all detail of house wiring and maintenance of house gadget !

1. 28-07-2016 Atharva college of Engineerig , Malad (w) Mumbai 1

2. Contents
• House Wiring
• Extension Board Preparation
• Residential Gadget
• Fault Checking and Maintenance of residential device like
1. Tube light
2. Fan
3. Press Iron
• Circuit connection
1. Series Connection
2. Parallel Connection
• How to make series test lamp
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3. • Homes typically have several kinds
of home wiring for lighting and power
distribution, permanently installed and
portable appliances, telephone, heating or
ventilation system control, and increasingly
for home theatre and computer networks.
• Regulations for wiring installation vary
widely around the world, with national,
regional, and municipal rules sometimes in
effect. Some places allow the homeowner
to install some or all of the wiring in a
home; other jurisdictions require that
licensed electricians only install wiring. • Single-phase ~230V/40A/9kW fuse box
for apartment rewiring. Each appliance and
each room are highlighted into autonomous
circuits - all in all this apartment has 14
individual circuits. Relay is used for driving the
light fixtures in large room
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4. 1.0 Title :
To fabricate a switch board with three single pole (SP) switches controlling two load points and one three pin socket.
2.0 Prior Concepts:
Single pole (SP) switch, three pin socket, wiring diagram.
3.0 New Concepts:
Proposition 1 : Switch Board
Switch board is a board made up of either wood or plastic (PVC) and is meant for mounting switches and sockets.
Concept Structure 1 :Proposition 2 : Mounting of Switches and Sockets
The procedure of cutting of holes of appropriate size and fixing of
switches and sockets on switchboard is known as mounting of switches.
Concept Structure 2 :Proposition 3 : Wiring of Switch Board
The procedure of making electrical connections to switches and sockets
according to the wiring diagram is known as wiring of switch board.
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5. Residential Gadget
1) Central Air Conditioner (60,000 BTU/Hour): (8520±1123)
kWh
2) Refrigerator/Freezer (Sub Zero 48-in): (1,402±178) kWh
3) Swimming Pool Pump (3/4 Horse Power): (1,305±120) kWh
4) Computers, Printers, Routers: (781±97) kWh
5) Cloth Dryer: (769±94) kWh
6) Lighting: (723±93) kWh
7) Range with Oven: (701±89) kWh
8) Dish Washer: 31.12 kWh
9) Sprinkler System: 28.97 kWh
10) Television: 27.11 kWh
11) Hair Dryer: 26.21 kWh
12) Ceiling Fan: 12.31 kWh
13) Washing Machine: 11.04 kWh
14) Cloth Iron: 10.12 kWh
15) Toaster: 5 kWh
16) Tablet & Phone: 3.12 kWh
These includes mainly following electrical appliances used in day to day life :
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6. First we have to check whether the connections made are proper
Then check whether insulations are proper
• Ground fault:
A ground fault is any short circuit that results in an unintended connection between an energized
ungrounded phase conductor and ground. Ground faults are the most common type of fault on power
distribution systems. They result from the unintentional grounding of an ungrounded phase conductor or
insulation failure that brings the ungrounded phase conductor into contact with ground. Unintentional
grounding of a phase conductor can occur when a small animal enters a piece of equipment and contacts
both an ungrounded phase conductor and the grounded enclosure. Insulation failure resulting in a ground
fault can occur when bus bar insulator contamination results in a flashover or when age or other
environmental factors degrade the conductor insulation.
• Check the main supply
• Check any other functions (mains indicators, rear on/off switch, etc.)
• Check the mains cable.
• Check that the mains fuses are not blown.
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7. Tube light
A fluorescent lamp or a fluorescent tube is a low pressure mercury-vapour gas-discharge
lamp that uses fluorescence to produce visible light. An electric current in the
gas excites mercury vapour which produces short-wave ultraviolet light that then causes
a phosphor coating on the inside of the bulb to glow. A fluorescent lamp converts electrical energy
into useful light much more efficiently than incandescent lamps. The typical luminous efficacy of
fluorescent lighting systems is 50–100 lumens per watt, several times the efficacy of incandescent
bulbs with comparable light output.
Basic diagram
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8. A ceiling fan is a mechanical fan, usually electrically powered, suspended from the ceiling of a room, that uses hub-mounted rotating paddles
to circulate air.
A ceiling fan rotates much more slowly than an electric desk fan; it cools people effectively by introducing slow movement into the otherwise
still, hot air of a room, inducing evaporative cooling. Fans never actually cool air, unlike air-conditioning equipment, but use significantly less
power (cooling air is thermodynamically expensive). Conversely, a ceiling fan can also be used to reduce the stratification of warm air in a
room by forcing it down to affect both occupants' sensations and thermostat readings, thereby improving climate control energy efficiency.
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9. A clothes iron, also called a flatiron or simply an iron, is a small appliance: a handheld piece of equipment with
a flat, roughly triangular surface that, when heated, is used to press clothes to remove creases. It is named for
the metal of which the device is commonly made, and the use of it is generally called ironing. Ironing works by
loosening the ties between the long chains of molecules that exist in polymer fibre materials. With the heat and
the weight of the ironing plate, the fibre are stretched and the fabric maintains its new shape when cool. Some
materials, such as cotton, require the use of water to loosen the intermolecular bonds. Many materials
developed in the twentieth century are advertised as needing little or no ironing.
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10. •Types of Connections
•Series Circuits
•Parallel Circuits
•Combination Circuits
When there are two or more electrical devices present in a circuit with an energy source, there are a couple of basic means by
which to connect them. They can be connected in series or connected in parallel. Suppose that there are three light bulbs
connected together in the same circuit. If connected in series, then they are connected in such a way that an individual charge
would pass through each one of the light bulbs in consecutive fashion. When in series, charge passes through every light bulb. If
connected in parallel, a single charge passing through the external circuit would only pass through one of the light bulbs. The light
bulbs are placed within a separate branch line, and a charge traversing the external circuit will pass through only one of the
branches during its path back to the low potential terminal. The means by which the resistors are connected will have a major effect
upon the overall resistance of the circuit, the total current in the circuit, and the current in each resistor. A common physics lab
activity involves constructing both types of circuits with bulbs connected in series and bulbs connected in parallel. A comparison and
contrast is made between the two circuits.
Circuit Connection
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11. In conducting the lab activity, distinctly different observations are made for the two types of circuits. A series circuit can be
constructed by connecting light bulbs in such a manner that there is a single pathway for charge flow; the bulbs are added to
the same line with no branching point. As more and more light bulbs are added, the brightness of each bulb gradually decreases.
This observation is an indicator that the current within the circuit is decreasing.
So for series circuits, as more resistors are added the overall current within the circuit decreases. This decrease in current is
consistent with the conclusion that the overall resistance increases.
A final observation that is unique to series circuits is the effect of removing a bulb from a socket. If one of three bulbs in a series
circuit is unscrewed from its socket, then it is observed that the other bulbs immediately go out. In order for the devices in a
series circuit to work, each device must work. If one goes out, they all go out. Suppose that all the appliances in a household
kitchen were all connected in series. In order for the refrigerator to work in that kitchen, the toaster oven, dishwasher, garbage
disposal and overhead light would all have to be on. In order for one device in series to work, they all must work. If current
is cut from any one of them, it is cut from all of them. Quite obviously, the appliances in the kitchen are not connected in series.
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12. Using the same collection of wires, D-cells and bulbs, parallel circuits can be explored in the same manner. The effect of the number of
resistors upon the overall current and the overall resistance can be investigated. The diagrams below depict the usual means of constructing
the circuit with parallel connections of light bulbs. One will note that a study of the overall current for parallel connections requires the
addition of an indicator bulb. The indicator bulb is placed outside of the branches and allows one to observe the effect of additional resistors
upon the overall current. The bulbs that are placed in the parallel branches only provide an indicator of the current through that particular
branch. So if investigating the effect of the number of resistors upon the overall current and resistance, one must make careful observations
of the indicator bulb, not the bulbs that are placed in the branches. The diagram below depicts the typical observations.
It is clear from observing the indicator bulbs in the above diagrams that the addition of more resistors causes the indicator bulb to get
brighter. For parallel circuits, as the number of resistors increases, the overall current also increases. This increase in current is consistent
with a decrease in overall resistance. Adding more resistors in a separate branch has the unexpected result of decreasing the overall
resistance!
If an individual bulb in a parallel branch is unscrewed from its socket, then there is still current in the overall circuit and current in the other
branches. Removing the third bulb from its socket has the effect of transforming the circuit from a three-bulb parallel circuit to a two-bulb
parallel circuit. If the appliances in a household kitchen were connected in parallel, then the refrigerator could function without having to have
the dishwasher, toaster, garbage disposal and overhead lights on. One appliance can work without the other appliances having to be on.
Since each appliance is in its own separate branch, turning that appliance off merely cuts off the flow of charge to that branch. There will still
be charge flowing through the other branches to the other appliances. Quite obviously, the appliances in a home are wired with parallel
connections.
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13. 1.In Series connection current remains constant but voltage varies
R = R1+R2………..+Rn
2.In Parallel connection voltage remains constant but current varies
1/R=1/R1+1/R2+………+1/Rn
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Steps to follow to make test lamp
1. Cut the wire into two pieces making one meter long each.
2. Now you have two pieces of wire. Fix the bulb holder using one end of the both two pieces of wire and install
a light bulb on it.
3. Now you have other two ends free. Fix a two pin plug on that free pairs of wires. It means you can light up the
bulb if you put two pin plug in a live two pin socket.
4. Check the continuity of the half done device by avo meter and be sure that bulb lights up when plug is being
inserted in a live two pin socket.
5. Now, Pull out the plug from the socket after test and just cut into half length of any one of the wire and slice the
insulation about half inches from cutting end of the wire so that bare copper wire is clearly visible.
6. Now, your test lamp is ready for experimental test. In this case, keep the sliced bare copper wire in safe place and
PLUG the two pin plug into live two pin socket. Connect the bare cutted wire by touching the both wire. You will see
that bulb will light up. Disconnect the bare cutted wire it will OFF the light. It means your test lamp is OK and you
can use it to test the continuity of any circuit getting hundred percent accuracy, if you have any doubt with your
Avometer.
How to make a series test lamp

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1. Never use your bare hand on the live wire.
2. Use proper tool to cut wire and slicing.
3. Check the wires for continuity before you start.
Safety measures

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Conclusion
Thus we have studied following topics during workshop
House Wiring
Extension Board Preparation
Residential Gadget
Fault Checking and Maintenance of residential device
Circuit connection
How to make series test lamp

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