Global trends in reducing vehicular emissions

Global Trends in Reducing Vehicular Emissions Anup Bandivadekar September 29th, 2011

WHO estimated 1.34 million premature deaths from outdoor air pollution in 2008. Slide 2

What pollutants are of concern? Greenhouse Gases Haze- CO2, Methane, Black Carbon, N2O, HFC Ozone (VOC + NOx) Particles (PM10/PM2.5) Toxics NOx, SOx, VOC, ammonia - Diesel particles - Benzene - Heavy metals Carbon monoxide (CO) 3   Michael Walsh"

Comprehensive approach should treat vehicles and fuels as a system  Reducing fuel consumption –  Policy instruments include fuel economy standards, fee and rebate schemes etc.  Reducing criteria air pollutants –  Policy instruments include new vehicle emission standards (Euro V/VI and/or US Tier II/III), and in- use emission control strategies  Improving fuel quality –  Reducing carbon content of fuels –  Reducing sulfur content of fuels to near zero levels (<10 ppm) Slide 4

Comparison of passenger vehicle fuel economy standards 270! Solid dots and lines: historical performance! US-LDV! Solid dots and dashed lines: enacted targets !GRAMS CO2 PER KILOMETER NORMALIZED TO Solid dots and dotted lines: proposed targets! California-LDV! 250! Hollow dots and dotted lines: unannounced proposal! Canada-LDV! EU! 230! Japan! NEDC TEST CYCLE! 210! China! S. Korea! 190! Australia! 170! 150! India 130! China 2020: 117! US 2025:107! 110! Japan 2020: 105! EU 2020: 95! 90! 2000! 2005! 2010! 2015! 2020! 2025! !"#$%&()*+$,)-./,$-/0/1,+$.)+23(/$0//,$+1/()-24$56$(1378(.$2,&/-$67/3$,9:/+;$,&/$,)-./,$<33$=/$32</-4$$ !>#$?@$)(8$%)()8)$3.&,A87,9$B/&13/+$(1378/$3.&,A12CC/-1)3$B/&13/+4$ Slide 5   http://www.theicct.org/passenger-vehicles/global-pv-standards-update/"

Regulatory landscape of heavy duty vehicle fuel economy standardsCountry/ Regulation 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018Region Type Regulation implemented starting MY Fuel Japan 2015 economy United GHG/Fuel Standard Regulation implemented starting MY 2014 Final rule States efficiency proposal ( mandatory DOT program starts MY 2016) GHG/Fuel Standard Canada Final rule Regulation implemented starting MY 2014 efficiency proposal Test Industry Regulation implemented starting MY Fuel Standard China procedure standard Final rule 2015 consumption proposal finalized proposal TestEuropean Mandatory efficiency reporting and GHG Technical studies procedure Union regulatory development finalized Additional reqs. for End-user Requirements for tractors and Additional reqs. for existing tractors and existing trailers andCalifornia purchase trailers (MY 2011+) trailers (<MY 2010) reefers (<MY 2010) requirements 6

New vehicle emission standards are getting tougher   Exhaust emissions standards –  Tighter standards •  Euro 6/VI: PM and NOx aftertreatment on all diesels (DPF +SCR) •  By 2020, EU motorcycle emissions down to Euro 5 level •  California LEV III/ US Tier III: SULEV average by 2022 –  Improved test cycle, cold start measurement, particle number limit, increased durability   Evaporative emissions –  Whole vehicle diurnal plus hot soak standards – near zero emission expected from all vehicles including E10 vehicles –  On-board Refueling Vapor Recovery (ORVR) Slide 7

Much cleaner diesel vehicles are possible, through stricter standards and/or retrofits.DPFs are typically installed on new diesel passenger vehicles with Euro Vstandards and on heavy duty vehicles with Euro VI standards, but can beretrofitted to older diesels provided <50 ppm sulfur fuel is available. Slide 8   Cleaire Advanced Emission Controls LLC"

Manufacturers responsible for in use emissionsover full range of real world driving conditions.  In-use compliance tests –  Detection of type speci c design related defects or inadequate maintenance instructions  Strengthening of on-board diagnostics –  Frequency of monitoring: In use performance ratio (IUPR) monitoring  Periodic exhaust inspection –  High opacity as measured on snap acceleration test may indicate engine malfunction and increased emissions of air pollutants, primarily unburned fuel hydrocarbons or soot particles. Slide 9

Petrol and Diesel Certi cation Levels Emissions certification values for +600 model passenger cars in Germany, model years 2003 (Euro 3), 2007 (Euro 4) and 2010 (Euro 5). Source: Kraftfahrt-Bundesamt (KBA), Germany, 2011

Emission reductions must be achieved in real world driving: e.g. Poor SCR performance at low exhaust temperaturesNot-To-Exceed Limit provides a way to limit off-cycle emissions Slide 11   Joint Research Center (JRC), 2011"

Roadmap for the next decade is missing in India  Auto Fuel Policy of 2003 recommended revision every ve years –  Need to continue to treat vehicle and fuel as a system, fuel quality improvements critical for next phase of standards  Long term roadmap needed quickly to give industry adequate lead-time –  Technology already in the market, but on limited models in India  One Country, One Fuel, One Regulation! –  Availability of <50 ppm sulfur fuel countrywide opens up the possibility of leapfrogging to Euro VI standards –  10 ppm sulfur fuels needed countrywide eventually for optimal performance of after-treatment devices

Anup BandivadekarInternational Council on Clean Transportation (ICCT) 1225 Eye St. NW Suite 900 Washington D.C. 20005 anup “at” theicct.org http://www.theicct.org/ Slide 13

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Global trends in reducing vehicular emissions

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