Cancer and U.S. Latinos Daniel Santibanez, MPH Department of Public Health University of North Florida This is part 5 of an 8 part series of seminars on Hispanic Health Issues brought to you by the University of North Florida’s Dept. of Public Health, College of Health, a grant from AETNA, and the cooperation of Duval County Health Department. For more information or register for the seminars, please call 620-1289.

Objectives Review cancer status among U.S. Hispanics/Latinos Review incidence and death rates for specific cancers Discuss cancer risk factors Discuss access to cancer screenings and care Review community interventions, initiatives, and programs

Review cancer status among U.S. Hispanics/Latinos

Review incidence and death rates for specific cancers

Discuss cancer risk factors

Discuss access to cancer screenings and care

Review community interventions, initiatives, and programs

Introduction In 2002, ~37.4 million Hispanics comprised about 13.3% of total population Hispanics/Latinos are the nation’s fasting growing population Within the U.S., different subgroups tend to live in certain regions Cancer occurrence can vary across these groups because of regional, behavioral, or genetic differences Furthermore, Hispanics’ risk of cancer can differ based on whether they are U.S. born or foreign-born, country of origin or heritage, degree of acculturation, and socioeconomic status

In 2002, ~37.4 million Hispanics comprised about 13.3% of total population

Hispanics/Latinos are the nation’s fasting growing population

Within the U.S., different subgroups tend to live in certain regions

Cancer occurrence can vary across these groups because of regional, behavioral, or genetic differences

Furthermore, Hispanics’ risk of cancer can differ based on whether they are U.S. born or foreign-born, country of origin or heritage, degree of acculturation, and socioeconomic status

Introduction Cancer is a group of diseases characterized by uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells Among Latino adults, cancer is the second leading cause of death, following health disease For most cancer sites, incidence and death rates among people of Hispanic origin are lower than among non-Hispanics For cancers of the stomach, liver, and cervix, rates are higher in Hispanics than in non-Hispanic whites

Cancer is a group of diseases characterized by uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells

Among Latino adults, cancer is the second leading cause of death, following health disease

For most cancer sites, incidence and death rates among people of Hispanic origin are lower than among non-Hispanics

For cancers of the stomach, liver, and cervix, rates are higher in Hispanics than in non-Hispanic whites

Acculturation and Cancer Americans of Hispanic descent experience a cancer burden similar to that seen in countries from which they emigrated Compared to rates in the U.S., the incidence rates of breast, colon and rectum, lung, and prostate cancers are lower in Puerto Rico, Cuba, and Central and South American countries than in the U.S. BUT, rates of cervical, liver, and stomach cancers are higher. There is some evidence that among Hispanics who migrated, subsequent generations have cancer rates which approach the rates of non-Hispanics

Americans of Hispanic descent experience a cancer burden similar to that seen in countries from which they emigrated

Compared to rates in the U.S., the incidence rates of breast, colon and rectum, lung, and prostate cancers are lower in Puerto Rico, Cuba, and Central and South American countries than in the U.S.

BUT, rates of cervical, liver, and stomach cancers are higher.

There is some evidence that among Hispanics who migrated, subsequent generations have cancer rates which approach the rates of non-Hispanics

Cancer Incidence Rates (Number of new cases each year) Statistics are for 1996-2000, are adjusted for the 2000 U.S. standard million population, and represent the number of new cases of invasive cancer per year per 100,000 of both sexes, males, and females, respectively. 312.2 419.3 352.1 Hispanic/Latino 229.2 259.0 239.6 Amer Indian/ Alaska Native 306.9 392.0 341.7 Asian/Pacific Islander 431.8 555.9 479.8 White 406.3 696.8 521.7 African-American Females Males Both Sexes Group

Cancer Death Rates (Number of deaths each year) Statistics are for 1996-2000, are adjusted for the 2000 U.S. standard million population, and represent the number of deaths per year per 100,000 of both sexes, males, and females, respectively. 112.4 176.7 137.9 Hispanic/Latino 102.0 154.8 124.5 Asian/Pacific Islander 115.8 172.3 138.0 Amer Indian/ Alaska Native 166.9 249.5 199.1 White 198.6 356.2 257.1 African-American Females Males Both Sexes Group

Female Breast Cancer Breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer among Hispanic women Rate of new cases diagnosed among Latinas during 1992-1999 remained stable, while non-Hispanic women showed an annual increase of 1.3% Although breast cancer is diagnosed ~40% less often among women of Hispanic origin, it is more frequently diagnosed at a later stage than when found in non-Hispanic women Historically lower utilization of cancer screening tests, such as mammography, among Latinas may contribute to later diagnosis, when the disease is more advanced

Breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer among Hispanic women

Rate of new cases diagnosed among Latinas during 1992-1999 remained stable, while non-Hispanic women showed an annual increase of 1.3%

Although breast cancer is diagnosed ~40% less often among women of Hispanic origin, it is more frequently diagnosed at a later stage than when found in non-Hispanic women

Historically lower utilization of cancer screening tests, such as mammography, among Latinas may contribute to later diagnosis, when the disease is more advanced

Hispanic/Latina Females: Death Rates and Incidence for Breast Cancer Statistics are for 1996-2000, are adjusted for the 2000 U.S. standard million population, and represent the number of deaths or new cases of invasive cancer, respectively per year per 100,000 females. 97.2 12.5 Asian/Pacific Islander 58.0 14.9 Amer Indian/Alaska Nat 89.8 17.9 Hispanic/Latina 140.8 27.2 White 121.7 35.9 African-American Breast --Female Incidence Breast--Female Death Group

Cancer of the Lung & Bronchus New Cases: Cancer of the lung is the fourth most commonly diagnosed cancer among Hispanic men and women combined Because of traditionally lower rates of cigarette smoking among Hispanics, lung cancer rates were ~50% lower than those in non-Hispanics between 1992-1999 Deaths: Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death among Hispanic men It ranks second among Hispanic women Death rates from lung cancer have been declining among men due to decreases in the prevalence of smoking

New Cases:

Cancer of the lung is the fourth most commonly diagnosed cancer among Hispanic men and women combined

Because of traditionally lower rates of cigarette smoking among Hispanics, lung cancer rates were ~50% lower than those in non-Hispanics between 1992-1999

Deaths:

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death among Hispanic men

It ranks second among Hispanic women

Death rates from lung cancer have been declining among men due to decreases in the prevalence of smoking

Hispanic/Latino Males: Incidence and Death Rates for Lung Cancer Statistics are for 1996-2000, are adjusted for the 2000 U.S. standard million population, and represent the number of deaths or new cases of invasive cancer, respectively per year per 100,000 females. 52.9 45.6 Amer Indian/Alaska Nat 40.7 46.1 Hispanic/Latina 40.9 62.1 Asian/Pacific Islander 78.1 79.4 White 107.0 120.4 African-American Lung and Bronchus--Male Death Lung and Bronchus--Male Incidence Group

Hispanic/Latina Females: Incidence and Death Rates for Lung Cancer Statistics are for 1996-2000, are adjusted for the 2000 U.S. standard million population, and represent the number of deaths or new cases of invasive cancer, respectively per year per 100,000 females. 26.2 23.4 Amer Indian/Alaska Nat 15.1 24.4 Hispanic/Latina 19.1 28.4 Asian/Pacific Islander 41.5 51.9 White 40.0 54.8 African-American Lung and Bronchus--Female Death Lung and Bronchus--Female Incidence Group

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Cancer of the Prostate New Cases: Prostate cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer among Hispanic men During 1992-99, rates were approximately 25% lower than the rates among non-Hispanics Among Hispanics, an annual average decrease of 3.4% was seen, compared to 4.6% among non-Hispanic whites Deaths: Prostate is the second leading cause of cancer death among men The same number of deaths occur from prostate and colorectal cancers The death rate dropped 3.8% per year on average in Hispanic men, compared to an average annual decrease of 3.5% in white non-Hispanics

New Cases:

Prostate cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer among Hispanic men

During 1992-99, rates were approximately 25% lower than the rates among non-Hispanics

Among Hispanics, an annual average decrease of 3.4% was seen, compared to 4.6% among non-Hispanic whites

Deaths:

Prostate is the second leading cause of cancer death among men

The same number of deaths occur from prostate and colorectal cancers

The death rate dropped 3.8% per year on average in Hispanic men, compared to an average annual decrease of 3.5% in white non-Hispanics

Hispanic/Latino Males: Incidence and Death Rates for Prostate Cancer Statistics are for 1996-2000, are adjusted for the 2000 U.S. standard million population, and represent the number of new cases of invasive cancer per year per 100,000 males. Hispanic/Latino males have the third highest incidence and death rates for prostate cancer after African-Americans and whites. 53.6 100.0 137.2 164.3 272.1 Prostate--Incidence 21.9 13.1 24.1 30.2 73.0 Prostate--Death Amer Indian/ Alaska Native Asian/Pacific Islander Hispanic/Latino White African-American Group

Cancer of the Colon and Rectum Colorectal cancer is the third most diagnosed cancer in Hispanics During 1992-1999 colorectal rates did not significantly change Colorectal cancer is the third leading cause of cancer death among Hispanic women It ties with prostate cancer as the second deadliest cancer among Hispanic men The death rates due to colorectal cancer in Hispanic men and women declined on average 0.7% each year during 1992-1999; compared with a 1.8% annual decline for non-Hispanic white

Colorectal cancer is the third most diagnosed cancer in Hispanics

During 1992-1999 colorectal rates did not significantly change

Colorectal cancer is the third leading cause of cancer death among Hispanic women

It ties with prostate cancer as the second deadliest cancer among Hispanic men

The death rates due to colorectal cancer in Hispanic men and women declined on average 0.7% each year during 1992-1999; compared with a 1.8% annual decline for non-Hispanic white

Hispanic/Latino Males: Incidence & Death Rates for Colorectal Cancer Statistics are for 1996-2000, are adjusted for the 2000 U.S. standard million population, and represent the number of new cases of invasive cancer per year per 100,000 males. 37.5 49.8 57.2 64.1 72.4 Colon and Rectum--Male Incidence 18.5 18.4 15.8 25.3 34.6 Colon and Rectum--Male Death Amer Indian/ Alaska Native Hispanic/Latino Asian/Pacific Islander White African-American Group

Hispanic/Latina Females: Incidence & Death Rates for Colorectal Cancer Statistics are for 1996-2000, are adjusted for the 2000 U.S. standard million population, and represent the number of new cases of invasive cancer per year per 100,000 males. 32.6 32.9 38.8 46.2 56.2 Colon and Rectum--Female Incidence 12.1 11.4 11.0 17.5 24.6 Colon and Rectum--Female Death Amer Indian/ Alaska Native Hispanic/Latino Asian/Pacific Islander White African-American Group

While Hispanics/Latinos have lower incidence and death rates overall compared with those of African-Americans and whites, they do experience higher rates for certain cancers.

Cancer Sites with Higher Rates in Hispanics Cancers of the stomach, liver, and uterine cervix are more common in developing countries Most notably in Central and South American countries In the U.S., the incidence and mortality rates of stomach, uterine cervix, liver and biliary tract cancers are higher among Hispanics than non-Hispanics whites They are especially higher among first generation migrants to the U.S.

Cancers of the stomach, liver, and uterine cervix are more common in developing countries

Most notably in Central and South American countries

In the U.S., the incidence and mortality rates of stomach, uterine cervix, liver and biliary tract cancers are higher among Hispanics than non-Hispanics whites

They are especially higher among first generation migrants to the U.S.

Cancer of the Stomach Stomach cancer is most prevalent throughout much of Central and South America than in the U.S. Diets rich in smoked fish, salted meat or fish, and pickled vegetables and low in fresh vegetables have been associated with an increased risk Another risk factor, H.pylori, is more common among those of lower SES, particularly if they live in crowded or high-density living conditions In the U.S., the rates of stomach cancer incidence are at least 75% higher in Hispanics than in non-Hispanic whites

Stomach cancer is most prevalent throughout much of Central and South America than in the U.S.

Diets rich in smoked fish, salted meat or fish, and pickled vegetables and low in fresh vegetables have been associated with an increased risk

Another risk factor, H.pylori, is more common among those of lower SES, particularly if they live in crowded or high-density living conditions

In the U.S., the rates of stomach cancer incidence are at least 75% higher in Hispanics than in non-Hispanic whites

Liver and Intrahepatic Bile Duct Cancer Liver cancer is strongly associated with chronic infections from hepatitis B virus (HBV) or hepatitis C virus (HCV) HBV is preventable through vaccination, but there is yet no vaccine for HCV Alcohol intake and consumption of aflatoxin-contaminated grains are also risk factors Hispanics experience a 60% higher death rate from liver cancer compared with non-Hispanics

Liver cancer is strongly associated with chronic infections from hepatitis B virus (HBV) or hepatitis C virus (HCV)

HBV is preventable through vaccination, but there is yet no vaccine for HCV

Alcohol intake and consumption of aflatoxin-contaminated grains are also risk factors

Hispanics experience a 60% higher death rate from liver cancer compared with non-Hispanics

Hispanic/Latino Both Sexes: Incidence Rates for Liver and Stomach Cancer Statistics are for 1996-2000, are adjusted for the 2000 U.S. standard million population, and represent the number of deaths or new cases of invasive cancer, respectively per year per 100,000 females. 7.7 4.8 White 11.0 5.9 Amer Indian/Alaska Nat 14.0 6.9 African-American 13.3 9.1 Hispanic/Latino 17.3 13.8 Asian/Pacific Islander Stomach--Incidence Liver--Incidence Group

Cancer of the Cervix Women in Mexico, Central America, and South America experience approx. triple the cervical cancer incidence and mortality rates of women in the U.S. Hispanic women residing in the U.S. have twice the cervical cancer incidence rate of non-Hispanic whites Certain variants of human papilloma virus (HPV) are associated with increased risk Among U.S. women, those born in Mexico have higher prevalence of HPV The death rate from cervical cancer is 40% higher among Hispanic women than among other groups

Women in Mexico, Central America, and South America experience approx. triple the cervical cancer incidence and mortality rates of women in the U.S.

Hispanic women residing in the U.S. have twice the cervical cancer incidence rate of non-Hispanic whites

Certain variants of human papilloma virus (HPV) are associated with increased risk

Among U.S. women, those born in Mexico have higher prevalence of HPV

The death rate from cervical cancer is 40% higher among Hispanic women than among other groups

Hispanic/Latina Females: Highest Incidence Rates for Cervical Cancer Statistics are for 1996-2000, are adjusted for the 2000 U.S. standard million population, and represent the number of new cases of invasive cancer per year per 100,000 females. 6.4 Amer Indian/ Alaska Native 9.2 White 10.2 Asian/Pacific Islander 12.4 African-American 16.8 Hispanic/Latino Cervix Uteri--Incidence Group

Hispanic/Latina Females: Cervical Cancer Death Rates Statistics are for 1996-2000, are adjusted for the 2000 U.S. standard million population, and represent the number of deaths per year per 100,000 females. Despite high incidence rates, Hispanic/Latina females have the second highest death rate for cervical cancer; African-American females have the highest. 5.9 African-American 2.7 White 2.9 Asian/ Pacific Islander 2.9 Amer Indian/ Alaska Native 3.7 Hispanic/Latino Cervix Uteri--Death Group

Cancer of the Gallbladder Worldwide, the highest incidence rates of gallbladder cancer are found among Mexican-Americans The highest mortality rates are in South America Among those populations with elevated rates, women are diagnosed more often than men An important risk factor for gallbladder cancer is chronic gallstones which can result from hereditary factors affecting cholesterol secretion in the bile This genetic susceptibility may be more common among Hispanics Obesity, hormonal factors, and diet may be associated with increased risk of gallbladder cancer In the U.S., Hispanic females experience over twice the incidence rates of non-Hispanic white women and Hispanic men

Worldwide, the highest incidence rates of gallbladder cancer are found among Mexican-Americans

The highest mortality rates are in South America

Among those populations with elevated rates, women are diagnosed more often than men

An important risk factor for gallbladder cancer is chronic gallstones which can result from hereditary factors affecting cholesterol secretion in the bile

This genetic susceptibility may be more common among Hispanics

Obesity, hormonal factors, and diet may be associated with increased risk of gallbladder cancer

In the U.S., Hispanic females experience over twice the incidence rates of non-Hispanic white women and Hispanic men

Gallbladder Cancer: Incidence Rates and Ratios*, 1995-1999 *Ratios calculated as Hispanic incidence divided by non-Hispanic incidence Age-adjusted to the year 2000 population standards. 2.6 1.3 3.4 1.5 0.8 1.2 Gallbladder Ratio Non-Hisp Hispanic Ratio Non-Hisp Hispanic Female Male

Gallbladder Cancer: Mortality Rates and Ratios*, 1995-1999 *Ratios calculated as Hispanic mortality divided by non-Hispanic mortality Age-adjusted to the year 2000 population standards. 1.9 0.9 1.7 1.4 0.5 0.7 Gallbladder Ratio Non-Hisp Hispanic Ratio Non-Hisp Hispanic Female Male

Cancer Risk Factors Variations in cancer risk factors or screening behaviors between Hispanics and other population groups may be due to cultural differences or socioeconomic factors

Tobacco Use Tobacco use is the most preventable cause of premature death in the U.S. and is responsible for 30% of all cancer deaths In 2001, 16% of Hispanic adults were identified as current smokers compared to 22.8% of all adults The percentage of Hispanic smokers has decreased since 1978 with small recent increases in males Further reduction of smoking prevalence among Hispanics requires an understanding of the cultural, ethnic, and social issues

Tobacco use is the most preventable cause of premature death in the U.S. and is responsible for 30% of all cancer deaths

In 2001, 16% of Hispanic adults were identified as current smokers compared to 22.8% of all adults

The percentage of Hispanic smokers has decreased since 1978 with small recent increases in males

Further reduction of smoking prevalence among Hispanics requires an understanding of the cultural, ethnic, and social issues

Tobacco Use Members of lower SES groups are more likely smoke One-fifth of Hispanics live in poverty, which is almost twice the national poverty rate Smoking during pregnancy is less prevalent among Latinas Hispanics born in the U.S. were more likely to smoke than those who are foreign-born Members of racial/ethnic groups are less likely than whites to participate in cessation programs or to receive advice on quitting from providers For smoking cessation classes to be successful among Hispanics, they should be language appropriate, considerate of cultural values, and mindful of potential pressures facing Hispanics

Members of lower SES groups are more likely smoke

One-fifth of Hispanics live in poverty, which is almost twice the national poverty rate

Smoking during pregnancy is less prevalent among Latinas

Hispanics born in the U.S. were more likely to smoke than those who are foreign-born

Members of racial/ethnic groups are less likely than whites to participate in cessation programs or to receive advice on quitting from providers

For smoking cessation classes to be successful among Hispanics, they should be language appropriate, considerate of cultural values, and mindful of potential pressures facing Hispanics

Hispanic/Latino Youth Tobacco Use It is estimated that among current adult cigarette smokers, over 80% began smoking before they reached age 18 In 2001, according to Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System (YRBSS), 26.0% of Hispanic females and 27.2% Hispanic males admitted to being current smokers Factors influencing the differing smoking habits may include basic cultural differences as well as differences in the affordability and accessibility of cigarettes Hispanics who do not complete a high school education are more likely to smoke than their more educated peers Adolescent Hispanic females are less likely to smoke if they have the advantage of a strong and supportive family network

It is estimated that among current adult cigarette smokers, over 80% began smoking before they reached age 18

In 2001, according to Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System (YRBSS), 26.0% of Hispanic females and 27.2% Hispanic males admitted to being current smokers

Factors influencing the differing smoking habits may include basic cultural differences as well as differences in the affordability and accessibility of cigarettes

Hispanics who do not complete a high school education are more likely to smoke than their more educated peers

Adolescent Hispanic females are less likely to smoke if they have the advantage of a strong and supportive family network

Overweight, Obesity, and Physical Activity Obesity is associated with an increased risk of several chronic diseases, including cancers of the endometrium, breast, prostate, and colon An estimated 22.9% of adults in the U.S. are obese Obesity is on the rise among Hispanics, particularly for Hispanic women Studies have shown that participation in regular physical activity helps to control body weight and may decrease the risk of colon and breast cancers In 2001, 35.8% of Hispanic adults did not have any form of leisure time physical activity compared to 22.9% of non-Hispanic whites

Obesity is associated with an increased risk of several chronic diseases, including cancers of the endometrium, breast, prostate, and colon

An estimated 22.9% of adults in the U.S. are obese

Obesity is on the rise among Hispanics, particularly for Hispanic women

Studies have shown that participation in regular physical activity helps to control body weight and may decrease the risk of colon and breast cancers

In 2001, 35.8% of Hispanic adults did not have any form of leisure time physical activity compared to 22.9% of non-Hispanic whites

Use of Screening Tests Hispanic women are traditionally the least likely of racial and ethnic groups to use preventive services such as pap tests, mammography, and clinical breast exams Underuse of these tests may contribute to poorer survival for cervical and breast cancer Continuation of social support programs which specifically target minority populations may further improve participation in screening examinations Improvements in the healthcare system are needed- almost 1/3 of all Hispanics have no health insurance greatly limiting their access to cancer screening and medical care

Hispanic women are traditionally the least likely of racial and ethnic groups to use preventive services such as pap tests, mammography, and clinical breast exams

Underuse of these tests may contribute to poorer survival for cervical and breast cancer

Continuation of social support programs which specifically target minority populations may further improve participation in screening examinations

Improvements in the healthcare system are needed- almost 1/3 of all Hispanics have no health insurance greatly limiting their access to cancer screening and medical care

Cancer Screening Examinations, Adults, 2000-2001 49.5 57.4 41.4 Digital rectal exam 57.6 58.2 46.0 Prostate-specific antigen test Prostate Cancer, 2000 35.3 39.2 31.2 Flexible Sigmoidoscopy or colonoscopy 21.6 24.1 15.4 Fecal Occult Blood Test Colon & Rectum Cancer, 2000 88.8 87.2 83.4 Pap Test Cervical Cancer, 2000 54.8 56.0 53.5 Mammogram & CBE 69.9 68.8 65.1 Clinical breast exam 66.7 62.9 65.4 Mammogram Breast Cancer,2000 %Black, non-Hisp % White, non-Hisp % Hispanic

Access to Cancer Screening and Care Hispanics/Latinos tend to underutilize cancer screening procedure for several reasons: Lack of knowledge about the different types of cancer and tests for their presence Fatalism about the efficacy of treatment if cancer is present In one study of urban Latinas, perceptions that “not much can de done” about breast cancer correlated with lower mammography rates

Hispanics/Latinos tend to underutilize cancer screening procedure for several reasons:

Lack of knowledge about the different types of cancer and tests for their presence

Fatalism about the efficacy of treatment if cancer is present

In one study of urban Latinas, perceptions that “not much can de done” about breast cancer correlated with lower mammography rates

Tobacco Use and Cancer “ The need for a culturally appropriate smoking-cessation intervention for Latinos is based on data on current patterns of tobacco use, possible targeting by the tobacco industry, and the lack of smoking-cessation interventions that are appropriate to the cultural characteristics of Latino smokers” Programma Latino Para Dejar de Fumar initiative in San Francisco

Status and Communication of Cancer Risk Hispanics/Latinos show great variation in perceptions of cancer incidence and mortality risk Latinas tended to link cancer incidence to stress and trauma to the body and behavior choices In one study, Latinas (56% Mexican-American) were more likely than Anglo women to view “sugar substitutes, bruises, microwave ovens, spicy foods, breast-feeding, and antibodies” as causes of cancer. Perez-Stable EJ, etal. JAMA. 1992; 268:3219-3223

Hispanics/Latinos show great variation in perceptions of cancer incidence and mortality risk

Latinas tended to link cancer incidence to stress and trauma to the body and behavior choices

Occupational and Environmental Risk While there is extensive data on the relationships between specific toxins and rare cancers, the risk profile for Hispanics/Latinos is not well-documented SES more connected to environmental risks than ethnicity Migrant workers have higher rates of certain types of cancer, such as leukemia and stomach, cervical, uterine cancer, and certain oral and throat cancer and cancer of the skin

While there is extensive data on the relationships between specific toxins and rare cancers, the risk profile for Hispanics/Latinos is not well-documented

SES more connected to environmental risks than ethnicity

Migrant workers have higher rates of certain types of cancer, such as leukemia and stomach, cervical, uterine cancer, and certain oral and throat cancer and cancer of the skin

Cancer Survivorship and Health-Related Quality of Life Clinical Variables that affect survival: Time of diagnosis Effectiveness of treatment Psychosocial variables: Amount of life stress Educational attainment Income level Partnership status Existence of co-morbid conditions Religious faith, family support, support groups, and dietary therapies are some strategies identified as increasing quality of life among Hispanics/Latinos.

Clinical Variables that affect survival:

Time of diagnosis

Effectiveness of treatment

Psychosocial variables:

Amount of life stress

Educational attainment

Income level

Partnership status

Existence of co-morbid conditions

Patient-Clinician Communication Various barriers hinder communication between Hispanic patients and clinicians Language and cultural barriers are the most prominent Negative physician attitudes towards Latinos and difficulty in getting referrals to specialists also pose barriers

Various barriers hinder communication between Hispanic patients and clinicians

Language and cultural barriers are the most prominent

Negative physician attitudes towards Latinos and difficulty in getting referrals to specialists also pose barriers

Education, Training, and Outreach For non-Latino providers, being able to speak Spanish and having an understanding of Latino culture and subcultures are important skills in screening, diagnosing, and treating Hispanic/Latino patients, although effective interpreter programs may fill in the gap.

Clinical Trials Education Series La Historia de Jose y La Historia de Ana A fotonovela-style introductory Spanish-language presentation that takes you on a journey of Jose, a man who is given the option of enrolling in a prevention clinical trial. Ana’s journey follows a women who is given the option of enrolling in a treatment clinical trial. Conversemos un rato A Spanish-language slide presentation that covers the basics about clinical trials. Appropriate for community leaders and health care providers

La Historia de Jose y La Historia de Ana

A fotonovela-style introductory Spanish-language presentation that takes you on a journey of Jose, a man who is given the option of enrolling in a prevention clinical trial.

Ana’s journey follows a women who is given the option of enrolling in a treatment clinical trial.

Conversemos un rato

A Spanish-language slide presentation that covers the basics about clinical trials. Appropriate for community leaders and health care providers

Cervical Cancer Program “ Combining and linking a multicultural mass media campaign, outreach efforts, and a multilingual hotline with community-based outreach programs created maximal effect and increased the likelihood that women would seek recommended screening.”

“ Combining and linking a multicultural mass media campaign, outreach efforts, and a multilingual hotline with community-based outreach programs created maximal effect and increased the likelihood that women would seek recommended screening.”

National Latino Council on Alcohol and Tobacco Prevention Created by the Office on Smoking and Health of the CDC to accomplish several goals: Create a national Hispanic/Latino tobacco prevention and control network Increase the ability of Hispanic/Latino organizations to mobilize their constituents to address and support prevention efforts Identify ways to reach Hispanic/Latino organizations with culturally appropriate prevention and control efforts Initiate and expand initiatives to educate network members and the public Initiate and expand effective tobacco prevention and control measures in the U.S. Hispanic/Latino community

Created by the Office on Smoking and Health of the CDC to accomplish several goals:

Create a national Hispanic/Latino tobacco prevention and control network

Increase the ability of Hispanic/Latino organizations to mobilize their constituents to address and support prevention efforts

Identify ways to reach Hispanic/Latino organizations with culturally appropriate prevention and control efforts

Initiate and expand initiatives to educate network members and the public

Initiate and expand effective tobacco prevention and control measures in the U.S. Hispanic/Latino community

!Celebremos la Vida! Let’s Celebrate Life !Celebremos la Vida! is a long-standing breast and cervical cancer education, screening and early detection program for medically underserved Latinas over the age of 40 in Washington, D.C., Northern Virginia, and McHenry County, Illinois. Conducted in Spanish, screenings are coupled with an intensive educational program that emphasizes the role of prevention and early detection through regular practice of breast self-exams, clinical breast exams, mammograms, pelvic exams and Pap tests.

!Celebremos la Vida! is a long-standing breast and cervical cancer education, screening and early detection program for medically underserved Latinas over the age of 40 in Washington, D.C., Northern Virginia, and McHenry County, Illinois.

Conducted in Spanish, screenings are coupled with an intensive educational program that emphasizes the role of prevention and early detection through regular practice of breast self-exams, clinical breast exams, mammograms, pelvic exams and Pap tests.

En Accion uses 5 approaches: Research Demonstration Dissemination Evaluation Policy

Thank You! Any questions? Daniel Santibanez [email_address]

Thank You!

Any questions?

Daniel Santibanez

[email_address]