Integrated parasite management (IPM) in small ruminants

Integrated Parasite Management (IPM) in Small Ruminants SUSAN SCHOENIAN Sheep & Goat Specialist University of Maryland Extension sschoen@umd.edu www.sheepandgoat.com

wormx.org - wormcontrol.org - controlworms.org - scsrpc.org •Veterinarians •Parasitologists •Animal scientists •Extension specialists SOUTHERN CONSORTIUM FOR SMALL RUMINANT PARASITE CONTROL (SCSRPC)

Internal Parasites #1 health problem in sheep and goats in warm, moist climates Sheep and goats are the most susceptible livestock to internal parasites. Close grazing Graze near fecal pellets Slow-to-develop immunity We can no longer rely on anthelmintic treatments alone to control parasites; a much more integrated approach is necessary. Few anthelmintics are FDA-approved for sheep, even fewer for goats. Anthelmintic resistance is real and increasing. New drugs take a lot of time and money to develop and reach the market place (if ever). anthelmintic = dewormer = anti-parasitic drug

Haemonchus contortus The Barber Pole Worm A blood-sucking parasite (roundworm) that pierces the mucosa of the abomasum (ruminant “stomach”) and causes blood plasma and protein loss to the sheep, goat, or camelid. I want your blood! Female worm 0.05 ml blood per day

Rough hair coat Barber Pole Worm Symptoms Weight loss, unthrifty Pale mucous membranes Edema (bottle jaw) NOT diarrhea (scours) Ill thrift  Sudden DEATH Difficult to control Short, direct life cycle Prolific egg producer Can go into “hypobiotic” (arrested) state during winter to survive. Can survive on pasture for Bottle jaw a long time. → Adaptable Pale membranes

Other gastro-intestinal (round) worms (strongyle family) Direct life cycles Burrow into the wall of the abomasum or intestines. → Usually secondary in importance. → Usually have an additive effect in mixed parasitic infections. Symptoms: scouring, weight loss, rough hair coat, ill thrift, poor appetite. *Trichostrongylus Ostertagia (Teladorsagia) Oesophagostomum Nematodirus

Fecal egg counts - Larvae ID 2009 Western Maryland Pasture-Based Meat Goat Performance Test

Pasture mite Tapeworms Moniezia spp. Life Cycle  Worms live in the small intestines.  Eggs pass out through feces.  The egg is eaten by a pasture mite.  The egg hatches.  The mite is eaten by the sheep or goat.  Is the only parasite we can see in the feces. Light loads of tapeworms tend not to be a problem, but severe infestations could cause GI problems. → Tapeworms are generally considered to be non-pathogenic. → Deworming for tapeworms has not been shown to increase performance in lambs.

Lungworms Indirect or direct life cycle. Transmitted in feces. Difficult to see in fecal sample. Severe infestations can result in coughing, fluid on lungs, pneumonia. Diagnosis is usually via necropsy. Most drugs which kill stomach worms kill lung worms.

Liver flukes Fasciola hepatica Generally not considered to be a problem in Mid-Atlantic area. Gulf states and Pacific Northwest. Requires open water and aquatic snails (wet conditions) to complete life cycle. Can kill adult liver flukes with Albendazole (Valbazen®) or Ivomec® Plus).

Coccidia Eimeria sp. (species-specific) Normal inhabitant of ruminant’s GI system. Single-cell protozoa that damage the lining of the small intestines. Causes diarrhea that may be smeared with blood and/or mucous. Signs of disease occur ~17 days after infection (ingestion of oocytes). Damage can be permanent!  Prevent with good sanitation Fecal samples may or may not be and proper stocking. helpful in diagnosing disease.

Coccidia Eimeria sp. (species-specific) Can use additives in feed, mineral, or water to prevent clinical disease in groups of animals: Lasalocid (Bovatec®)13 Monensin (Rumensin®)23 Decoquinate (Deccox®)12 Amprolium (Corid®) in water Treat (individual animals) with Amprolium or sulfa drugs. 1FDA-approved for sheep 2FDA-approved for goats 3TOXIC to EQUINES!!!!!!

Meningeal worm (deer, brain worm) Parelaphostrongylus tenuis Parasite of White Tail Deer Small ruminants are abnormal hosts. sheep, goats, llama, alpaca, horse Parasite has indirect life cycle Snails and slugs needed for infection. Once ingested, larva travel from intestinal tract to spinal cord to brain, causing progressively worse symptoms . . . Lameness Gait abnormality Hind quarter weakness Paralysis DEATH Cannot diagnose in a living sheep/goat (necropsy or spinal fluid) Animals maintain appetite

Meningeal worm Treatment High doses of anthelmintics Ivermectin Fenbendazole Anti-inflammatory drugs Some recover on their own. Cannot repair damaged tissue. Prevention Restrict access to certain areas of pasture. • Fence off wet areas • Areas with lots of debris Control deer population Control snail/slug population Monthly deworming Only if problem is severe! Fencing to exclude deer is not usually practical.

How do you know what kind of worms your sheep or goats have?

Parasite identification 1) Fecal flotation or egg count  Can differentiate between strongyle (stomach), tapeworm, and coccidia eggs.  Can’t differentiate between most strongyle (stomach) worm eggs. eggs (except Nematodirus)  Meningeal worm does not pass eggs  Do-it-yourself • Public lab • Diagnostic lab • Private lab • Veterinarian Eimeria spp. Moniezia spp.

Stomach worm identification 2) Fecal coproculture / larvae ID Differentiate between strongyle (stomach) worms (H. contortus, Teladorsagia, and trichostrongyles) • University of Georgia (Dr. Ray Kaplan’s lab)  Can take test one step further to determine anthelmintic resistance -- larval development assay (LDA) or DrenchRite® test. 3) Lectin-staining test (new) Determine percent of Haemonchus contortus eggs in sample. • Oregon State University • University of Georgia

sheep/goats + grazing (pasture) = worm infection L3’s infective larvae ingested  L4’s and adults suck blood How do sheep and goats get infected with parasites?

Life Cycle of Stomach Worms Worm problems vary by location, farm, year, and season. Eggs require warmth (60 F) and humidity to hatch to first stage larvae.

When Are Larva On Pasture A Problem? Why & How Do Seasonal Increases Occur? ( If No Treatment) How did these larva get here FEC From here? Nov 1st Lambing Rise Spring Rise J F M A M J J A S O N D J

Fecal Egg Counts (What happens in ewes and lambs) Ewes Lambs Lambing Weaning F M A M J J A S O N D J F Spring Summer Fall Winter

Population Demographics of Gastrointestinal Nematodes Haemonchus contortis May-June July-September How long before high pasture 3 weeks1 2 weeks1 infectivity? When are the highest levels of 5-9 weeks 3-9 weeks pasture infectivity? How long until low levels of pasture 3 months 3 months infectivity? 1 Earlier if high temperatures coincided with rain. Patterns of Ostertagia circumcincta, Trichostrongylus spp. and Cooperia curticei were basically similar to H. contortis. Strongyloides papillosus larvae emerge within 2 weeks on pasture and survival is short. Nematodirus larvae took a lot longer to emerge on pasture than the other trichostrongylids. Utrecht University (Netherlands) 1999-2003 Research conclusion: Only a small number of farms can use evasive grazing as the only method of parasite control. For most farms, evasive grazing needs to be combined with other pasture control strategies.

Integrated Parasite Management (IPM) Goal is not to create parasite-free animals. It is normal for sheep and goats to have parasites. Goal is to prevent clinical disease and production losses.

Consider host resistance Most susceptible Less susceptible Weaned lambs and kids Mature animals Orphan lambs and kids Males Yearlings Dry ewes High producing females Pets Late -born lambs and kids Mature wethers Geriatric animals Sheep Goats Unadapted breeds

Parasite control begins with good management and common sense Good sanitation. Use of feeders which prevent wastage and contamination. Clean water, free from fecal matter and other debris. Avoid overstocking pens and pastures. Isolate and deworm new additions to the farm. The primary cause of internal parasitism is overstocking.

Winter lambing/kidding Market by July 1 Lambing Kidding Weaning J F M A M J J A S O N D Winter Spring Summer Fall

Fall lambing and kidding Lambing Weaning Early marketing Kidding J F M A M J J A S O N D Winter Spring Summer Fall

Use of “clean or safe” pastures New pasture A pasture that has been renovated with tillage. A pasture that has not been grazed by sheep or goats for the past 6 to 12 months. A pasture that has been grazed by horses and/or cattle for the past 6 to 12 months. A pasture in which a hay or silage crop has been removed. A pasture that has been rotated with row crops. Pasture that has been burned Severely overgrazed pasture???? Cleaner, safer pastures are a more realistic goal for most producers.

Graze multiple species Sheep and goats share the same internal parasites, but they are different from the parasites that affect cattle and horses. Except barber pole worm in young calves. Producers who graze multiple species of livestock report fewer parasite problems. Cattle and horses “vacuum” sheep/goat pastures of infective worm larvae. There are other benefits to mixed species grazing, such as complimentary grazing habits.

Pasture Rest and Rotation Pasture rotation is a recommended strategy for controlling internal parasites because it allows the use of safe or safer pastures. BUT, intensive rotational grazing generally may not help to reduce parasitism unless rest periods are long enough. Due to increased stocking rates, management intensive grazing may increase internal parasite problems in sheep and goats. In a rotational grazing system, ideally, sheep/goats should not be returned to the same pasture for 2 to 3 months.

Alternative forages Livestock that browse have fewer parasite problems. No worm larvae up here Livestock grazing tall- growing forages will have less parasite problems. 80% of parasites live in the first 2 inches of the vegetation. Grazing tanniferous may reduce the effects of parasitism.

Forage Sericea Lespedeza Chicory Birdsfoot Trefoil Chicory, birdsfoot trefoil, and Sericea Lespedeza have all been shown to reduce fecal egg counts and/or inhibit larval development.

Sericea lespedeza Lespedeza cuneata (high tannin variety) Warm season legume that grows in acidic soils with low fertility and tolerates drought well. Fed as . . . Fresh forage Loose or ground hay Pelleted supplement Goats readily eat. Sheep will eat. For control of barber pole worm only Images from scsrpc.org

Nutritional Management Animals on a high plane of nutrition and in better body condition are better able to withstand worm burdens. Nutrition in early pregnancy (fat stores) can affect the immune response to internal parasites. Sheep receiving higher levels of protein prior to lambing have lower fecal egg counts. Supplementing grazing lambs with protein has been shown to reduce fecal egg counts. Nutritional supplementation is most likely to be beneficial when pregnant females and young animals are below optimal body condition at a time when pasture quality and/or quantity is limited.

“Zero” grazing bedded pens, dry lot with no green vegetation, slatted floors Sheep/goats raised in confinement or dry lot (zero grazing) tend to have fewer worm problems. Sheep/goats put in confinement or dry lot do not usually get re-infected with worms. Coccidiosis could still be a problem, if preventative measues are not taken. Good sanitation Proper feeders Coccidiostats

Genetics and worms Two important traits: resistance and resilience Resistance Ability of host to limit infection Assessed by fecal egg counts (FEC) Resilience Ability of host to withstand challenge and/or infection, and thus maintain health and productivity. Assessed by blood hematocrit or packed cell volume (PCV) and estimated by FAMACHA© eye anemia score. Parasite traits are moderately heritable – 20-40 percent

“Resistant” Breeds Some sheep and goat breeds are more resistant to worms. Sheep Goats Gulf Coast Native Spanish/Brush Hair sheep Myotonic/ St. Croix Tennessee Fainting goat Barbados Blackbelly Kiko Katahdin NOT NOT Traditional wooled Boer goats breeds Dairy goats Angora goats Maybe Dorper ? Royal white Pygmy Other breeds? Savannah

“Resistant” animals There is as much difference within breeds as between breeds. The 80-20 rule Approximately 20 percent of the flock sheds most (~80 percent) of the parasite eggs. Focusing deworming on susceptible animals will significantly reduce pasture contamination. Culling worm-susceptible animals will increase flock resistance and reduce pasture contamination.

Distribution of FECs in a herd Epg, August 29, 2009 16,000 14,000 12,000 10,000 8,000 6,000 4,000 2,000 0

Heritability of FEC and PCV FEC PCV (resistance) (resilience) Ewes 0.31 0.15 Lambs 0.10 0.39 2004, Vanimisetti, Andrew, Zazac, Notter Selection for parasite resistance is possible and will not adversely affect growth of lambs and fertility of ewes.

Comparison of Genetic and Non-genetic Control Strategies Strategy Reduction in FEC’s Genetic Selection 69% Protein supplementation 35% Strategic deworming 28% Experimental vaccine 0% Australia, 2002 •Monitor sheep, run in the plots after the end of the experiment had lower FEC’s when run in the plots previously grazed by supplemented sheep (35%) or selected sheep (46%). •The largest and most persistent effect on FEC’s and worm contamination of pasture was achieved by genetic selection.

Drugs (anthelmintics) A valuable, limited resource that must be managed properly.

Three drug families Drugs kill parasites by starving them or paralyzing them. 1) Benzimidazoles Chemical name ends in '..dazole Fenbendazole, Albendazole, O xybendazole 2) Nicotinics Levamisole, Morantel, P yrantel 3) Macrolytic lactones a) Avermectins Ivermectin, Doramectin b) Milbemycins Moxidecin

Benzimidazoles The “white drenches” 1. Fenbendazole First class of modern SafeGuard®, Panacur anthelmintics. ® Most broad spectrum: 2. Albendazole adult and L4 larvae Valbazen® hypobiotic larvae 3. Oxyfendazole Tapeworms Synantic ® liver flukes Wide margin of safety → High level of resistance across industry.

Albendazole Valbazen® drench FDA-approved for sheep (7 day slaughter withdrawal). Labeled for control of liver flukes in non- lactating goats (7 day slaughter withdrawal) For control of … 1. Adult and 4th stage larvae of GI worms 2. Varying levels of activity against hypobiotic larvae. 3. Adult and larval forms of lungworms 4. Heads and segments of tapeworms 5. Adult liver flukes Safe, but use restricted during pregnancy (1st 30 days). Widespread resistance across industry. Fast animals to improve efficacy.

Fenbendazole SafeGuard®, Panacur® drench FDA-approved for goats (6 day slaughter withdrawal). Labeled dosage should be doubled (per Intervet). For control of adult GI worms and L4 larvae. Widespread resistance across industry. Fast animals to improve efficacy. Double dosage will kill heads and segments of tapeworms. One of the preferred drugs for treating meningeal worm.

Nicotinics Levamisole (clear drench) Tramisol ®, Levasole®, Prohibit® Morantel Rumatel®, Positive Pellet, Goat Care-2X Pyrantel Strongid®

Levamisole Prohibit®, Levasole®, Tramisol® drench or oblets FDA-approved for sheep (3 days slaughter withdrawal) For control of Adult and L4 larvae stages of GI worms Hypobiotic larvae (?) Adult and larvae forms of lungworm → Probably the most effective anthelmintic. Lowest margin of safety Treat based on accurate weights Administer orally. Goats – 1.5x sheep dose Back on the market, but in limited supply.

Rumatel Morantel tartrate Medicated feed. Best to feed goats individually. FDA-approved for all classes of goats . For control of mature worms only. 30-day slaughter withdrawal. Not much is known about its efficacy or resistance.

Macrolides (Macrolytic lactones, ML’s) 1) Avermectins Newest Ivermectin Broad spectrum Ivomec®, Zimecterin®, Adult and L4 larvae GI worms Eprinex®, Promectin® Hypobiotic larvae Adults and larvae stages of Doramectin lungworm Dectomax® External parasites (biting) 2) Milbemycins Wide margin of safety Moxidectin Cydectin®, Quest® Persistent activity

Avermectins: Ivermectin Ivomec® drench Introduced in the 1980’s. Drug of choice for meningeal worm. For control of . . . Adult and L4 larvae GI worms Hypobiotic larvae Adult and larvae lungworms Larval stages of nosebot 11-day slaughter withdrawal High levels of resistance in industry. Fast animals to improve efficacy

Moxidectin Cydectin® drench Newest drug (1997). For control of mature and L4 larval stages of GI worms. 7-day slaughter withdrawal Similar to ivermectin, but disrupts different chemical neurotransmitter. May kill ivermectin-resistant worms. Due to similarity to Ivermectin, resistance will develop rapidly if it is overused.

Extra-label Drug Use Only Fenbendazole (SafeGuard®) and Morantel (Rumatel®) are FDA-approved for goats. Albendazole (Valbazen®), Ivomec® drench, Cydectin drench, and Levamisole (drench and bolus) are FDA- approved for sheep. Use of a product that is different from its label constitutes extra-label drug use and requires a veterinary prescription and valid veterinarian-patient-client relationship.

Withdrawal for extra-label drugs Use longer withdrawals for extra-label drugs. Meat withdrawal for Cydectin® drench is 23 days when administered to goats at double the dosage as compared to 7 days for sheep. (source: farad.org) Meat withdrawal is 120-130 days for Cydectin® 1% injectable when administered to goats as compared to 21 days for cattle. (source: farad.org) Keep records of anthelmintic use.

The future of parasite control 1) New anthelmintics  Zolvix® 2) Natural “dewormers” • COWP • Others 3) Vaccination • “Paravac” consortium 4) Gene-marker assisted selection

Zolvix® (monepantel) New drug class Amino-acetonitrile derivative (ADD) Unique mode of action First new anthelmintic class in 25 years Kills worms that are resistant to other anthelmintics Currently only registered for use in New Zealand, Great Britain, and Uruguay. When/will will it be available in the U.S.? Will it be approved for sheep and goats? Overuse will cause worms to develop resistance to it just like the other drugs.

Non-chemical “anthelmintics” Diatomaceous earth Pumpkin seed Garlic Papaya Tobacco Wormwood Others So far, efficacy of natural “anthelmintics” has not been proven under controlled, scientific experimentation. Experiments are continuing.

Copper oxide wire particles (COWP) Made from Copasure®, a copper bolus marketed for copper deficiency in cattle. Repackage into doses suitable for sheep and goats. In research trials, the minimum dose that has demonstrated control is 0.5 g, but as much as 2-4 g may be necessary. Use FAMACHA© system to determine who gets a copper COWP bolus. For barber pole worm only.

Anthelmintic resistance How to measure Fecal Egg Count Reduction Test (FECRT) Conduct fecal egg count before deworming Fecal egg count 7-10 days after deworming Control group to confirm resistance/efficacy. DrenchRite® (Univ. of GA) Larval development assay (LDA) Drug resistance < 95 % egg reduction Severe Resistance < 60 % egg reduction ** Caused by overuse and misuse of drugs. **

Anthelmintic resistance SafeGuard® & Valbazen® Widespread resistance Levamisole Still Effective in many places ( newly back on market) Ivermectin Widespread resistance Moxidectin Mostly effective ** Caused by overuse and misuse of drugs. **

Slowing Down Drug Resistance DO NOT overuse drugs, especially Levamisole and Moxidectin. DO NOT introduce resistant-worms to your farm Isolate new animals and deworm them with anthelmintics from two different chemical classes. DO NOT underdose Weigh animals or dose for heaviest animals in group. DO NOT rotate dewormers after each treatment Rotate dewormers annually Rotate among drug families Use specific dewormers for specific situations. DO NOT treat everybody Leave some animals untreated

“Refugia” In refuge from the drug What is refugia? Worms not exposed to drug;therefore still susceptible to treatment. The goal Increase the population of susceptible worms. How? Selective treatment – leave some animals untreated. After deworming, do not move animals to a clean pasture. You do not have to deworm every animal.

Parents How We Select for Drug resistance Drug Treatment Next Generation Resistant Resistant

Maximize the effect of a single treatment Give proper dose; do not underdose. Dose orally. Deposit anthelmintic in esophagus (not mouth) to prevent drug from by-passing rumen. Fast animals to increase efficacy of some drugs. Use higher dose for goats than listed on label. Goats usually require 1.5-2X the sheep/cattle dose. Consult with veterinarian for proper dose for goats. Use drugs from two different chemical classes.

Routes of administration Oral Medicated Injectable Pour-On Drench/oblets Pellet FDA-approved FDA-approved Not FDA-approved Not FDA-approved Most effective ? Easy to administer Stays in system longer, Not formulated for Shorter withdrawal Sick animal won’t eat accelerating drug sheep and goats Easier to administer Accurate dosage??? resistance Accelerates drug Safer Longer withdrawal resistance. Potential for abscesses Less expensive Oral Paste/Gel Not FDA-approved Choose . . . Hard to calibrate 1- Sheep Products Hard to administer over tongue Most expensive 2- Cattle Products Don’t have to buy as much 3- Horse Products

Periparturient egg rise Temporary loss of immunity to parasites at the time of parturition. Egg counts ↑ Often coincides with hypobiotic larvae resuming their life cycles in the spring. Dams are the primary source of infection to their offspring. Consider deworming with an anthelmintic that is effective against hypobiotic larvae. Increase protein in late gestation ration to counter egg rise.

When should you deworm sheep and goats? When they need it Use fecal egg counts and FAMACHA© to help determine the need for deworming.

Fecal Egg Analysis Qualitative vs. Quantitative

Fecal Egg Counting Qualitative Analysis Shows presence or absence of eggs Identify egg types Shows general trends in egg numbers. Quantitative Analysis Shows specific number of eggs per gram of feces (epg) Uses known quantity of feces and flotation solution.

Fecal Egg Counting What you need Microscope (min. 100x) Flotation solution Mixing vial • Mixing vial and strainer for qualitative analysis • Calibrated mixing vial and syringe for quantitative analysis Slides • Regular slides and cover slips for qualitative analysis. • McMaster egg counting slide for quantitative analysis

What do fecal egg counts tell you? Potential pasture contamination. Fecal egg counts are not mathematically correlated to worm numbers or the severity of parasitic disease. Monitor and maintain low egg counts; deworm when appropriate to keep contamination of pasture low. Determine the efficacy of anthelmintic treatment by comparing paired samples from the same animals (treatment and control group).

When to deworm based on FEC’s Example recommendations >1,000 epg in spring, summer >2,000 epg in fall, winter (TN) ------------------- >500 epg or when there is dramatic increase (Microbus, HI) ------------------- >1,000 epg for goats (OK) (>500 for susceptible animals) ------------------- > 500 epg for goats (Australia)  Depends on worm species, time of year, susceptibility of animals, as well as method of fecal analysis.

Paracount-EPG™ Fecal Analysis Kit Chalex Corporation (Advanced Equine Products) 5004 – 228th Ave. SE Issaquah, WA 98029 (425) 391-1169 chalexcorp@att.net http://vetslides.com $50-60 for kit $15 each for two slides $20 for green grid

FAMACHA© • System developed in South Africa in response to the emergence of severe anthelmintic resistance. • A system to assess Haemonchus contortis (barber pole worm) infection in sheep and goats and the need for deworming individual animals. • Named for its originator: Dr. Francois “Faffa” MAlan CHArt

FAMACHA© Treatment Recommendations Deworm adults at scores 4 and 5* Treat lambs and kids at categories 3, 4, and 5 *South Africa recommends goats be treated at categories 3, 4, and 5 Packed Clinical Eye Lid Cell Deworm? Category Color Volume 1 Red > 28 No 2 Red-Pink 23-27 No 3 Pink 18-22 ? 4 Pink-White 13-17 Yes 5 White < 12 Yes

FAMACHA© • Reduces the number of treatments by determining which animals to treat vs. treating the whole flock. • Reduces rate at which worms become resistant to drugs by increasing “refugia” – worms that are still susceptible to drug treatment. • Identifies animals that need treatment most often and vice versa; thus offering the opportunity for genetic selection for parasite resistance. Resistance is 20-40 percent heritable. 20-30 percent of flock harbor most of worms and are responsible for most of the egg output.

Precautions • Only useful where Haemonchus contortis is the primary parasite species. • Cannot be used in a vacuum; other factors need to be considered when making treatment decisions. Ex:  Bottle jaw  Body condition  Fecal consistency  Evidence of scouring  Age and susceptibility of animal • There are other causes of pale or red eye lids. • Should be incorporated into an integrated parasite management (IPM) program that includes proper anthelmintic use, pasture rest and rotation, fecal egg counting, mixed species grazing, etc.)

Precautions Must know if anthelmintic is effective. FECRT DrenchRite® How often should you check animals? Depends on season and weather Always use card! Compare eye color to chart. Replace card after 12 months of use. Should only be used by properly trained individuals; improper use can lead to death of animals.

Using the FAMACHA© system to control internal parasites in grazing lambs 3.5 60 3 Avg FAMACHA Score # Lambs Dewormed 50 2.5 40 2 1.2% 6 1.2% 5 30 % Lambs/ 4.8% 4 1.5 No. times treated 7.1% 3 20 1 16.7% 2 10 0.5 41.7% 1 0 0 26.2% 0 n n ep ug g ep ep l l -Ju -Ju -Ju -Ju u 2-S -S -S 5-A -A 11 22 10 24 19 30 19 2005

Using the FAMACHA© system to control internal parasites in grazing goats Avg. FAMACHA© score 4.0 35 3.0 50 # Goats Dewormed 2.8 Avg. FAMACHA© score 3.5 30 2.6 40 # Goats Dewormed 25 2.4 3.0 20 2.2 30 2.5 2.0 15 1.8 20 2.0 10 1.6 1.5 1.4 10 5 1.2 1.0 0 1.0 0 4-Aug 18-Aug 31-Aug 15-Sep 29-Sep 7-Jul 21-Jul 10-Jun 23-Jun 22-Jun 6-Jul 20-Jul 9-Sep 3-Aug 17-Aug 29-Aug 12-Sep 26-Sep 2006 2007

Back body condition (and coat condition) 2 Eye Tail anemia 1 3 soiling , dags FAMACHA© score (scours) 4 5 Jaw Nose swelling, edema nasal discharge “bottle jaw” (nose bots) FIVE POINT CHECK© (5.©) FOR TARGETED SELECTIVE TREATMENT OF INTERNAL PARASITES IN SMALL RUMINANTS G.F. BATH AND J.A. VAN WYK, FACULTY OF VETERINARY SCIENCE, UNIVERSITY OF PRETORIA, SOUTH AFRICA

Parasite control requires an integrated approach. Test for anthelmintic resistance Clean(er) Proper Anthelmintic Use Pastures Genetic selection Protein supplementation Early or out-of-season Fecal egg counts Resistant lambing/kidding breed(s) Strategic Mixed species grazing deworming Browsing Manage grazing height Zero grazing Good nutrition Pasture Rest/Rotation Manage anthelmintic resistance FAMACHA© and Good selective deworming management Alternative forages

Questions? www.sheepandgoat.com www.wormx.org

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Integrated parasite management (IPM) in small ruminants

by University of Maryland Extension Small Ruminant Program

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