Research proposal defence, ASU. School of education

1. APEEJAY STYA UNIVERSITY, SOHNA, GURGAON, HARYANA. (INDIA)
RESEARCH PROPOSAL
Attendance Behavior of College
Students in Relation to their Self-esteem
and Locus of Control
Presented by: Sani Muhammad
M. A. (Education)
Roll No: ASU2014010100221
Supervisor: Dr. Ananda Padhan
Associate Professor

2. APEEJAY STYA UNIVERSITY, SOHNA, GURGAON, HARYANA. (INDIA)
PRESENTATION OUTLINE
1. Introduction of the problem
a. Significance of the study
b. statement of the problem
c. operational definition
2. Review of related literature
3. Methodology of the study
a. Objectives of the study
b. Hypotheses of the study
c. Delimitation of the study
4. References

3. APEEJAY STYA UNIVERSITY, SOHNA, GURGAON, HARYANA. (INDIA)
Introduction of the problem
 Education aims at the holistic development of a
person. Every society want its students to get a good
quality education.
The building blocks for a good quality education
begin with students attending to educational
institutions each and every day physically as well as
mentally.
 Participation in the various activities of the school
helps students to develop important skills, knowledge
and values which set them up for further learning and
participation in their community.

4. Intro. of the problem
 Maintaining good attendance is essential for
achieving the success of any organization/ institution
(school, college or university). Therefore, in every
school, attendance has vital importance in order to
maximizing the academic achievement of their
students.
 Regular attendance of students helps the
educational organization to achieve its aims and
objectives.
 Attending educational institutions regularly helps
in formation of solid base for future success in life.

5. Attendance Behavior
 Attendance behavior in school and college life is also
related to the value of punctuality, which is
universally acclaimed as a good quality in human
being.
On the other hand, it is very likely that poor
attendance would predict low grades, dropping out of
the school, chronic absenteeism from classes that can
result in other negative consequences for students
and school. Students who are not in class have fewer
opportunities to learn the material that makes them
to perform poorly in school.

6. Attendance
The word attendance is derived from the old
French word atendance which means “attention, wait,
hope, or expectation".
Attendance is the act or fact of attending/marking
presence in any event or occasion.
The frequency with which one has been present for a
regular activity or set of events represents the
attendance behavior of the person concerned.

7. Attendance
Attendance is also used to define the number of
persons present on a particular day at work.
A record of how often a person is present at a
scheduled place, event or occasion reveals his or her
attendance.
The attendance behavior of a college students reflects
how many scheduled classes (including makeup
classes, extra classes, and remedial classes) a student
has attended in a day, week, month, semester or year
out of the total scheduled classes. It can well be
expressed through percentages also.

8. Self-esteem
The term self-esteem comes from a Greek word
meaning “reverence of self”. The ‘self’ part of
self-esteem pertains to the value, beliefs and
attitudes that we hold about ourselves. The
‘esteem’ part of self-esteem describes the
value and worth that one gives to oneself.
Therefore, in simple terms, self-esteem is the
acceptance of ourselves for who and what we
are at any given time in our lives.

9. SELF-ESTEEM
Self-esteem can be equated to self-
worth, self-regard, self-respect, self-love,
and self- integrity are all the same things.
Rosenberg (1969), in his a social learning
theory defined self-esteem in terms of a
stable sense of personal worth or
worthiness.

10. Self-esteem
Self-esteem can be apply specifically to a particular
dimension. It has two level, Low self-esteem and High
self-esteem.
Low self-esteem comes from a poor self-image. You
have low self-esteem when you think that your overall
rating is too bad and also when you feel unworthy,
incapable, unable and incompetent and without
having reason to change it.
Higher self-esteem is completely opposite of the above

11. Locus of control
Locus of control is a term in psychology which refers to
a person’s belief about what causes the good or bad
results in his/her life either in general or a specific area
such as health or academic.
Locus of control: the extent to which people believe
they have power over events in their lives.
Locus of control derived from Latin word means
‘place’ or ‘location’.
It can be internal or external locus of control.

12. Internal locus of control and External locus of
control
Internal locus of control is more likely to work for
achievement to tolerate delays in rewards and to
plan for long term goals.
External locus of control is the behavior of a
person who attributes his success to luck or fate,
will be less likely to make efforts needed to learn.

13. Significance of the study
As discussed above, we know that being
regular in the classroom is of vital
importance. Regularly attending the
classroom activities helps the students in
improving their academic achievement.
 The researcher would like to find whether
the attendance behavior is influenced by
the certain attributes like the self-esteem
and locus of control.

14. THE STETAMENT OF THE PROBLEM
The problem is titled as Attendance
behavior of college students in relation
to their self-esteem and locus of
control.

15. OPERATIONAL DEFINATION OF THE TERM
College students
The college is a higher education institution.
College students are the post-senior secondary
students (i.e. after class XII) studying in
colleges/universities in any graduate degree
program. This does not include post graduate and
doctoral students.

16. Attendance Behavior
Attendance behavior is the regularity of students in taking
scheduled classes in their program of study. This includes
their marked attendance in register or the digital attendance
recoded by the course teachers. This means that the
student’s attendance behavior is the summation of his/ her
attendance taken in different courses in a semester
expressed as an average percentage.

17. Self-esteem
Self-esteem encompasses beliefs and emotions
such as triumph, despair, pride and shame. Self-
esteem can apply specifically to a particular
dimension. Self-esteem is a stable sense of personal
worth or worthiness, the experience of being
competent to cope with the basic challenges of life.

18. Locus of control
Locus of Control is related to what a person believes
regarding his/her current or future experiences. According
to Rotter, (1966) locus of control is a personality trait
involving the extent to which individuals believe that they
can control the outcomes of a particular event. He
categories the locus of control into external and internal
locus of control.

19. According to the Rotter a person with an
external locus of control believes that
particular experiences are under the control of
a powerful being or occur by chance.
People with an internal locus of control
believe that they can control the outcomes of
a particular experience.

20. LITITURE REVIEWS
Attendance
Moldabayey et al, (2013) indicated a strong positive
correlation between overall semester GPA and overall
student attendance.
Blerkom, (1992) studied the class attendance in
undergraduate courses, and reported that there ware
moderate correlation between attendance and course
grades among 17 sections of undergraduate psychology
courses.

21.  Immerman (1982) investigated the
relationship between attendance and
performance in a remedial mathematics
program with American Indian adults. The
results showed that there was a significant
relationship between attendance and
performance for adult American Indian
students.

22. SELF-ESTEEM
Marsh (2006) investigated the
relationship between self-esteem and
academic performance in Mathematic
and English among High School students
in Kenya. The research revealed that
students who perform well in academic
tasks as well as co-curricular activities
have high self esteem.

23. SELF-ESTEEM
 Elbahnasawy, & Elnagar (2015) examined
psychological impact of nocturnal enuresis on self-
esteem of school children. The results of the study
showed that there were no significant difference
between gender and their positive self-esteem. In
addition, there were no significant difference between
psychological problems of the children and their
positive self-esteem.

24. Locus of control
Abdallah (1989) Investigated the relationship
between locus of control and self-esteem the
studied has revealed that there was significant
relation between self-esteem and locus of control
on the dimension of control ideology, system-blame
and self-blame, and suggesting that self-esteem
associated with internal locus of control.

25.  Nwankwo et al (2012) investigated the relationship
between self-esteem and locus of control among well-
functioning adolescents in the South Eastern Nigeria.
The result showed that a significant positive
relationship existed between high self-esteem and
internal locus of control among well-functioning
adolescents.

26. METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY
METHODOLOGY
The descriptive method of research is to be used in
the study. Descriptive studies are more than just a
collection of data but it involve measurement,
classification, analysis, comparison and
interpretation of data.

27. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The objective of the study are:
1. To find the attendance behavior of college students from their class
attendance records.
2.To measure the attributes of self-esteem and locus of control of self-
esteem of college students.
3. To study the inter-relationship among the attendance behavior, self-
esteem and locus of control of college students.

28. HYPOTHESES OF THE STUDY
The following hypotheses are formulated in the study:
1.There is no significant relationship between attendance behavior and
self-esteem of college students.
2.There is no significant relationship between attendance behavior and
locus of control of college students.
3.There is no significant relationship between self-esteem and locus of control
of colleges’ students.
4. There is no significant relationship between attendance behavior and
internal locus of control of college students.

29. Hypotheses continue…..
5. There is no significant relationship between attendance behavior
and external locus of control of college students.
6. There is no significant difference in the attendance behavior of the
college students having high and low self-esteem.
7. There is no significant difference in the attendance behavior of the
college students having internal and external locus of control.
8. There is no significant difference in the self-esteem of college students
with high and low attendance behavior.

30. Sample
The population of this study comprises the final year under-
graduate students of the colleges/universities of the Gurgaon
District of Haryana.
A sample of about 200 students will be selected randomly from the Apeejay
Stya University and two other colleges/universities in Gurgaon district (if
they are likely to share the data on the attendance behavior of their
students).

31. Data collection and analysis
The data related to the attendance behavior of
college students shall be obtained from the office of
the Deputy Registrar (Academics) of ASU. It will be
explored to get similar data from two more
colleges/universities (provided the college/university
authorities are willing to share the data).
The data will be analyzed through statistical techniques of
Mean, Standard Deviation and Correlation.

32. Tools for collecting data
The following tools to be use to collect the data
1. Coopersmith self-esteem inventory (1967)
2. Levenson’s scale for locus of control (1973)

33. Coopersmith self-esteem inventory (1967)
Coopersmith self-esteem inventory constructed by Stanley
coopersmith (1967). It was administered to measure the level of
self-esteem. The inventory consisted of 25 statement in which
the participant were requested to tick against one of two
options.
Scoring
The score on upper quartile (75-100) indicating the higher self-
esteem and score on lower quartile (0-25) indicating the lower
self-esteem.

34. The test retest reliability and concurrent validity of the
short form of coopersmith inventory. The subjects were
140 children from seven classes in fourth through
seventh grades. The criterion measures for validity
include sociometric questions, teachers’ ranking for
popularity and teachers’ rating for self-esteem. It was
found the test retest validity coefficient over two moth
period for seven classes ranged from 0.75 to 0.85, all
indices being significant at the 0.01 level. Eleven out of
24 validity coefficients with the criterion measures were
statistically significant.

35. Levenson’s scale for Locus of control
Levenson’s scale for Locus of control it was
constructed by Sanjay Vohra. It was first proposed
by Rotter (1966). The scale consist 24 statements
which is contain powerful others, chance of control
and individual control.
The scale are multiple choice responses. The opinion
are strongly agree, agree, undecided, disagree and
strongly disagree. The weight of the respond are
from 5 to 1

36. Validity
the scale was validated by correlating it with Rotter’s
locus of control scale. This was done by giving both scale
one after another with very little time interval in between
scores of both the scale when they correlated with each
other. The correlation was found to be 0.54 (N=220)
Reliability
The split half method scale was used. It was divided into
two parts of 12 statements each. Each part contains 4
statements each for powerful others, chance control,
individual control. The split half reliability of scale with
N=380, was found to be 0.72 for P, 0.79 for C, 0.65 for I,

37. DELIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY
The study is limited to the students pursuing
under-graduation programmes in Apeejay Stya
University, and two or more collages/university,
In Gurgaon district of Haryana, (India). If the
college/university authorities are willing to share
the data on students’ attendance behavior.

38. THANK YOU

39. REFERENCES
Abdallah, T.M. (1989). ‘‘Self-Esteem and Loss of Control of College Men in Saudi
Arabia.’’ Psychological Reports65:1323–26.
Coopersmith, S. A. (1981). The antecedents of self-esteem. San Francisco
Freeman.
Elbahnasawy Hanan T., Mona A. Elnagar (2015) Psychological Impact of
Nocturnal Enuresis on Self-esteem of School Children. American Journal
of Nursing Research. 2015; 3(1):14-20. doi: 10.12691/ajnr-3-1-4.
Immerman M. A. The relationship between attendance and performance in
a remedial mathematics program with American Indian adults. ERIC
document reproduction service No. ED216811. 1982.

40. REFERNCES
Marsh Maniacci, & Carlson, J., Watts, R. E., (2006). Adlerian personality
theory and psychotherapy. In Adlerian therapy: Theory and practice (pp. 43-
62). Washington DC: American Psychological Association.
Moldabayev, D., Menicucci, J. A., Al-Zubaidy, S. & Abdulaziz, N. (2013) 'Attendance,
performance and culture: experience of the School of Engineering, Nazarbayev
University - an update', IEEE Global Engineering Education Conference, EDUCON
2013, vol. 60, no. 7, pp. 28-33.
Nwankwo E. Balogun. Chukwudi C. Ibeme (2012). self-esteem and locus of control as
correlates of adolescents well-functioning, Department of Psychology, Caritas
University, Amorji-Nike, Enugu, Nigeria. British Journal of Arts and Social Sciences
ISSN: 2046-9578, Vol.9 No. II (2012) British Journal Publishing, Inc. 2012
http://www.bjournal.co.uk/BJASS.aspx 214.

41. REFERENCES
Levenson, H. (1981). Differentiating among internality, powerful others, and
chance. In J. Lefcourt (Ed.), Research with the locus of control construct
(pp. 15-63). New York: Academic Press
Rotter, J. (1966). Generalized expectancies for internal versus external control of
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Rosenberg, Morris and Leonard I. Pearlin (1969) "Social Class and Self-Esteem
among Children and Adults." American Journal of Sociology 84:53-77.
Paterson A. Brookover W B, & Thomas S. (1964) Self-concept of ability and school
achievement. Sociol. Educ. 37:271-8, 1964. (CoUege of Education, Michigan State
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