El Presente Perfecto de Indicativo y Subjuntivo Español 1131 Capítulo 14 –Sección 43 (pp. 448-452)

¿Qué es el presente perfecto de indicativo? The present perfect is formed by combining a helping verb (“have” or “has”) with the past participle

The present perfect is formed by combining a helping verb (“have” or “has”) with the past participle

Veamos, por ejemplo… I have played the piano for years. Martha has sung at weddings. We have flown in a plane.

I have played the piano for years.

Martha has sung at weddings.

We have flown in a plane.

En inglés… To form the present participle,we combine the helping verb “have/has” with a past participle (-ed/-en): For example, “I have been a lifeguard.” “ I” is the subject “ have” is the helping verb “ been” is the past participle

To form the present participle,we combine the helping verb “have/has” with a past participle (-ed/-en):

For example, “I have been a lifeguard.”

“ I” is the subject

“ have” is the helping verb

“ been” is the past participle

En español… We form the present participle by combining the present tense of the verb haber (i.e., the helping verb or el verbo auxiliar ) with a past participle For example: Nosotros hemos bailado y…. We have danced and…. no hemos estudiado para el examen. We haven’t studied for the test.

We form the present participle by combining the present tense of the verb haber (i.e., the helping verb or el verbo auxiliar ) with a past participle

For example:

Nosotros hemos bailado y….

We have danced and….

no hemos estudiado para el examen.

We haven’t studied for the test.

The present tense of haber he hemos has habéis ha han

Remember… How to form the past participle : For – ar verbs, take the stem of the verb and add – ado Example: comprar -> comprado For –er and –ir verbs, take the stem of the verb and add –ido Example: tener -> tenido vivir -> vivido

How to form the past participle :

For – ar verbs, take the stem of the verb and add – ado

Example: comprar -> comprado

For –er and –ir verbs, take the stem of the verb and add –ido

Example: tener -> tenido

vivir -> vivido

Para formar… Here are the present perfect forms of estudiar: he estudiado hemos estudiado has estudiado habéis estudiado ha estudiado han estudiado

Here are the present perfect forms of estudiar:

Para formar… As you can see, I have combined the present forms of haber (the helping verbs) he hemos has habéis ha han

As you can see, I have combined the present forms of haber (the helping verbs)

… with the past participle of estudiar he hemos has habéis ha han estudiado estudiado estudiado estudiado estudiado estudiado

… with the past participle of estudiar

Now you try… On a sheet of paper, see if you can figure out the present perfect forms for the verb hablar: he ________ hemos _______ has ________ habéis ________ ha ________ han ________

Is this what you came up with? he hablado hemos hablado has hablado habéis hablado ha hablado han hablado

Let’s try another… Now see if you can form the present perfect forms of the verb tomar: __ ________ ____ _______ ___ ________ _____ ________ __ ________ ___ ________

Now see if you can form the present perfect forms of the verb tomar:

Is this what you got? he tomado hemos tomado has tomado habéis tomado ha tomado han tomado

Is this what you got?

Now let’s try an –er verb See if you can come up with the present perfect forms for comer : __ ______ _____ ______ ___ ______ ______ ______ __ ______ ___ ______

See if you can come up with the present perfect forms for comer :

Is this what you came up with? he comido hemos comido has comido habéis comido ha comido han comido

Is this what you came up with?

Let’s try another one…see if you can come up with the present perfect tense of ir : __ ___ _____ ___ ___ ___ ______ ___ __ ___ ___ ______

Let’s try another one…see if you can come up with the present perfect tense of ir :

Is this what you came up with? he ido hemos ido has ido habéis ido ha ido han ido

Is this what you came up with?

Many of you may have assumed that ir had an irregular past participle. After all, it does have an irregular present participle. But ir is actually regular in this tense. Here are some verbs that are irregular in the past participle.

Many of you may have assumed that ir had an irregular past participle. After all, it does have an irregular present participle. But ir is actually regular in this tense. Here are some verbs that are irregular in the past participle.

Not exactly irregular but… -er and –ir verbs whose stems end in a vowel have past participles ending in –ído caer -> caído creer -> creído leer -> leído oír -> oído reír -> reído traer -> traído

-er and –ir verbs whose stems end in a vowel have past participles ending in –ído

caer -> caído creer -> creído

leer -> leído oír -> oído

reír -> reído traer -> traído

Irregulars The following verbs have irregular past participles ending in –to: abrir -> abierto cubrir -> cubierto escribir -> escrito volver -> vuelto morir -> muerto poner -> puesto romper -> roto ver -> visto descubrir -> descubierto

The following verbs have irregular past participles ending in –to:

abrir -> abierto cubrir -> cubierto

escribir -> escrito volver -> vuelto

morir -> muerto poner -> puesto

romper -> roto ver -> visto

descubrir -> descubierto

More irregulars These verbs have irregular past participles ending in –cho: decir -> dicho hacer -> hecho

These verbs have irregular past participles ending in –cho:

decir -> dicho

hacer -> hecho

¡Vamos a practicar! See if you can form the correct present perfect using the subject and verb given. Modelo: yo / decidir -> He decidido 1. ella / abrir Ha abierto 2. Marta y yo / tocar Hemos tocado 3. Gonzalo / crecer Ha crecido

See if you can form the correct present perfect using the subject and verb given.

Modelo: yo / decidir -> He decidido

1. ella / abrir

Ha abierto

2. Marta y yo / tocar

Hemos tocado

3. Gonzalo / crecer

Ha crecido

4. Tú y tus amigos / reír H abéis reído 5. Mis padres / hacer Han hecho 6. Tus abuelos / cubrir Han cubierto 7. Rogelio y Ramón / escribir Han escrito

4. Tú y tus amigos / reír

H abéis reído

5. Mis padres / hacer

Han hecho

6. Tus abuelos / cubrir

Han cubierto

7. Rogelio y Ramón / escribir

Han escrito

Object pronouns and no are always placed directly before the form of haber, e.g.: The present perfect form of hay is always ha habido ( there has/have been) , e.g.: Remember that acabar + de + infinitive ( n ot the present perfect tense) is used to state that something has just occurred, e.g.: Ella ha cambiado una llanta desinflada varias veces. She’s changed a flat tire several times. Todavía no le han revisado el aceite al coche. They still haven’t checked the car’s oil . Ha habido un accidente. (There’s been an accident.) Acabo de mandar la carta. I’ve just mailed the letter.

Object pronouns and no are always placed directly before the form of haber, e.g.:

The present perfect form of hay is always ha habido ( there has/have been) , e.g.:

Remember that acabar + de + infinitive ( n ot the present perfect tense) is used to state that something has just occurred, e.g.:

The present perfect subjunctive (el perfecto subjuntivo) is formed with the present subjunctive of haber plus the past participle. It is used to express I have spoken (written , and so on) when the subjunctive is required. ¿Qué es el presente perfecto de subjuntivo? haya hablado hayamos hablado hayas hablado hayáis hablado haya hablado hayan hablado

The present perfect subjunctive (el perfecto subjuntivo) is formed with the present subjunctive of haber plus the past participle. It is used to express I have spoken (written , and so on) when the subjunctive is required.

Note in the model sentence at the right that the English equivalent of the present perfect subjunctive can be expressed as a simple or compound tense : did/have done; came/have come; built/have built. Es posible que (él) lo haya hecho. It’s possible (that) he may have done he did it. Me alegro de que (tú) hayas venido. I’m glad (that) you have come (you came). Es bueno que lo hayan construido . It’s good (that) they built (have built) it.

Note in the model sentence at the right that the English equivalent of the present perfect subjunctive can be expressed as a simple or compound tense : did/have done; came/have come; built/have built.

The perfect subjunctive differs from the present subjunctive in that it conveys the meaning of an action which would, or might have taken place, i.e. a finished action Compare a) with b): a) Espero que lleguen a tiempo para coger el avión ( I hope they arrive on time to catch the plane) b) Espero que hayan llegado a tiempo para coger el avión (I hope they arrived on time so that they could catch the place)

The perfect subjunctive differs from the present subjunctive in that it conveys the meaning of an action which would, or might have taken place, i.e. a finished action

Compare a) with b):

a) Espero que lleguen a tiempo para coger el avión ( I hope they arrive on time to catch the plane)

b) Espero que hayan llegado a tiempo para coger el avión (I hope they arrived on time so that they could catch the place)

¡Vamos a practicar con el pretérito perfecto!