Animal kingdom plus1
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This document provides a summary of the classification of major animal phyla based on their key characteristics and evolutionary relationships. It discusses the levels of biological organization and describes the distinguishing features of major phyla including porifera, cnidaria, platyhelminthes, annelida, arthropoda, mollusca, echinodermata, chordata, and vertebrata. Key characteristics like symmetry, presence of tissues, body cavities, segmentation, and notochord are used to classify animals into different phyla and subphyla.
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Animal kingdom plus1
- 1. ANIMAL KINGDOM * Basis of classification * Classification of animals
- 10. Body Symmetry Central Axis A Radial Plane Another Radial Plane (a) Radial Symmetry
- 12. Body Symmetry Sagittal Plane Anterior Posterior (b) Bilateral Symmetry
- 17. The True Coelomates Digestive Cavity Digestive Tract Coelom Body Wall Body cavity completely lined with mesoderm Complete Lining Annelida
- 19. The Pseudocoelomates Digestive Cavity Digestive Tract Pseudocoelom Body Wall Body cavity partially lined with mesoderm Partial Lining Nematoda
- 21. Acoelomates Digestive Cavity Digestive Lining Solid Tissue Body Wall No cavity between body wall & digestive tract Cnidaria
- 25. Evolutionary Tree of Major Animal Phyla Porifera No true tissues True tissues 2 tissue layers; radial symmetry Ctenophora Cnidaria 3 tissue layers; bilateral symmetry Platyhelminthes No body cavity Body cavity Pseudocoel Nematoda Rotifera Coelom Protostome development Annelida Mollusca Insecta Deuterostome development Mammalia Echino- dermata
- 28. The Body Plan of Sponges Osculum Epithelial Cell Spicules Amoeboid Cells Pore Cell Collar Cell Pore Water Flow
- 29. Asymetrical
- 30. Phylum Cnidaria
- 32. The Polyp Mouth Tentacle Body Wall Mesoglea Gastrovascular Lining Gastrovascular Cavity Foot Column
- 33. The Medusa Mouth Tentacle Body Wall Mesoglea Gastrovascular Lining Gastrovascular Cavity
- 34. The Cnidoblast Armed Cnidocyte Body Wall Water Filament Trigger Nuclei Spent Cnidocyte
- 36. Sea Anemones
- 37. Coral
- 40. Phylum Platyhelminthes Tapeworm Liver fluke
- 42. Larvae migrate through vessels to pig muscles & encyst there. Adult tapeworm
- 43. Head with hooks & suckers
- 44. Flatworm Organ Systems (a) Digestive System Gastrovascular Cavity Pharynx (b1) Excretory System Excretory Canal Excretory Pore (b2) Nervous System Nerve Cord Brain
- 46. Round Body, tapered at both ends, two openings
- 48. An Annelid: the Earthworm Mouth Brain Pharynx Ventral Vessel Ventral Nerve Cord Hearts Esophagus Crop Gizzard Intestine Ventral Nerve Cord Anus Coelom Intestine Excretory Pore Nephridia Coelom
- 49. Leech
- 50. Nereis
- 54. Class-Insecta(Grasshopper) Wing Abdomen Thorax Head Antennae Compound Eyes
- 61. Internal structure of a mollusc Tentacle Eye Mouth Radula Foot Ganglia (brain) Digestive Tract Gonad Nerve Cords Heart Coelom Shell Mantle Anus Gill
- 62. Pila
- 63. Pearl oyster
- 64. Squid
- 65. Octopus
- 66. Chiton
- 68. Star Fish
- 69. Sea Urchin
- 70. Sea lily
- 71. Sea Cucumber
- 72. Brittle Sea Star
- 74. Balanoglossus
- 76. Comparison of Chordates and non-chordates Absent Post anal tail is present 5 Heart is doral Heart is ventral 4 Gill slits are absent Pharyngeal gill slits present 3 Ventral, solid, double Dorsal hollow single nerve cord 2 Absent Notochord present 1 Non-chordates Chordates S.No
- 79. Ascidia Gill Slits Brain Mouth Gut Heart Water Exit ADULT
- 80. Ascidia(photo)
- 82. Amphioxus Notochord Nerve Cord Gill Slits Mouth Gut Muscle Segments Tail Anus
- 83. Amphioxus
- 91. Eg :Shark
- 93. Sting ray
- 94. Torpedo
- 98. 3. Osteicthyes
- 101. Toad
- 102. Frog
- 104. Salamander
- 106. Turtle
- 107. Crocodile
- 108. KING COBRA
- 109. Python
- 117. Echidna
Editor's Notes
- (a) A radially symmetrical body. Any plane that passes through the central axis divides the body into mirror-image halves. Animals in these groups lack a well-defined head. (b) Bilateral symmetry. The body can be split into two mirror-image halves only along a particular plane that runs down the midline. Animals with bilateral symmetry have an anterior head end and a posterior tail end.
- (a) A radially symmetrical body. Any plane that passes through the central axis divides the body into mirror-image halves. Animals in these groups lack a well-defined head. (b) Bilateral symmetry. The body can be split into two mirror-image halves only along a particular plane that runs down the midline. Animals with bilateral symmetry have an anterior head end and a posterior tail end.
- (c) Annelids have a true coelom.
- (b) Roundworms are pseudo-coelomates.
- (a) Cnidarians and flatworms have no cavity between the body wall and digestive tract.
- An evolutionary tree of some major animal phyla
- All sponges have a similar body plan. Currents created by collar cells draw in water through numerous tiny pores. Microscopic food particles are filtered out by collar cells and shared among the various cell types. Water exits through larger pores, the oscula. Spicules form a supportive internal skeleton.
- The two basic body forms of cnidarians are actually variations on a single, simple theme. (a) The polyp form is seen in hydra (see Fig. 22-8), sea anemones (Fig. 22-6a), and the individual polyps within a coral (Fig. 22-6c).
- (b) The medusa form, seen in the jellyfish (Fig. 22-6b), resembles an inverted polyp. Both forms exhibit radial symmetry, with body parts arranged in a circle around a central axis.
- At the slightest touch to the trigger of a special structure in their cnidocytes, cnidarians, such as this hydra, violently expel a poisoned filament. The hollow filament turns inside out, impaling the prey and injecting a paralyzing venom. These structures are microscopic. Only a few species inject enough venom to harm a human.
- Each reproductive unit, or proglottid, is a self-contained reproductive factory that includes both male and female sex organs.
- Each reproductive unit, or proglottid, is a self-contained reproductive factory that includes both male and female sex organs.
- Flatworms such as planarians have well-developed organ systems. (a) The elaborately branched digestive system, the centrally located ventral pharynx, and eyespots in the head are clearly visible. (b) (Left) The excretory system consists of branching tubes that conduct excess fluid to the outside through numerous pores. Cilia keep the fluid moving. (Right) The nervous system of flatworms shows clear cephalization, with eyes and a brain composed of ganglia cells in a well-defined head. Ladderlike nerve cords carry signals through the rest of the body.
- This diagram shows an enlargement of segments, many of which are repeating similar units separated by partitions. The digestive system, which has both a mouth and an anus, is divided into a series of compartments specialized to process food in an orderly sequence.
- Insects such as this grasshopper show fusion and specialization of body segments into a distinct head, thorax, and abdomen. Segments are visible beneath the wings on the abdomen.
- The general body plan of a mollusk, showing the mantle, foot, gills, shell, radula, and other features that are seen in most (but not all) species of mollusk.
- The sea squirt larva (left) also exhibits all the chordate features. The adult sea squirt (a type of tunicate, middle) has lost its tail and notochord and has assumed a sedentary life, as shown in the photo (right).
- A lancelet, a fishlike invertebrate chordate. The adult organism exhibits all the diagnostic features of chordates.
- FIGURE 24-4a Jawless fishes (a) Hagfishes live in communal burrows in mud, feeding on worms.
- FIGURE 24-8a "Amphibian" means "double life” The double life of amphibians is illustrated by the bullfrog's transition from (a) a completely aquatic larval tadpole to (b) an adult leading a semiterrestrial life.