon, less volatile hydrocarbons. By breaking up the surplus large fractions to form small volatile fractions, companies like Shell and BP can balance s______ and demand. This is called cracking. Meeting demand from crude oil: Word bank: fuels planes supply LPG gas Petrol fuel Paraffin Diesel Tar or Bitumen -100% % of total crude oil -80% -60% supply demand supply demand -40% demand supply supply -20% demand demand -0% supply LPG Gas Petrol Paraffin Diesel Residue
15. Slide 15: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Cracking long chain hydrocarbons Crude oil contains far too many long chained h_________ with more than 15 carbon atoms in them. Longer hydrocarbons do not make efficient fuels. Cracking is also used to form ethene, the starting product for most plastics and other polymers. We can s_____ long chain molecules into short chained molecules. Cracking these hydrocarbons requires heat, a catalyst and an o________ free atmosphere. Why do you need to exclude oxygen from the cracker ? Producing short chained hydrocarbons: Word bank: split oxygen Industrial cracking of crude oil Closer look at cracking C10H22 Decane Useful products Short chained Alkanes & alkenes Crude oil and catalyst are recycled at 400oC Ethene C2H4 C3H6 Propene Crude oil C5H12 Pentane Heat (400oC) Cracker
16. Slide 16: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 The alkenes The alkenes have a general formula of CnH2n and are used mainly for the manufacture of polymers. Each alkene has a carbon-carbon double bond (C=C) which can be broken by other atoms like h________ or chlorine added across the double bond. Polymers, made from simple alkenes are extremely long chained hydrocarbon molecules. The simplest alkene is ethene with the formula C2H4. Word bank: hydrogen The alkenes: Name Formula Diagram Structural Diagram Ethene C2H4 H H C=C H H Propene C3H6 H H C=C C H H HH Butene C4H8 H H H C C=C C H HH HH Pentene C5H10 H HH H C C=C C C H HH HHH
17. Slide 17: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Producing ethane from ethene Unsaturated e_______ (C2H4) can also react with the gas h________ to form the alkane ethane (C2H6) In this case, ethene in changing to ethane, becomes fully saturated. This reaction requires h________, a nickel catalyst and an oxygen free atmosphere. The ethene molecule is much more reactive then the ethane molecule because it has the carbon-carbon double bond. Why do we call ethene and the alkenes unsaturated and ethane and the alkanes saturated ? Addition of hydrogen to ethene: Word bank: ethene hydrogen Ethene (Alkene) Hydrogen (from water) Ethane (Alkane) Diagram Equation C2H4 + H2 C2H6 The two hydrogen atoms join the ethene molecule across the double bond forming the saturated alkane, ethane.
18. Slide 18: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Chemical test for the alkenes Hydrocarbons like the alkenes with a double carbon-carbon bond are called unsaturated. Alkenes with their double bond are much more r________ that the alkanes. Other elements like hydrogen and chlorine can be added to alkenes by breaking the double bond. Testing for alkenes: If you shake up an alkene with a solution of brown bromine water, then the bromine water appears to lose it’s colour. The double bond in the alkene breaks open and forms new bonds with the b_______ atoms. This type of reaction is called an addition reaction. Olive oil but not butter decolourises bromine water what does this tell you about the two types of fat ? Testing for alkenes: Word bank: reactive bromine Ethene Bromine (in water) di-Bromoethene Diagram Equation C2H4 + Br2 C2H4Br2 The ethene molecule contains a carbon-carbon double bond which accepts both bromine atoms. When the bromine atoms join the ethene molecule the bromine water loses its brown colour.
19. Slide 19: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Using ethene to form plastics Ethene (C2H4) monomers can be joined together to make a polymer called polythene. Polythene contains huge molecules that act like fibres that can be used as alternatives to natural materials like w____, paper and metals. Polythene is also very cheap to manufacture whilst crude oil remains plentiful and the quality is always the same after its manufacture. Explain why it is beneficial to the environment to use plastics rather than natural materials like wood, paper and metals ? Manufacturing plastic or polythene from ethene: Word bank: wood Ethene (C2H4) Polymerisation reaction Polythene (nC2H4) Diagram + + + + Notes Ethene (C2H4) is produced in In the presence of a metal Polythene has the general catalyst, molecules of ethene formula nC2H4. Molecules large amounts by cracking add to one another forming long chain hydrocarbons can contain up to 50,000 long chained polymers with the found in crude oil. carbon atoms. These chains formula nC2H4 behave like fibres.
20. Slide 20: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Using plastics in everyday life Polymers like polythene, polyvinylchloride (PVC) and nylon have replaced natural materials like paper, wood, glass and ceramic. Plastics are c_______, readily available, tough, waterproof and flexible. They are produced in huge quantities and are used in everyday life from the humble plastic bag to replacement h____ and bone joints. Although using plastics instead of glass, paper and wood actually saves energy and rainforests, they are not biodegradable so their use adds many thousands of tonnes of rubbish per year to landfill sites. Using plastics: Word bank: cheap hip Making polythene The plastic bag Saving energy Diagram Here we see polythene made from the The plastic shopping bag Notes Recycle polymerisation of the alkene ethene. made from polythene has Reduce Huge sheets of polythene like the one saved thousands of trees Replace pictured above are manufactured from which would have been used We can all make less of an combining alkene monomers. for making paper. Plastic impact on the environment in Polythene is used for food wrapping, takes a long time to decay our daily lives. packaging and plastic bags. once thrown away.
21. Slide 21: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 The carbon cycle All living organisms require the element c_________ to make carbohydrates, proteins and other important molecules which make up living organisms. Cellular respiration and decomposition by bacteria releases carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. Plants use this during p____________ at the same rate. The amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere should stay the same but it is increasing rapidly because of the use of fossil fuels and deforestation. The carbon cycle: Word bank: carbon photosynthesis Atmosphere Respiration CO2 Atmosphere There is 750 billion tonnes of CO2 trapped in the atmosphere. This is rising by 3 billion tonnes a year because of fossil fuel use and deforestation. Fossil fuel combustion Land deforestation Photosynthesis Plant biomass Ocean Soil Buried fossil fuels Marine biomass There is 3300 billion tonnes of carbon trapped in oil, coal There is 1020 billion tonnes of carbon trapped in living and natural gas deposits found under rock sediments. organisms like algae. CO2 is also dissolved in the oceans.
22. Slide 22: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Pollution using crude oil The oil industry, including companies like Shell and Exxon have a responsibility to make sure that their company and staff do not p_______ the environment. Occasionally, either during extraction, transport or s_______ of crude oil, these companies can pollute the environment with devastating consequences. An oil tanker spilling its load at sea or near to populated coastlines can destroy the local ecosystems and peoples’ livelihoods. These effects can sometimes last for many decades. Go to google.co.uk and type in and search for ‘Exxon Valdize’ Impacting on the environment: Word bank: pollute storage Tanker spills Oil depot fires Oil spills on land Diagram Releasing millions of barrels Fires involving crude oil Crude oil coats every living Notes of thick poisonous crude oil releases thick black toxic smoke organisms that it comes in into the oceans means death to into the environment causing contact with. Birds are many species in the ocean’s widespread pollution and especially vulnerable with their food chains and webs. damage over a large area. delicate feathers.
23. Slide 23: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Fossil fuels greenhouse effect Over the last century, our use of fossil fuels has released huge amounts of carbon dioxide into our atmosphere. This has disrupted the b_________ between carbon in the form of carbon dioxide and carbon found tied up under rock in crude oil, natural gas and coal. Currently we are adding an extra 3 billion tonnes of carbon each year into the atmosphere. The carbon dioxide molecule traps infra red h_____ from the sun. Slowly our planet is warming because of the rising carbon dioxide levels. How can you reduce your dependence on fossil fuels like petrol and natural gas ? The greenhouse effect: Word bank: balance heat World’s crude oil use Rising levels of carbon dioxide The greenhouse effect So l l ar rra ad Absorbed in atmosphere i ati by greenhouse gases o on ce pa os tt ou ted dia Ra 15 50 15 50 Altitude (km) (km) The World’s energy demand and There are over 500 million cars, Carbon dioxides traps heat the use of crude oil is increasing. all pumping out carbon dioxide energy from the sun. The amount China in the next two decades from the combustion of octane or of carbon dioxide in the will use more than the USA. petrol. Car use is set to double atmosphere is increasing by 3 over 20 years. billion tonnes a year.
24. Slide 24: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Effects of global warming one Scientists have many theories as to what may happen over the next century because of rising carbon dioxide levels in the a__________, as a result of combusting fossil fossils and the subsequent rising global temperatures. There is now increasing agreement amongst scientists that atmospheric carbon dioxide levels need to be controlled. Many countries have signed ‘The Kyoto Agreement’ which aims to reduce carbon emissions over the next 20 years. This will perhaps s____ global warming. Only one country, America has not signed up, she is the biggest carbon polluter. Why do you think that America has not signed up ? Effects of global warming: Word bank: atmosphere slow Global warming Drought Ozone layer Flooding Diagram Average world or More extremes of The destruction of the Flooding will increase Notes global temperatures are temperatures are now Ozone by CFCs from over the next decade. In set to increase by expected with lower aerosols will also add to England (summer 2004), between 0.5 and 1oC rainfall in areas which global warming by we had some of the worst per decade for the next already see little rain reflecting less infra red flash floods on record, fifty years. over the year. heat given out by the including Boscastle.
25. Slide 25: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Effects of global warming two The greenhouse effect is a natural process where the 750 billions tonnes of c________ dioxide in the atmosphere maintains the Earth’s atmosphere at hospitable temperatures, which are supportive of life, here on Earth. Combusting fossil fuels is adding to this ‘warming effect’ causing average global t___________ to rise over the last fifty years. Global warming will continue, whilst we continue to combust fossil fuels like coal and oil. The World’s weather, habitats and temperature are set to change over the next century. Effects of global warming: Word bank: carbon temperatures Weather Waves Biodiversity Melting ice caps Diagram The World’s weather Damage due to strong Animals and plants may The ice caps have shrunk Notes will become more tides and wave action undergo mass extinction in size over the last 30 dynamic. In summer along the coast will in the next one hundred years. This may rise sea 2004, Florida in also increase over the years if global warming levels and also reduce America was hit by next decade. Parts of continues. The Malarial the amount of the Sun’s three hurricanes causing the England's coastline Mosquito is spreading infra red heat reflected immense damage. are now being eroded. north into Europe. back into space.
26. Slide 26: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Acid rain and fossil fuels Carbon dioxide is not the only pollutant that is released into the environment during the combustion of fossil fuels. Sulphur and nitrogen, in small quantities are also present in crude oil. During combustion, both s_______ and nitrogen combine with oxygen to form sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides. These gases form weak acids when they react with water present in the atmosphere. Acid rain can damage f________ and plant life. It can also acidify lakes and ponds disrupting natures balance. Acid rain: Word bank: sulphur forest Polluting the Earth’s atmosphere pH of precipitation across America Diagram With 280 million Americans each using on The pH of rainfall is lowest where you find the highest Notes average a staggering 3kw per hour every day population across the East Coast of America. Almost 150 of the year, the amount of Sulphur dioxide million Americans live, work, drive and pollute in this gas emitted per year for ever square area. The pH of rain water in some areas of the Eastern kilometre of land is around 0.4 of a tonne. USA seaboard has a very acidic pH of 4.2.
27. Slide 27: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Acid rain and the atmosphere In addition to releasing carbon dioxide, small amounts of sulphur and nitrogen, present as impurities in crude oil cause other polluting gases to be released into the atmosphere. During combustion, both sulphur and nitrogen combine with o________ to form sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides. These gases form weak acids when they react with water in the atmosphere. Acid rain can damage forests and plant life. It can also acidify lakes and ponds disrupting natures balance. Acid rain cycle: Word bank: oxygen Diagram Rain cloud S02 & NOx react with water to form acid rain. SO2 NOx H SO HNO3 2 4 Sulphuric acid Nitric acid Acid Rain Acid Rain Acid Rain Power station Acidified soil Acidified lake Damaged forests Combustion engines The combustion of fossils fuels releases SO2 and NOx into the atmosphere. These gases on contact Notes with water vapour form sulphuric and nitric acid. Acid rain can damage forests, acidify the soil and reduce the pH of lakes, ponds and rivers. Rain clouds containing low pH rain water can travel many kilometres. Due to England's westerly winds, our acid rain travels to our European neighbours including Sweden and Denmark.
28. Slide 28: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Acid rain and fossil fuels Carbon dioxide is not the only pollutant that is released into the environment during the combustion of fossil fuels. Sulphur and nitrogen are also present in crude oil. During combustion, both sulphur and nitrogen combine with oxygen to form sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides. These gases form weak a_____ when they react with water in the atmosphere. Acid rain can damage forests and plant life. It can also acidify l______ and pond disrupting natures balance. Look at this statue and notice the chemical weathering ! Acid rain and its effects: Word bank: acids lakes Acid rain damage to forests Acid rain damage to waterways Acid rain damage to marble Diagram Forests and all plant life are Rivers, ponds and lakes can Acid rain also destroys buildings Notes sensitive to acid rain even over become acidic in areas with high and statues made from limestone short periods of time. The rainfall levels. Low pH of the or marble. Dissolved acid in delicate leaves are damaged by water can lead to the disruption of raindrops reacts with the calcium the low pH rainfall. When a the ecosystem, therefore killing carbonate in the marble or tree loses its leaves due to acid many species. How can scientists limestone making a soluble rain, it can no longer produce neutralise acidic lakes, what product calcium oxide. This is its own food during chemical would they use ? slowly dissolved away by
29. Slide 29: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Renewable energy sources Renewable alternatives to using crude oil for generating electricity are now being developed. These reduce our dependence on crude oil, as well as reducing carbon dioxide emissions. Many sources of e_______ that we currently use every day are now renewable. This means that unlike coal, natural gas and crude oil they are not used up. Many scientists are working to develop the technology to use these renewable sources of energy to generate e__________. Overview of renewable energy: Word bank: energy electricity Wind Solar Biogas Hydroelectric Wind farms could supply Solar cells using solar Converting animal waste like Using moving water, hydro- up to 15% of the energy energy could power traffic manure from farms and electric dams are able to we use every year. Why lights and street lamps. farming into methane using generate clean electricity. do people in the They are only useful in bacteria is a way of replacing The only problem is that you countryside object to countries with high rates fossil fuels like gas. Give the need lots of space and high these wind farms ? of sunshine. formula of methane ? yearly rainfall.
30. Slide 30: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Generating electricity using wind power Wind power stations makes use of the k_______ energy of moving air currents. Kinetic energy directly drives small generators that produce electricity. Wind farms are usually found in windy unpopulated areas. Several w_____ turbines can supply, on a windy day enough energy for a small town. This is a clean, renewable form of energy with limited drawbacks. Some people object to the ‘visual pollution’ that many wind turbines cause and believe they spoil the landscape. Why do you need large areas of land to generate electricity using wind power ? Wind power supplying electricity: Word bank: kinetic wind Diagram Captured kinetic energy of the wind drives the generator, producing electricity. Using wind Notes turbines is still expensive and is only viable in countries with large amounts of free land and of course windy weather. The energy is totally renewable and does not increase the levels of polluting gases which add to either global warming or acid rain. The map shows the average wind speed in America. Where are the best places for a wind farm....Explain your answer ?
31. Slide 31: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Generating electricity using solar power Solar power can be used directly to generate small amounts of electricity using photovoltic cells. These produce a low c________ and are only useful for producing electricity in remote areas or for devices that only require a low current, for example calculators. Using solar power to heat water creating steam which then drives a turbine generator is another way the sun’s energy can be used to generate electricity. E_________ regions that receive plenty of sunshine are ideal. The only problem is that the technology is still relatively expensive. Why is the UK not an ideal location for solar panels or cells ? Solar power supplying electricity: Word bank: current equatorial Diagram Steam produced from the heat energy collected by solar reflectors drives the turbine and generator. Notes A current is induced in the cables. Electricity is transported to commercial and domestic users. Using solar cells is expensive and is only viable in countries with good weather. Solar cells can be used to directly generate electricity. These are very useful where there is demand for energy in very remote areas like the desert or away from major towns and cities.
32. Slide 32: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Generating electricity using biogas Electricity can be generated on a small scale using biogas. Biogas is exactly the same as methane, the fossil fuel extracted from underneath the rock, but it is produced by b________ respiring animal wastes like manure. This is therefore a renewable supply of methane gas which can be used in the same way as fossil fuels, with the h_____ energy used to produce steam which in turn drives a turbine generator. Why is the amount of electricity generated using this method very small at present ? Biogas supplying electricity: Word bank: bacteria heat Biogas Biogas mini power station Diagram Waste Waste Gases Gases Turbine Turbine Boiler Generator Boiler Generator 33,000V Steam 240V Steam 33,000V 240V Manure Fermentor Fermentor Furnace Transformer 1 Transformer 2 Customer Manure Fermentor Fermentor Furnace Transformer 1 Transformer 2 Customer Steam produced from the heat energy given out when natural gas (CH4) is combusted with oxygen Notes drives the turbine and generator. A current is induced in the cables. Electricity is transported to commercial and domestic uses only. Using biogas, although expensive and still producing greenhouse gases recycles animal waste like manure.
33. Slide 33: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Generating electricity using gravitational potential energy Water held behind a dam, stores huge amount of gravitational potential energy. When the stored water is allowed to flow downhill, its kinetic energy is used to drive turbine generators, which in turn produces electricity. Hydroelectric dams are usually constructed in mountainous areas with high yearly rainfall levels. The three gorges dam is the largest r__________ and is currently under construction in China. When finished, it will generate millions of kilowatts everyday. Although this is renewable e_______ up to ten million people will be displaced when the valley is flooded. Why is this technology used only in wet mountainous areas ? Moving water supplying electricity: Word bank: reservoir energy Diagram Notes Large amounts of land and rainfall are required for any hydroelectric dam. The main advantages of hydroelectricity is that it is a renewable form of energy and the start up time from allowing the water drop to generating electricity is less than a second. Electrical energy generated in this way is used to supply electrical power during peak demands.
34. Slide 34: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Extension questions and homework 1: Define the following terms: Cracking, Distillation, Separation, Alkene, Alkane, Saturated and Unsaturated. 2: Look at the three pictures below. Complete the table. Picture Fuel type (alkane) Formula Car Plane Cooker 3: Answer the following: a) Give 5 uses of oil in the modern industrial world. b) How does the volatility and flammability of the alkanes change as the carbon chain increases its length. c) Which fractions will ignite most easily and why. d) Cracking large molecules of alkanes is very important. Give two reasons why and give an example of a large molecule being cracked and its subsequent products. (e.g. C12H26) e) Describe the conditions for cracking and explain why large molecules are heated in the absence of oxygen. f) Explain what is meant by the following sentence: Oil is a finite source what does this mean.
35. Slide 35: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 4: In table 1 the information shows the demand for different fractions of North Seal Oil. a) Why is the demand for diesel oil and residue greater in the winter than the summer. b) Why is the demand for petrol fairly constant all year round. c) What would an oil company do to cope with the changing demand between summer and winter. d) What is bitumen used for and how does its properties fit in with this use. Fraction Percentage demand Percentage demand Fraction Percentage demand in Percentage demand in in summer in winter summer winter Refinery gas 3.6 3 Diesel oil 17 23 Gasoline 32 29 Residue 20 22 Kerosene 12 6 Bitumen 15.4 17 5: Answer the following questions: a) Explain what is meant by the following words: Monomer, polymer, polymerization, plastic and polymer. b) What is the polymer of the following monomers: (i) Ethene (ii) Vinyl chloride (iii) Ester. c) Each of the following materials contain fibres or polymers. For each material say whether it is natural or synthetic, being made from crude oil. Wood PVC Linen Polyester Perspex Rayon Lycra Rubber Leather 6: Answer the following questions: a) You often hear chemists say crude oil is too valuable just to burn for heating and transport. Explain why this could be true. b) Give the balanced equation for the complete combustion of a) methane (CH4) and nonane (C9H20). What are the bonds broken and formed during the reaction. c) Why does plastic present a problem for disposal. What solutions can you think of. d) Some manufactures are making biodegradable plastics. One type used for making shopping bags consists of tiny grains of polythene stuck together with cellulose. Why does this make it biodegradable. Will it degrade completely. e) The price of virtually all plastics depends on the price of crude oil. Explain why this is true. Internet: Go to google.co.uk and find out about the manufacture of nylon. Also visit the website of British Petroleum (bp.com). Where do they extract their crude oil from and which use of crude oil forms their biggest market.