1. PLANNING

2. PLANNING is the process of setting
objectives and determining how to
accomplish them.
Planing creates a solid platform for other
management functions
Planning sets the stage for the others by
providing sense of direction

3. Importance of Planning
Planning to set direction
•Decide where you want
to go ?
•Decide how to best
go about it?
Organising – Leading–
to create structures Controlling – to inspire effort
To ensure results
•Measure performance
•Take corrective action

4. Purposes of planning
1) Planning provides direction
2) Planning reduces uncertainty
3) Planning minimises waste and redundancy
4) Planning establishes goals or standards
that are used for controlling.

5. Goals and Plans
• Goals
Desired outcomes for individuals, groups, or
entire organisations
• Plans
Plans are documents that outline how goals
are going to be met including resource
allocations, schedules and other necessary
actions to accomplish that goals

6. Planning Process
• Perception of opportunities
• Define your Objectives
• Develop premises regarding future conditions
• Identification of alternatives
• Evaluation and choose amoung alternatives
• Formulation of supporting plan
• Implement the plan and evaluate the results

7. Benefits of Planning
• Planning improves Focus and flexibility
• Planning improves action orientation
• Planning improves coordination
• Planning improves time management
• Planning improves Control

8. Types of Plans
1) By their Breadth
Strategies and Operational Plans
(Tactical Plans)
2) Time frame
Short term and Long term plans

9. Types of Plans
3) Specificity
Directional and specific plans
4) Frequency of use
Single use and Standing

10. P • Strategic Plans
l Plans that apply to the entire organisation,
establish the organisation’s overall goals,
a and seek to position the organisation in
n terms of its environment.
s • Operational Plans
Plans that specify the details of how the
overall goals are to be achieved

11. • Long term Plan
P Plans with a time frame beyond three years
l • Short Term Plans
a Plans covering one year or less
• Specific plans
n Plans that are clearly defined and that leave no
s room for interpretation
(Specific procedures,Schedules of activities)
• Directional Plans
Plans that are flexible and that set out general
guidelines
( Used When uncertainity is high)

12. • Single Use plans
P
A one time plan specifically designed to
l meet the needs of a unique situation.
a • Standing Plans
n Ongoing plans that provide guidance for
s activities performed repeatedly
Eg : Policies, Rules and procedures.

13. Hierarchy of plans
Purpose
or
Mission
Objectives
Strategies
Policies
Rules and Procedures
Programmes or projects
Budgets

14. Planning Tools and Techniques
• Environmental Scanning
• Forecasting
• Benchmarking

15. Environmental Scanning
The screening of large amounts of
information to anticipate and interpret
changes in the environment
Competitor Intelligence
Environmental scanning activity that
seeks to identify who competitors are,
what they are doing, and how their actions
will affect the organisation

16. Forecasting
Prediction of outcomes
• Quantitative forecasting
• Qualitative forecasting
• CPFR ( Collaborative Planning, forecasting,
and replenishment)

17. Benchmarking
The search for best practices amoung competitors or non
competitors that lead to their superior performance
Form a benchmarking
planning team
Prepare and implement Gather internal and
action plan external data
Analyse data to identify
Performance gaps