Forex Market2

FOREX MARKET
EXCHANGE RATE
DOMESTIC CURRENCY
DIRECT QUOTE
INDIRECT QUOTE
LINK BETWEEN DIRECT&INDIRECT QUOTE
AMERICAN TERM
EUROPEAN TERM
BID
ASK
TWO WAY QUOTE
SPREAD
CONVERTING TWOWAY QUOTE
Arbitrage

FOREX MARKET
CROSS RATE
SPOT RATE
FORWARD RATE
APPRECIATION
DEPRECIATON
COMPUTATION OF APPRECIATION AND DEPRECIATION
SWAP POINTS
FORWARD RATE, PREMIUM AND DISCOUNT

EXCHANGE RATE
THE PRICE OF ONE CURRENCY VIEWED IN RELATION TO ANOTHER CURRENCY IS CALLED EXCHANGE RATE.
EXAMPLE- Re/$ 44.76 means 44.76=1USD

3. DIRECT QUOTE
X UNITS OF DOMESTIC CURRENCY EQUAL ONE UNIT OF FOREIGN CURRENCY.
EXAMPLE- Rs44.20 per USD IS A DIRECT QUOTE FOR USD IN INDIA

4. INDIRECT QUOTE
THE DOMESTIC CURRENCY IS THE COMMODITY WHICH IS BEING BOUGHT AND SOLD.
COMMODITY COMES FIRST AND PRICE NEXT.
EXAMPLE- Re1=.02 USD

5.CONVERTION (D TO I)
RUPEES Rs44.20=1$- DIRECT QUOTE
INDIRECT QUOTE Re1= 1/44.20=.0227
? KRONER 0.1481 –KRONERS PER RUPEE
?SAUDI RIYAL(SAR) .08 –RIYAL PER RUPEE
? GBP 83.27 RUPEES PER POUND.

6. AMERICAN AND EUROPEAN TERMS
AMERICAN TERM IS DIRECT.
EUROPEAN TERM INDIRECT.
EXAMPLE-THE RATE $ 1.5 PER POUND IS AN AMERICAN TERM.
THE QUOTE $1= INR 45 IN EUROPEAN TERM.
? AMERICA OR EUROPE.
(a) 3.419$ PER QUWAITI DINAR- IN USA IT IS A DIRECT MODE- AMERICAN TERMS.
EUROPEAN TERM- 1/AMRICAN TERM : .2925 KWD PER USD.

7. SOLVE
(a) 7.760 HKD PER $
(b) 7.57 PER DANISH KRONER
Direct quote
American term
1HKD=.128$ European term
.128Rs=1HKD Indirect quote

ANSWERS
(a) PERSON IN AMERICA THE QUOTE IS FOREIGN CURRENCY PER UNIT OF HOME CURRENCY. HENSE IT IS INDIRECT MODE- EUROPEAN TERM
THE AMERICAN TERM: 1/EUROPEAN TERM IS 1/7.760= .13 $ PER HKD(HONG-KONG) DOLLAR.
(b)THE QUOTE IS NEITHER EUROPEAN NOR IN AMERICAN TERM SINCE DOLLAR IS NOT ONE OF THE PAIR OF CURRENCIES.

BID AND ASK
THE BANK’S QUOTE OF BID AND ASK IS FROM THE BANKER’S PERSPECTIVE.
BID= BUY
ASK=SELL
IF THE BID RATE FOR USD IS 40 IT MEANS THAT THE BANK IS READY TO BUY 1$ FOR Rs.40
IF THE ASK RATE IS FOR USD IS 41, IT MEANS THAT THE BANK IS (ASKING IF SOMEONE WILL BUY) SELLING 1$ FOR Rs.41.

Three tier architecture
A) bottom tire- Money changers licenced by RBI
B) Second tire-cooperative and Commercial Bank licenced to maintain accounts for NRI
C) TOP TIER- Authoried dealers-Scheduled Banks-full-fledged foreign exchange business.

Two way quote
BID QUOTE AND ASK QUOTE
Ex: Re/$- 40.42 – 41.63
Rs.40.42-bid(buying)-( Bank point of view)
Rs.41.63-ask(selling)
Rs.40.42=1$ means the quote is in india
Yen33= Re.1 means the quote is in Japan
If you want to buy, if you have $, you will get Rs.40.42
If you want to sell Rs. and buy $ you part with Rs.41.63.

Spread
ASK MINUS BID=SPREAD
EX. 40-41
SPREAD=
Rs.41-40=Rs.1
Factors:a) Stability of the exchange rate
b) depth of the market-volume of transaction
High volume(deep market)-narrow spread
Low volume (thin market)-wider spread

Problem
Indian would like to have travelers cheques: GBP-STERLING 72.70-73.25
A) explain the quote
B) compute the spread
C) how much would you pay for purchasing 250 pounds in TCS?
D) If you have a balance of pounds 23 in travellers cheques , how many rupees would you receive if the bank in india quotes 73.65-73.92?

Answer
A)Bank buys at 72.70and Ask rate is 73.25
B)Spread=.55
C) 250*73.25=Rs.18312.50
D)Rs.23*73.65=Rs.1693.95
Note: in practice all forex transactions are rounded off to a rupee ie Rs.1694

Converting two way quotes
Formula
Bid(Rs/$)=1/Ask($/Rs)or
Ask(Rs/$)=1/Bid ($/Rs)or
Take the inverse of each rate (bid and ask) and switch them around.
Ex:INR/USD 40.25-41.35
1/40.25 1/41.35
USD/INR =0.0248 =.02418

PROBLEM
CONSIDER THE FOLLOWING QUOTATIONS IN MUMBAI
Rupee/UAE Dirham(AED)=12.69
Rupee/Swedish kroner(SEK)=5.49
Rupee/New Zealand Dollar(NZD)=25.35
Euro/INR=0.0198
Compute a)The quote for SEK/AED
b) Euro/NZD

Solutions
A)SEK/AED=SEK/INR*INR/AED=.18*12.69
=1 AED
B) EURO/NZD=EURO/Re*Re/NZD=.0198*25.35=.50

SPOT RATE
RATE OF EXCHANGE FOR IMMEDIATE SETTLEMENT
IT IS SETTLED ON THE SECOND WORKING DAY
SATURDAY AND SUNDAY ARE HOLIDAYS
EX:SPOT RATE:Rs./$40.35-41.36 SUPPOSING YOU HAVE 124000 DOLLAR RECEIVED ON THURSDAY THE BANK WILL SETTLE 124000*40.35=50,03,400 ON THE FOLLOWING MONDAY.

FORWARD RATE
RATE CONTRACTED TODAY FOR EXCHANGE OF CURRENCIES AT A SPECIFIED FUTURE DATE
THERE IS A FORWARD BID AND FORWARED ASK
CASH DELIVERY-ON THE SAME DAY
TOM DELIVERY-ON WORKING DAY ON THE FOLLOWING DAY

APPRICIATION AND DEPRECIATION
IF F>S IN A DIRECT QUOTE THE FOREIGN CURRENCY IS APPRECIATING
Home depreciate
Indirect quote: Foreign depreciates and HOME APPRECIATES
Ex: 1. SPOT: SGD .O370=Re 1
IN SINGAPORE ; FORWARD RATE THREE MONTHS HENCE 0.0360
SGD APPRECIATES OR DEPRECIATES?
SPOT USD 1.5865= 1 POUND IN UK. FORWARD 1 MONTH 1.5833 .
?DEPRECIATE OR APPRICIATE

SWAP POINTS
DIFFRENCE BETWEEN SPOT BID AND FORWARD BID OR SPOT ASK AND FORWARD ASK
?DIFFRENCE BETWEEN SPREAD AND SWAP POINTS

FORWARD RATE, PREMIUM AND DISCOUNT
IF SWAP ASK> SWAP BID-FOREIGN CURRENCY IS APPRECIATING HENCE ADD SWAP POINTS
IF SWAP ASK <SWAP BID FOREIGN CURRENCY IS DEPRECIATING. HENCE DEDUCT THE SWAP POINTS.

Arbitrage
Act of buying currency in one market at lower prices and selling it in another at higher price.
It helps the arbitrageurs in the market to earn profit without risk
It is a balancing operations that do not allow the same currency to have varying rates in different forex markets.

Types of arbitrage
Geographical
Triangular arbitrage

Geographical arbitrage
Different prices quoted in two geographical markets for the same currency
Tokyo and London
1.Observe the following:
Rs/US $
London Rs.: 42.5730--42.61
Tokyo $: 42.6750 -- 42.6675
Can make money out of it?

Buy at London market at 42.6100 and sell the same at Tokyo market for Rs.42.6350.
Suppose you buy from London for 100 million Rupees you can get 100 million /42.61=$2,346,866.932
Sell $ 2,346,866.932 in Tokyo market at Rs. 42.6350 gives Rs.100,058,671.16
There are transaction costs involved.
Note: selling price of one market should be higher than buying price of another market.

Exercise-2
The following are three quotes in three forex markets
1$=Rs.48.3011 in Mumboi
1pound=Rs.77.1125 in London
1Pound=$1.6231 in Newyork.
Are there any arbitrage gains possible? Assume there are no transaction costs and the arbitrageaur has $1,000,000.

Answer-2
The cross rate between Mumboi and London with respect to$/pound=77.1125/48.3011
=$1.5965/pound
But in newyork the price is quoted $1.6231
There is an opportunity to earn by buing indian rupee in in Mumboi market and convert them into pounds in London Market
Then convert pounds into dollors in NewYork market.

Answer-2 continues
Rs.48.3011X 1 million dollor=Rs.48,301,100
Pounds=48,301,100/77.1125=626,371.8592
Dollors=626,371.8592X1.6231
=$1,016,664.164.
The gain=$16,664.164.

Exercise-3: arbitrage in forward market
Determine arbitrage gain from the following data:
Spot rate Rs.78.10/pound
3 month forward rate Rs.78.60/pound
3 month interest rates:
Rupees: 5%; British pound :9%
Assume Rs10 million borrowings or pound 200,000 as the case may be.

Answer-3
Since forward rate is higher than the spot rate pound is at a premium.
Percentage premium = (78.60-78.10)X12X100/(78.10X3)=2.56%
Interest rate differential =9%-5%=4%
This helps to borrow from Indian market and invest today in pounds in the spot market

Method -2
1.Borrow in Uk and invest such pounds after converting them into rupees in India
2.After three months re convert the rupees including the interest into pounds at forward rate
3.Deduct the loan including interest from step –2
If step-2 is more than step-3 there is a gain.

Exercise-4
Spot rate=78.10; interest rates India-5%; interest rate in UK-9% (pounds); At what forward rate the arbitrage is not possible?

Answer-4
Spot rate =78.10
Add: 4% premium for three month period(78.10 X 4/100) X3/12=0.781
Forward rate= 78.10-0.781=77.319
What is the principle used?

Principle
The arbitrageur earns 4% extra interest to pay 4% forward premium yielding him no gain.

Exercise-5
Spot rate-78.10; forward rate for three months-Rs.77.50; rate of interest for pounds-6% for three months.Rate of interest in India-5%. Is there any arbitrage ?

Answer-5
The British pound is at a forward discount of 3.073% ie.(78.10-77.50)x 100/78.10x (12/3)100
Interest rate differential is 6%-5%=1%
There are arbitrage gain possibilities.
Borrow in UK 2,00,000 pounds at 6% and convert them into Indian currency and invest them in India at rate of 5%
The total amount is converted into pounds at the forward rate
Net gain =1067.7419 pounds.

Exercise-6
A Ltd is planning to import a multipurpose machine from Japan at a cost of 3400 lakh Yen.The company can borrow at the rate of 18% per annum with quarterly rests.However there is an offer from Tokyo bran of Indian Bank extending credit of 180 days at 2% per annum against the opening of an irrevocable letter of credit. Other information is as follows:
Spot rate for Rs.100=340 yen; 180 days forward rate for Rs.100=345 yen; commission charges for letters of credit are at 2% for 12 months.
Advise the company which mode of purchase is better?

Answer-6
Borrowing 3400 lakhs yen
Borrowing in Indian rupee=Rs.1000 lakhs
Interest for the first 3 months= 45
Interest for the second quarter=47.025
Total cash outflow at the end of 6 months equals to Rs.1092.025 lakhs.
If letter of credit is followed:
Borrowings 3400 lakhs yen
Interest for 6 months 34 yen
Commission charges 3400 x .02 x6/12=34

Answer-6 continues
Total payments =3468 lakhs yen
Conversion into indian rupees=1005.217
Conclusion:- Avail overseas offer

Exercise-7
Spot Rs.48/$ ;6 month interest rate: India-7.5%Per annum; US interest rate-2% per annum.what forward rate will no arbitrage gain be possible?

Answer-7
Difference in rate-7.5%- 2%=5.5%p.a.
Spot rate $48
Add: 5.5% premium for three months
(48x (5.5/100) x 3/12) =0.66
Forward rate = 48.66/$

Exercise-8
Spot rate- Rs.48.5/$ ; 6 month forward rate-Rs.48.90/$ ; Annualised interest on US 6 month treasury bill –2.5%; annualised interest on Indian 6-month treasury bill-6.0%; what are the transactions the trader will execute to receive arbitrage gain?

Answer-8
Interest rate differential=6%-2.5%=3.5%pa
Premium of forward rate=(48.90-48.5)/48.5x100 x(12/6)=1.65%
Since interest diferential is more than premium forward arbitrage gain is possible.

Exercise-9
Calculate cross currency rate between Euro/pound(bid as well as ask)
Rs/Us $ Rs 48.35-48.90
Rs/Euro Rs.51.90-52.30
$/ Pound $ 1.49-1.50

Answer-9
Euro/Pound(bid)=Rs/Us $ x $/Pound x Euro/Rs=48.35 x1.49 x 1/51.90
Euro/Pound(ask)=48.90 x 1.50 x1/52.30

Exercise-10
You are required to fill in the missing figures and complete the table
0.9287 - - - 1.0 ------ - - 1.0 - 1.5259 - 1.0 - - o.6161 1.0 - - - 1.0 - - - - 1USD 1 pound 1Canadi 1 Yen 1 Euro Euro Yen Canadian Pound US dollar

Answer-10 0.9287 1.5074 0.6086 0.0078 1.0 118.08 191.655 77.3838 1.0 127.145 1.5259 2.4767 1.0 0.0129 1.6430 o.6161 1.0 .4037 .0052 .6634 1.0 1.623 0.65530.0085 1.0767 1USD 1 pound 1Canadi 1 Yen 1 Euro Euro Yen Canadian Pound US dollar

Exercise-11
The following quotations are available to you:
by a bank in New York $ 1.6012/Pound
By a bank in Paris FFr4.9800/$
By a a bank in London Pound 0.1350/FFr
Is any triangular arbitrage possible?

Answer-11
From a direct quote of New York and Paris, the cross rate for Pound/FFr is Pound/FFr= Pound/$ x $/FFr= 1/1.6012 x1/4.9800
Or Pound/FFr =0.1254
Since in the direct quote the FFr in London is pound 0.1350/FFr(different from 0.1254), triangular arbitrage is possible.

Answer-11
1/1.6012 x 1/ 4.9800=0.1254=Pound/FFr
Since in the direct quote the FFr in London is 0.1350/FFr different from 0.1254, triangular arbitrage is possible.

Borrow in the country where the rate of interest is low and invest in the country where interest rate is high.

Exercise-12
On 1 st April 3 months interest rate in the US $ and Germany are 6.5% and 4.5% per annum respectively.The USD/DM spot rate is 0.6560. What would be the forward rate for DM, for delivery on 30 th June?

Answer-12
Spot rate is US $ 0.6560/DM
Interest rate parity relationship S0=[1+imA]/[1+inB
S0= Spot rate; S1= Future exchange rate
inA=Nominal interest in country A(USA)
inB= Nominal interest in country B(Germany)
S1=0.6560{1+(0.065 x3/12)/1 +(0.045 x 3/12)}
= 0.6560 x (1.01625/1.01125) = USD 0.6592 $/DM

Exercise-13
Spot rate 47.88/$
3 month forward rate 48.28/$
3 month interest rates Re.7%
$ 11%
Is there any arbitrage gain?

Answer-13
3 month forward rate of dollar is higher than spot rate implies that the dollar is at premium.
Premium(percentage)= (48.28-47.88) / 47.88x(12/3) x 100=3.34% per annum.
Interest rate differential=11%-7%=4%
Since interest rate differential is more than premium percentage there are arbitrage gain possible.

Exercise-14
On 1st April, 3 months interest rate in the US and Germany are 4.5% and 6.5 % per annum respectively. The $/DM spot rate is 0.6560. What would be the forward rate for DM for delivery on 30 th June?

S1=0.6560{1+(0.045 x3/12)/1 +(0.065 x 3/12)}
= 0.6560 x ( 1.01125/1.01625)
= USD 0.652772 $/DM

Exercise-15
In International Monetary Market an international forward bid for December, 15 on pound sterling is $ 1.2816 at the same time that the price of IMM sterling future for delivery on December,15 is $1.2806. The contract size of pound sterling is 62,500. How could the dealer use arbitrage in profit from this situation and how much profit is earned?

Exercise-16
ABC Co. have taken 6-month loan from their foreign collaborators for US Dollars 2 millions. Interest payable on maturity is at LIBOR plus 1.0%. Current 6-month LIBOR is 2%.
Enquiries regarding exchange rates with their bank elicit the following information:
Spot USD 1 Rs. 48.5275
6 months forward Rs.48.4575
1.What would be their total commitment in rupees, if they enter into a forward contract?
2. Will you advise them to do so? Explain giving reasons.

Exercise-17
The United States Dollar is selling in India at Rs.45.50. If the interest rate for 6 month borrowing in India is 8% per annum and the corresponding rate in USA is 2%.
1.Do you expect US dollar to be at premium or at discount in the Indian forward market?
2.What is expected 6 month forward rate for United States Dollar in India?
3. What is the rate of forward premium or discount?

Answer
Borrow in US at 2% and invest in India
Differential interest rate =8%-2%=6%
Since US interest rate is low dollar is at premium.
Forward rate=45.50(1+[.04 x6/12)]=Rs.46.41

Exercise-18
A company operation in Japan has today effected sales to an Indian company, the payment being due 3 months from the date of invoice. The invoice amount is 108 lakhs yen. At today’s spot rate, it is equivalent to $30 lakhs. It is anticipated that the exchange will decline by 10% over 3 months period and in order to protect the Yen payments, the importer proposes to take appropriate action in the foreign exchange market. The 3-months forward rate is presently quoted as 3.3 Yen per rupee. You are required to calculate the expected loss and to show how it can be hedged by a forward contract.

Exercise-19
The following table shows interest rates for the United States dollar and French francs. The spot exchange rate is 7.05 franks per dollar. Complete the missing entries:
? 20% 7.5200 ? 12 ¼% ? ? 6.3% 11 ½% 19 ½% ? ? Dollar interest rate (annually compounded Frank interest rate (annually compounded) Forward franc per dollar Forward discount on franc per cent per year 1 year 6 months 3 months

Exercise-20
In march 2008, the multinational Industries makes the following assessment of dollar rates per British pound to prevail as on 1.9.08.
What is the expected spot rate for 1.9.2008?
If , as of March,2003, the 6 month forward rate is $1.80, should the firm sell forward its pound receivables due in September, 2008?
0.15 0.20 0.25 0.20 0.20 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.0 Probability $/pound

Exercise-21
X Ltd. an Indian company has an export exposure of 10 million(100 lacs) Yen, value September end. Yen is not directly quoted against Rupee. The current spot rates are-USD/INR=41.79 and USD/JPY=129.75.
It is estimated that Yen will depreciate to 144 level and rupee to depreciate against dollar to 43
Forward rate for September, 2008 USD/Yen =137.35 and USD/INR=42.89.
You are required
To calculate the expected loss if hedging is not done. How the position will change with company taking forward cover?
If the spot rate on 30 th September, 1998 was eventually USD/Yen=137.85 and USD/INR=42.78, is the decision to take forward cover justified?

Exercise-22
A company operating in a country having the dollar as its unit of currency has today invoiced sales to an Indian company, the payment being due three months from the date of invoice.The invoice amount is $13,750 and at today spot rate of $0.0275 per Re.1, is equivalent to Rs.5,00,000.
It is anticipated that the exchange rate will decline by 5% over the three month period and in order to protect the dollar proceeds, the importer proposes to take appropriate action through foreign exchange market.
The three month forward rate is quoted as $0.0273 per Re.1
You are required to calculate the expected loss and to show, how it can be hedged by forward contract.

Exercise-23
Shoe Company sells to a wholesaler in Germany. The purchases price of a shipment is 50,000 deutsche marks with term of 90 days. Upon payment, Shoe Company will convert the DM to dollars. The present spot rate for DM per dollar is 1.71, whereas the 90-day forward rate is 1.70.
You are required to calculate and explain:
If Shoe Company were to hedge its foreign –exchange risk, what would it do? What transactions are necessary?
Is the deutsche mark at a forward premium or at a forward discont?
What is implied differential in interest rates between the two countries?(Use interest rate parity assumption)

Answer-23
Spot rate DM/US $ =1.71
If company receive payment then
50,000 x 1.71=

Exercise-24
A customer with whom the Bank had entered into 3 months forward purchase contract for Swiss Francs 10,000 at the rate of Rs.27.25 comes to the bank after 2 months and requests cancellation of the contract. On this date, the rates prevailing are:
Spot CHF 1=27.30 27.35
One month forward Rs.27.45 27.52
What is the loss/gain to the customer on cancellation?
(loss to the customer $2700 due to exchange difference)

Forex Market2

by Dayasagar S

Accessibility

Categories

Upload Details

Usage Rights

1 Embed 1

Statistics

Forex Market2 Presentation Transcript

Forex Market2

by Dayasagar S

Accessibility

Categories

Upload Details

Usage Rights

1 Embed 1

Statistics

Forex Market2 Presentation Transcript

Let LinkedIn power your SlideShare experience

Let LinkedIn power your SlideShare experience

Customize SlideShare content based on your interests

Keep up to date when your LinkedIn contacts post on SlideShare