Cardiovascular Disease Hispanic Perspective Max Solano M.D. St. Vincent’s Family Medicine Center – Coordinator of Healthy LifeStyle Initiatives Project This is part 5 of an 8 part series of seminars on Hispanic Health Issues brought to you by the University of North Florida’s Dept. of Public Health, College of Health, a grant from AETNA, and the cooperation of Duval County Health Department. For more information or register for the seminars, please call 620-1289.

Goals Definition of Cardiovascular Problems Background on Hispanic Issues Risk Factors Definition Outcomes Definition Risk Factors among the Hispanic Community Barriers Programs

Definition of Cardiovascular Problems

Background on Hispanic Issues

Risk Factors Definition

Outcomes Definition

Risk Factors among the Hispanic Community

Barriers

Programs

Cardiovascular Diseases Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) Carotid Disease Cerebrovascular Disease (CVA) Peripheral Vascular Disease (PVD) Dyslipidemia Hypertension

Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)

Coronary Heart Disease (CHD)

Carotid Disease

Cerebrovascular Disease (CVA)

Peripheral Vascular Disease (PVD)

Dyslipidemia

Hypertension

U.S. Demographics of Hispanics Total US Population Puerto Rican 9% Cuban 4% Central & South American 14% Other Latino/ Hispanic 7% 13.8% (2003) Mexican 66.9% US Census Bureau 2003

Statistical Biases Clustering of multiple cultures, racial/ethnic, and genetic backgrounds in one group: Latino or Hispanic Most of the studies under-represent the Hispanic population The impact of undocumented Hispanics is unknown, but felt to be significant

Clustering of multiple cultures, racial/ethnic, and genetic backgrounds in one group: Latino or Hispanic

Most of the studies under-represent the Hispanic population

The impact of undocumented Hispanics is unknown, but felt to be significant

Projected Growth by Race and Ethnicity 20.7% 25.1% 14.3% 13.3% 7.5% 9.7% 7.0% 11.4% Projected Increase 00-20 Actual Increase 1980-00 Asian Black White Hispanic

10 States hold 80% of the U.S. Latino Population 80% Of the Electoral votes needed to win the presidency are concentrated in those states

$ 13 Million Amount spent in 2004 by both parties on Spanish-language television ads

A new major in L.A. A decisive showing in ’04.Latinos are making their mark on politics as never before. Get used to it. Arian Campo-Flores May 30, 2005 Newsweek

Si TV “ Speak English. Live Latin” English Tongue with Latin Flavor

$636 billion – plus market Young spenders between the ages of 14 and 34, want to be spoken to in English, even as they stay true to their Latino identity. “ They’re doing it their way”

$636 billion – plus market

Young spenders between the ages of 14 and 34, want to be spoken to in English, even as they stay true to their Latino identity.

“ They’re doing it their way”

Coor’s “Turn it losse” campaign translated into “Sueltalo” or “Let it loose”, as in diarrhea  changed to “Won’t slow you down” Kmart:Thalia Pulaski Furniture: Casa Cristina a furniture with “bold carvings”

Coor’s “Turn it losse” campaign translated into “Sueltalo” or “Let it loose”, as in diarrhea  changed to “Won’t slow you down”

Kmart:Thalia

Pulaski Furniture: Casa Cristina a furniture with “bold carvings”

Sears: Latina Life  Tropical colors, faux-fur prints, lots of spangles and sizes befitting “curve conscious” chicas with an “active lifestyle and a unique sense of self” Latino shoppers “don’t want to be segregated” Men’s Warehouse  Eddie Rodriguez stores  at the end of this year all the 6 stores will be closed.

Sears: Latina Life  Tropical colors, faux-fur prints, lots of spangles and sizes befitting “curve conscious” chicas with an “active lifestyle and a unique sense of self”

Latino shoppers “don’t want to be segregated”

Men’s Warehouse  Eddie Rodriguez stores  at the end of this year all the 6 stores will be closed.

Interest on Hispanics Politics Commerce Public Health If unattended, health disparities create a significant social and economic burden for the whole country

Politics

Commerce

Public Health

If unattended, health disparities create a significant social and economic burden for the whole country

873.1 2403351 TOTAL 181.4 499283 Other 11.3 31224 Septicemia 13.5 37251 Nephritis, nephrotic syndrome, neprhosis 18 49558 Alzheimer disease 23.7 65313 Influenza and pneumonia 25.2 69301 Diabetes mellitus 35.6 97900 Unintentional injuries 44.3 12209 Chronic lower respiratory tract disease 60.9 167661 Cerebrovascular disease 200.9 553091 Malignant Neoplasm 258.2 710760 Heart Disease Rate/100,000 No of Deaths Cause of Death Leading Causes of Death in the United States in 2000

Mokdad A.; Marks J.; Stroup D.; Gerberding J. Actual Causes of Death in the United States, 2000. JAMA, March 10,2004-Vol 291, No 10 1238-1245 1159 000(48.2) 1 060 000(50) Total 17 000(0.7) 20 000(<1) Illicit drug use 20 000(0.8) 30 000(1) Sexual behavior 29 000(1.2) 35 000(2) Firearms 43 000(1.8) 25 000(1) Motor vehicle 55 000(2.3) 60 000(3) Toxic agents 75 000(3.1) 90 000(4) Microbial agents 85 000(3.5) 100 000(5) Alcohol consumption 400 000(16.6) 300 000(14) Poor diet and physical inactivity 435 000(18.1) 400 000(19) Tobacco No(%) 2000 No(%)1990 Actual Cause Actual Causes of Death in the U.S. in 1990 and 2000

Selected Death Rates by Race/Ethnicity, Duval County Source: FDOH, Office of Vital Statistics, 2001-2003 Source Hispanic Population Estimates: Claritas 2003 Source Duval County Population Estimates: Demographic Estimating Conference Database, 4/2004 (R.Remo DCHD)

Cardiovascular Disease Spectrum RISK FACTORS CAD Outcomes: Heart Failure Death

Risk Factors Influenced by Behavior Culture Social factors: Migration and acculturation Low social support Lack of educational or occupational opportunities Low access to medical care Discrimination and injustice Other structural inequalities

Influenced by

Behavior

Culture

Social factors: Migration and acculturation

Low social support

Lack of educational or occupational opportunities

Low access to medical care

Discrimination and injustice

Other structural inequalities

Risk Factors Risk factors: Physical inactivity Unfavorable fat distribution Obesity Type 2 DM Higher among Mexican-Americans than among Whites.

Risk factors:

Physical inactivity

Unfavorable fat distribution

Obesity

Type 2 DM

Higher among Mexican-Americans than among Whites.

Risk Factors Black Participants were at the greatest risk of CVD, and Hispanic and Alaska Native participants were healthier in terms of CVD risk than white participants Finkelstein EA et al. Racial/ethnic disparities in CHD risk factors among Well-Integrated Screening and Evaluation for Women Across the Nation (WISEWOMAN) J Womens Health 2004 Jun; Vol 13 (5) pp 503-18

Black Participants were at the greatest risk of CVD, and Hispanic and Alaska Native participants were healthier in terms of CVD risk than white participants

Risk Factors Increased CVD risk factor clustering exists among Americans with low Socio-economical Status (SES), particularly among non-Hispanic Blacks. Among persons with high SES, Mexican Americans and non-Hispanic Blacks have a higher risk of CVD than non-Hispanic Whites Sharma S et al. Racial, ethnic and socioeconomic disparities in the clustering of CVD risk factors. Ethnicity & Disease 2004 Winter; Vol 14(1), pp 43-8

Increased CVD risk factor clustering exists among Americans with low Socio-economical Status (SES), particularly among non-Hispanic Blacks. Among persons with high SES, Mexican Americans and non-Hispanic Blacks have a higher risk of CVD than non-Hispanic Whites

Hispanic Black only Asian only White only, not Hispanic Under 18 years Hispanic Black only Asian only White only, not Hispanic Hispanic Black only Asian only White only, not Hispanic 18-64 years 65 years and over Figure 5. Low income population by age, race, and Hispanic origin: United States, 2002 NOTES: Poor is defined as family income less than 100 percent of the poverty level and near poor as 100-199 percent of the poverty level. Persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race. Black and Asian races include persons of Hispanic and non-Hispanic origin. See Data Table for data points graphed and additional notes. SOURCE: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics. Health, United States, 2004 Percent

Risk Factors Awareness: First Step to Action Lopez-Candales A. (Univ Pittsburg) Cardiovascular Diseases: a review of the Hispanic perspective. Awareness is the first step to action. J Med 2002; 33(1-4): 227-45

Awareness: First Step to Action

Risk Factors Estimated 10-year coronary heart disease mortality risk per 1000 persons, adjusted for age and education, was Highest for US-born Spanish-speaking men and women (27.5 and 11.4, respectively) Intermediate for US-born English-speaking men and women (22.5 and 7.0) Lowest for Mexican-born men and women (20.0 and 6.6). A similar pattern of higher risk among US-born Spanish-speaking men and women was demonstrated for each of the 5 cardiovascular disease risk factors. CARDIOVASCULAR RISK FACTORS IN MEXICAN AMERICAN ADULTS: A TRANSCULTURAL ANALYSIS OF NHANES III, 1988-1994 , By: Sundquist, Jan, Winkieb, Marilyn A., American Journal of Public Health, 0090-0036, May 1, 1999, Vol. 89, Issue 5

Estimated 10-year coronary heart disease mortality risk per 1000 persons, adjusted for age and education, was

Highest for US-born Spanish-speaking men and women (27.5 and 11.4, respectively)

Intermediate for US-born English-speaking men and women (22.5 and 7.0)

Lowest for Mexican-born men and women (20.0 and 6.6).

A similar pattern of higher risk among US-born Spanish-speaking men and women was demonstrated for each of the 5 cardiovascular disease risk factors.

Risk Factors Lipid Factors: Dyslipidemia High LDL Low HDL High Triglycerides Metabolic Syndrome Non Lipid Risk Factors

Lipid Factors: Dyslipidemia

High LDL

Low HDL

High Triglycerides

Metabolic Syndrome

Non Lipid Risk Factors

Risk Factors Mexican-Americans compared with Whites have: Higher prevalence of hyperinsulinemia Abnormalities in plasma lipoprotein lipids Especially higher levels of LDL and apolipoprotein B, and lower levels of HDL

Mexican-Americans compared with Whites have:

Higher prevalence of hyperinsulinemia

Abnormalities in plasma lipoprotein lipids

Especially higher levels of LDL and apolipoprotein B, and lower levels of HDL

Dyslipidemia MMWR Feb 11 2005 /54(05); 117-119

Age Male Sex Family History of Premature CAD Hypertension Cigarette Smoking Thrombogenic/ Hemostatic State Diabetes Obesity Physical Inactivity Atherogenic Diet Nonmodifiable Modifiable Nonlipid Risk Factors for CAD

Hypertension Mexican Americans and Native Americans have lower control rates than non-Hispanic Whites and African Americans. The pathogenesis of hypertension in different racial subgroups may differ with respect to the contributions of such factors as salt, potassium, stress, cardiovascular reactivity, body weight, nephron number, sodium handling, or hormonal systems, but in all subgroups, the etiology is multifactorial. JNC 7

Mexican Americans and Native Americans have

lower control rates than non-Hispanic Whites and

African Americans.

The pathogenesis of hypertension in different racial subgroups may differ with respect to the contributions of such factors as

salt, potassium, stress, cardiovascular

reactivity, body weight, nephron number, sodium

handling, or hormonal systems,

but in all subgroups, the etiology is multifactorial.

JNC 7

Hypertension Blood pressure findings are somewhat inconsistent Mexican Americans have higher levels of uncontrolled and untreated hypertension than do Whites.

Blood pressure findings are somewhat inconsistent Mexican Americans have higher levels of uncontrolled and untreated hypertension than do Whites.

Hypertension Hispanic Americans of Caribbean descent has a prevalence of hypertension similar to that in the black community. Kountz DS. Hypertension in ethnic populations: tailoring treatments. Clin Cornerstone 2004; vol 6 (3), pp 39-46

Hispanic Americans of Caribbean descent has a prevalence of hypertension similar to that in the black community.

Obesity Latinos: higher prevalence than the general population Obesity is prevalent among Hispanics, especially women (Dairy Council Digest, Jan/Feb 2001; www.nationaldairycouncil.org )

Latinos: higher prevalence than the general population

Obesity is prevalent among Hispanics, especially women

(Dairy Council Digest, Jan/Feb 2001; www.nationaldairycouncil.org )

Obesity Among U.S. Groups: Hispanics had the most growth in prevalence of obesity Hispanic ethnicity 11.6% to 20.8% 1991-1999

Among U.S. Groups: Hispanics had the most growth in prevalence of obesity

Hispanic ethnicity

11.6% to 20.8% 1991-1999

Women White only, not Hispanic Men All races Mexican Men Men Figure 17. Obesity among adults 20-74 years of age by sex, race, and Hispanic origin: United States, 1999-2002 NOTES: Percents are age-adjusted. Obese is defined as a body mass index (BMI) greater than or equal to 30. Persons of Mexican origin may be of any race. See Data Table for data points graphed, standard errors, and additional notes. SOURCE: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Percent Black only, not Hispanic Men Women Women Women Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics. Health, United States, 2004

Obesity Remarkable ethnic differences in the relationship between SES and obesity. Lower SES inequality in obesity within minority groups. Zhang Q; Wang Y. Socioeconomic inequality of obesity in the US: do gender, age and ethnicity matter?. Soc Sci Med 2004 Mar; Vol 58(6), pp 1171-80

Remarkable ethnic differences in the relationship between SES and obesity.

Lower SES inequality in obesity within minority groups.

Obesity Waist circumference difference between Mexican American and European American at higher percentiles of the distribution, and, in some cases exceeded the adult cutoff value for obesity-related disease risk at as early as 13 years of age. Fernandez JR et al. Waist Circumference percentiles in nationally representative samples of African American, European-American, and Mexican American children and adolescents. J Pediatr 2004 Oct; vol 145(4), pp 439-44

Waist circumference difference between Mexican American and European American at higher percentiles of the distribution, and, in some cases exceeded the adult cutoff value for obesity-related disease risk at as early as 13 years of age.

Obesity Mexican-American children ages 6-11 were more likely to be overweight (22 percent) than non-Hispanic black children (20 percent) and non-Hispanic white children (14 percent). http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/pressroom/04facts/obesity.htm

Mexican-American children ages 6-11 were more likely to be overweight (22 percent) than non-Hispanic black children (20 percent) and non-Hispanic white children (14 percent).

http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/pressroom/04facts/obesity.htm

Obesity Most of the sample were in the 97 th percentile, many perceived themselves to be as healthy as or healthier than others. Tyler DO. Overweight and perceived health in Mexican American children: a pilot study in a central Texas community. J Sch Nurs 2004 Oct; vol 20(5) pp 285-92

Most of the sample were in the 97 th percentile, many perceived themselves to be as healthy as or healthier than others.

Tobacco Smoking Young adults and adults of Mexican or Mexican-American origin smoke cigarettes less frequently than non-Hispanic Whites. However, this lower rate is due mainly to the lower use of cigarettes among Mexican American and Mexican women (combined) Caraballo RS; Lee CW. Tobacco use among Mexicans and their descendants in the United States. Salud Publica Mex 2004 May-Jun; Vol 46(3), pp 241-50

Young adults and adults of Mexican or Mexican-American origin smoke cigarettes less frequently than non-Hispanic Whites. However, this lower rate is due mainly to the lower use of cigarettes among Mexican American and Mexican women (combined)

About one third of total diabetes among Hispanic Americans is undiagnosed (NHANES III; www.niddk.nih.gov ) Diabetes

About one third of total diabetes among Hispanic Americans is undiagnosed (NHANES III; www.niddk.nih.gov )

Outcomes Myocardial Infarction Heart Failure Mortality

Myocardial Infarction

Heart Failure

Mortality

Myocardial Infarction On discharge from hospital after MI, Mexican Americans received fewer medications than whites, even after adjusting for clinical, socioeconomic, and demographic characteristics. Mexican Americans were less likely to receive all major medications, especially antiarrythmics, anticoagulants, and lipid-lowering therapy. Carolina Reyes. Genes, Culture and Medicines: Bridging Gaps in Treatment for Hispanic Americans.

On discharge from hospital after MI, Mexican Americans received fewer medications than whites, even after adjusting for clinical, socioeconomic, and demographic characteristics.

Mexican Americans were less likely to receive all major medications, especially antiarrythmics, anticoagulants, and lipid-lowering therapy.

Heart Failure Race not a significant risk factor for the development of CHF 1 After 6 months of hospitalization for CHF: Improvement on both groups but significantly more so in the Hispanics when compared to the non-Hispanics 2 Aronow W. et al. Comparison of incidents of CHF in older African-Americans, Hispanics, and Whites The Am J Cardiol vol 84(5) 611-612 Riegel B. et al. Changes over 6-months in health-related quality of life in a matched sample of Hispanics and non-Hispanics with heart failure. Qual Life Res. 2003 Sep; 12(6): 689-98

Race not a significant risk factor for the development of CHF 1

After 6 months of hospitalization for CHF: Improvement on both groups but significantly more so in the Hispanics when compared to the non-Hispanics 2

Aronow W. et al. Comparison of incidents of CHF in older African-Americans, Hispanics, and Whites The Am J Cardiol vol 84(5) 611-612

Riegel B. et al. Changes over 6-months in health-related quality of life in a matched sample of Hispanics and non-Hispanics with heart failure. Qual Life Res. 2003 Sep; 12(6): 689-98

Mortality CVD mortality is ~ 20% lower among adult Hispanics than among whites in the US. Latino mortality paradox “salmon bias” Health migrant hypothesis Liao Y. et al. Mortality from CHD and CVD among Adult U.S. Hispanics: Findings from the National Health Interview Survey (1986-1994) J Amer Coll Cardiol vol 30(5) 1200-1205

CVD mortality is ~ 20% lower among adult Hispanics than among whites in the US.

Latino mortality paradox

“salmon bias”

Health migrant hypothesis

Latino Mortality Paradox Cubans and Puerto Ricans had lower mortality that non-Latino Whites. Moreover, US-born Latinos had lower mortality than US born non-Latino Whites Abraido-Lanza et al. The Latino mortality paradox: a test of the “salmon bias” and healthy migrant hypothesis. Am J Public Health 2000 Nov 90(11): 1798-9

Cubans and Puerto Ricans had lower mortality that non-Latino Whites. Moreover, US-born Latinos had lower mortality than US born non-Latino Whites

Barriers Hispanic men were much less likely to receive colorectal cancer screening, cardiovascular risk factor screening and management and vaccinations Felix-Aaron K. et al. Variation in quality of men’s health care by race/ethnicity and social class. Med Care 2005 Mar; vol 43(3 suppl) 172-81

Hispanic men were much less likely to receive colorectal cancer screening, cardiovascular risk factor screening and management and vaccinations

18-24 years 25-34 years 45-54 years Under 18 years 100-149 percent 150-199 percent 200 percent or more White only, not Hispanic Hispanic (total) Black only, not Hispanic Asian only Mexican Below 100 percent Figure 7. No Health insurance coverage among persons under 65 years of age by selected characteristics: United States, 2002 NOTES: Percents by poverty level, Hispanic origin, and race are age adjusted. Persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race. Asian and American Indian and Alaska Native races include persons of Hispanic and non-Hispanic origin. See Data Table for data points graphed, standard errors, and additional notes. SOURCE: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics, National Health Interview Survey. Percent Age 55-64 years Percent of poverty level Other Hispanic Cuban Puerto Rican Race and Hispanic origin American Indian and Alaska Native only Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics. Health, United States, 2004 35-44 years

Barriers Are genetic differences?

Are genetic differences?

Attitudes Sociocultural advantages conferred on Mexican Americans by living in high-density Mexican American neighborhoods outweigh the disadvantages conferred by the high poverty of those neighborhoods. Am J Public Health 2004; 94: 1807-1812

Sociocultural advantages conferred on Mexican Americans by living in high-density Mexican American neighborhoods outweigh the disadvantages conferred by the high poverty of those neighborhoods. Am J Public Health 2004; 94: 1807-1812

Attitudes Experiencing strong emotions such as fright (susto), intense anger (coraje) or sadness and depression (tristeza) was thought to precipitate diabetes In addition to follow medical treatments, many cite herbal treatments such as pear cactus (nopal) and aloe vera (savilla) as effective treatments Coronado GD et al. Attitudes and beliefs among Mexican Americans about type 2 diabetes. J Health Care Poor Underserved 2004 Nov; vol 15(4) 576-88

Experiencing strong emotions such as fright (susto), intense anger (coraje) or sadness and depression (tristeza) was thought to precipitate diabetes

In addition to follow medical treatments, many cite herbal treatments such as pear cactus (nopal) and aloe vera (savilla) as effective treatments

Attitudes Higher levels of perceived family support and greater self-efficacy were associated with higher reported levels of diet and exercise self-care. Wen LK et al. Family support, diet, and exercise among older Mexican Americans with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Educ 2004 Nov-Dec vol 30(6) 980-93

Higher levels of perceived family support and greater self-efficacy were associated with higher reported levels of diet and exercise self-care.

45-54 years Sex 55-64 years Age Hispanic 200 percent or more Below 100 percent Figure 19. Limitation of activity caused by 1 or more chronic health conditions among working-age adults by selected characteristics: United States, 2000-2002 NOTES: Data are for the civilian noninstitutionalized population and are age adjusted. Persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race. See Data Table for data points graphed, standard errors, and additional notes. SOURCE: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics, National Health Interview Survey. Percent Female 18-44 years Male 100-199 percent White only, not Hispanic Percent of poverty level Black only, not Hispanic Race and Hispanic origin Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics. Health, United States, 2004

1999-2000 White, not Hispanic 1988-94 All ages 1988-94 Figure 31. Percent of adults 18 years of age and over reporting antidepressant drug use in the past month by race and ethnicity: United States, 1988-94 and 1999-2000 NOTES: Data are age age-adjusted. All races includes persons of all races and Hispanic origins, not just those shown separately. Data for adults of Mexican origin and non-Hispanic black adults have been combined due to the small sample size in each of those categories. See Data Table for data points graphed, standard errors, and additional notes. SOURCE: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Percent of population Mexican or Black, not Hispanic 1988-94 1999-2000 1999-2000 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics. Health, United States, 2004 SSRI antidepressants Non-SSRI antidepressants

Acculturation Young Latino women and women living in the US for a longer period more closely identify with the Anglo culture. Ayala GX. Et al. Restaurant and food shopping selections among Latino women in Southern California. J Am Diet Assoc 2005 Jan vol 105 38-45

Young Latino women and women living in the US for a longer period more closely identify with the Anglo culture.

Salud para su Corazón (For the Health of Your Heart) is an exciting new and comprehensive community-based heart-health promotion initiative from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. It targets Latinos living in the United States. The project raises awareness of the risk factors and promotes lifestyle changes to reduce the chances of developing heart disease. Why was Salud para su Corazón established? The Latino population is a very young and rapidly growing segment of our society. However, despite this younger age, the leading cause of death among Latinos is heart disease. Latinos are also generally unaware of important lifestyle changes that could help prevent heart disease. This knowledge gap transcends socioeconomic status. The initiative began in the Washington, D.C. metropolitan area . Community leaders, through the Community Alliance Working for Heart Health , carried out the activities using culturally sensitive strategies and educational materials. Salud para su Corazón offers many educational materials in English and Spanish for the general public and community health planners

Healthy People 2010 Goals 12-Heart Disease and Stroke 12-1 Reduce coronary heart disease deaths Baseline- 208 deaths per 100,000 Hispanics-145 deaths per 100,000 12-11 Increase the proportion of adults with high blood pressure who are taking action to help control their blood pressure Baseline- 82% of adults aged 18+ Hispanics- 74% of adults aged 18+ 12-15 Increase the proportion of adults who have had their blood cholesterol checked within the preceding 5 years Baseline- 67% of adults aged 18+ Hispanics- 59% of adults aged 18+ Healthy People 2010; www.health.gov/healthlypeople /

12-Heart Disease and Stroke

12-1 Reduce coronary heart disease deaths

Baseline- 208 deaths per 100,000

Hispanics-145 deaths per 100,000

12-11 Increase the proportion of adults with high blood pressure who are taking action to help control their blood pressure

Baseline- 82% of adults aged 18+

Hispanics- 74% of adults aged 18+

12-15 Increase the proportion of adults who have had their blood cholesterol checked within the preceding 5 years

Baseline- 67% of adults aged 18+

Hispanics- 59% of adults aged 18+

Healthy People 2010; www.health.gov/healthlypeople /

St Vincent’s Medical Center Woman to Woman Heart to Heart Mujer a Mujer Corazon a Corazon

Woman to Woman Heart to Heart

Mujer a Mujer Corazon a Corazon