Secret History: Why Stanford and Not Berkeley?
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The document summarizes the secret history of how Stanford, rather than Berkeley, became the origin of Silicon Valley. It describes how Stanford focused on electronics and microwave technology during WWII and the Cold War, attracting both government funding and pioneering entrepreneurs like Frederick Terman. In contrast, Berkeley focused on theoretical physics and operating national laboratories. Venture capital in the 1950s-60s further fueled innovation and entrepreneurship in the region.
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Secret History: Why Stanford and Not Berkeley?
- 1. The Secret History of Silicon Valley: Why Stanford and Not Berkeley? Read the Blog www.steveblank.com Read the Backstory http://bit.ly/SecretStories Steve Blank @sgblank 24 Feb 2011
- 3. The Popular View of Silicon Valley History 1910 1960 1970 1980 2000 1990 Innovation Networks 1930 1940 1950 1920 Steve Jobs Moore/Noyce Marc Andreessen Hewlett & Packard Fruit Orchards Personal Computers Integrated Circuits Internet Fruit Orchards Fruit Orchards
- 4. The Real Story of Silicon Valley History 1910 1960 1970 1980 2000 1990 Innovation Networks 1930 1940 1950 1920 Venture Capital Microwaves / Defense Personal Computers Integrated Circuits Internet Test Equipment Vacuum Tubes
- 5. Story 1: WWII The First Electronic War
- 9. British/American Air War in Western Europe 28,000 Active Combat Planes 40,000 Allied planes lost or damaged beyond repair: ( 46 000 planes lost by the USSR in the East) 160,000 Americans and British killed, wounded or captured
- 30. Not many clear days a month in winter over Europe How did they see the target?
- 32. Math Challenge For every 100 bombers on a mission 4 - 20% would not return Crews had to fly 25 mission to go home
- 33. Story 2: The Electronic Shield – Electronic Warfare
- 36. Using ELINT to Map Radar Coverage
- 39. Electronic Warfare 1944/45 chaff ELINT GCI Jamming Flak Jamming
- 42. Story 3: Berkeley Applies Physics
- 45. Berkeley Theory and Experimental Physics
- 46. Story 4: Stanford And The Cold War
- 58. Stanford and the Cold War Silicon Valley’s 1 st Wave Entrepreneurs Weapons Finance Crisis Profit Motivation 24/7 Utilities Predictable Economic System Infrastructure Stable Legal System Research Universities Risk Taking Culture Entrepreneurial Outward-Facing Tech Universities Free flow of People/Info Customer Development Mgmt Tools Agile Development Business Model Design Design Thinking
- 59. Story 4: Berkeley and the Cold War
- 62. Story 5: 1956 – Lockheed Comes to Town & We Become Silicon Valley
- 64. Lockheed and WS-117L NRO - Move Reconnaissance to Space Program A: Air Force - imaging and sigint Program B: CIA - Imaging electroopitcal and sigint Program C: Navy signit Program D: U-2, A-12/Oxcart, D-21/Tagboard SAMOS/SENTRY MIDAS - Program 461 IR - Launch Detection CORONA Imaging VELA Nuclear Detection Program P-11/ 989 SAMOS F-1/2/3 ELINT/SIGINT
- 65. Meanwhile, on the Other Side of Town… The Head of Radar Bombing training for Air Force starts a Company
- 66. The Real Story of Silicon Valley History 1910 1960 1970 1980 2000 1990 Innovation Networks 1930 1940 1950 1920 Venture Capital Microwaves/ Defense Personal Computers Integrated Circuits Internet Test Equipment Vacuum Tubes
- 70. Semiconductor Genealogy: 1955 - 1976
- 71. Story 6: The Rise of Venture Capital
- 72. The Real Story of Silicon Valley History 1910 1960 1970 1980 2000 1990 Innovation Networks 1930 1940 1950 1920 Venture Capital Microwaves/ Defense Personal Computers Integrated Circuits Internet Test Equipment Vacuum Tubes
- 78. Venture Capital Silicon Valley’s 2 nd Wave Entrepreneurs Venture Finance Crisis Profit Motivation 24/7 Utilities Predictable Economic System Infrastructure Stable Legal System Research Universities Risk Taking Culture Entrepreneurial Outward-Facing Tech Universities Free flow of People/Info Customer Development Mgmt Tools Agile Development Business Model Design Design Thinking
Editor's Notes
- Silicon Valley has gone through several waves of innovation. Each wave of technology helped shape the next one. All are well understood except for one - Silicon Valley’s role in the defense industry. I’m going to tell you that story as I understand it.
- Silicon Valley has gone through several waves of innovation. Each wave of technology helped shape the next one. All are well understood except for one - Silicon Valley’s role in the defense industry. I’m going to tell you that story as I understand it.
- The surprise for me is that every war movie you ever saw about WWII was simply wrong. The directors and screenwriters did not know- even today - what I’m about to tell you - WWII was the first electronic war.
- Just a bit of history. By 1940 Germany had overrun Europe. Britain stood alone until the U.S. entered the war Dec 7th 1941. Beginning in 1942 the goal of the US and Britain was to destroy the German industrial infrastructure by bombing Germany and occupied Europe from bases in Britain and to destroy: Transportation, petroleum, aircraft manufacturer, and euphemistically to “dehouse” the population.
- Just a bit of history. By 1940 Germany had overrun Europe. Britain stood alone until the U.S. entered the war Dec 7th 1941. Beginning in 1942 the goal of the US and Britain was to destroy the German industrial infrastructure by bombing Germany and occupied Europe from bases in Britain and to destroy: Transportation, petroleum, aircraft manufacturer, and euphemistically to “dehouse” the population.
- 46 000 planes lost by the USSR in this war. German planes lost in war with USA/Britain: 23 895 German planes lost in war with USSR: 52 850 ꀾ
- Allied Air War in Western Europe Strategic Bombing Campaign 28,000 Active Allied Combat Planes 40,000 planes lost/destroyed: 18,000 American and 22,000 British 80,000 Americans and 80,000 British killed
- By 1941 the Germans had built a formidable electronic screen.
- As the planes crossed the English channel and got over occupied Europe they encountered the Himmelbelt. An integrated local air defense network. Each box of 20 by 30 miles had radars, flak (or anti aircraft guns, fighters, and in the night-searchlights). This network was to track, target and destroy the incoming bombers. At first the British sent in their planes one at a time in order to force the defenses to be spread as far apart as possible, meaning that any one aircraft would have to deal with little concentrated flak. However this also meant the Himmelbett centers were only dealing with perhaps one or two planes at a time, making their job much easier. Bomber Command reorganized their attacks into streams of bombers, carefully positioned so the stream would fly right down the middle of a cell.
- Each Himmelbett zone, had a Freya radar Unlike the early-warning Freya, W ur zburg's were accurate (and complex) tracking radars. One would be locked onto the night fighter as soon as it entered the cell. After the Freya picked up a target the second W ur zburg would lock onto it, thereby allowing controllers in the Himmelbett center to get continual readings on the positions of both planes, controlling them to a visual interception. Later additions added the short-range Lichtenstein radar to the aircraft, allowing them to detect the aircraft once the operators had directed them into the general area.
- Here’s a Freya on the right and a Freya with a Wurzburg on the left
- About 40% of the bomber losses were from flak.
- About 60% of the bomber losses were from fighters.
- Each Himmelbett zone, had a Freya radar Unlike the early-warning Freya, W ur zburg's were accurate (and complex) tracking radars. One would be locked onto the night fighter as soon as it entered the cell. After the Freya picked up a target the second W ur zburg would lock onto it, thereby allowing controllers in the Himmelbett center to get continual readings on the positions of both planes, controlling them to a visual interception. Later additions added the short-range Lichtenstein radar to the aircraft, allowing them to detect the aircraft once the operators had directed them into the general area.
- resembled a movie theater with bleacher seats map of the battle area
- Each Himmelbett zone, had a Freya radar Unlike the early-warning Freya, W ur zburg's were accurate (and complex) tracking radars. One would be locked onto the night fighter as soon as it entered the cell. After the Freya picked up a target the second W ur zburg would lock onto it, thereby allowing controllers in the Himmelbett center to get continual readings on the positions of both planes, controlling them to a visual interception. Later additions added the short-range Lichtenstein radar to the aircraft, allowing them to detect the aircraft once the operators had directed them into the general area.
- These antennas are the first airborne radars on fighters. By the end of the war all the German night fighters had them.
- I mention this because these radars will figure in one of our later stories.
- "XARD" SIGINT receiver 50 MHz to 1 GHz SCR-587 "AN/APR-2" scanning receiver
- The wizards of Langley: inside the CIA's Directorate of Science and Technology By Jeffrey T. Richelson page 87-89
- Silicon Valley has gone through several waves of innovation. Each wave of technology helped shape the next one. All are well understood except for one - Silicon Valley’s role in the defense industry. I’m going to tell you that story as I understand it.
- Silicon Valley has gone through several waves of innovation. Each wave of technology helped shape the next one. All are well understood except for one - Silicon Valley’s role in the defense industry. I’m going to tell you that story as I understand it.
- 1961 - Arthur Rock (former investment banker at Hayden, Stone & Co. (arranged financing for Fairchild Semiconductor in 1957), Thomas J. Davis, Jr. (former VP of Kern County Land Company responsible for investing land trust's royalties) formed Davis & Rock in San Francisco, CA as partnership (not SBIC or publicly-held); raised $5 million (capital gains split 80/20 between limited partners/general partners); 1968 - partnership dissolved (generated $90 million in capital gains, 54% compound growth rate; Teledyne, Scientific Data Systems biggest hits); first venture capitalist on the West Coast; July 16, 1968 - launched Intel with Bob Noyce (group vice president of Fairchild Semiconductor), Gordon Moore (head of Fairchild Semiconductor's R&D division).
- 1961 - Arthur Rock (former investment banker at Hayden, Stone & Co. (arranged financing for Fairchild Semiconductor in 1957), Thomas J. Davis, Jr. (former VP of Kern County Land Company responsible for investing land trust's royalties) formed Davis & Rock in San Francisco, CA as partnership (not SBIC or publicly-held); raised $5 million (capital gains split 80/20 between limited partners/general partners); 1968 - partnership dissolved (generated $90 million in capital gains, 54% compound growth rate; Teledyne, Scientific Data Systems biggest hits); first venture capitalist on the West Coast; July 16, 1968 - launched Intel with Bob Noyce (group vice president of Fairchild Semiconductor), Gordon Moore (head of Fairchild Semiconductor's R&D division).