4. 33 LLeewwiiss SSttrruuccttuurree
Here in the Lewis dot
structure of carbon we can
see the tetra-valency of
the carbon .
In general in Lewis dot
structure the valency
electrons are shown
OOtthheerr EExxaammpplleess
5. 44 DDeerriivviinngg LLeewwiiss DDoott
SSttrruuccttuurreess
RRRRuuuulleellee :: -:-:1-11
RRRRuuuulleellee :: -:-:2-22
RRRRuuuulleellee :: -:-:3-33
RRRRuuuulleellee :: -:-:4-44
FFFFiinininndddd t tthhhheeee t ttoooottttaaaall l ln n nnuuuummmmbbbbeeeerrrr o ooffff V VVaaaalleleleennnncccceeee E EElleleleeccccttttrrrroooonnnnssss ( ((TTTT..V.VV..E.EE’’s’s’ss))))
TTTToooo ii dididdeeeennnnttttiifififfyyyy t tthhhheeee c cceeeennnnttttrrrraaaall l la a aattttoooommmm
CCCCoooommmmpppplleleleetttteeee tt tthhhheeee o oocccctttteeeetttt f ffoooorrrr t tthhhheeee oo oouuuutttteeeerrrr a aattttoooommmmssss
FFFFiinininndddd tt tthhhheeee f ffoooorrrrmmmmaaaall l lc c cchhhhaaaarrrrggggeeee ( ((FFFF ) ))
FF == TT..VV..EE –– nnoo.. ooff bboonnddss aarroouunndd tthhee aattoomm –– nnoo.. ooff lloonnee eelleeccttrroonnss
8. 77 3-D Representation OOff OOrrggaanniicc
the bonds in the plane of
the paper are shown in their
normal bond convention
i.e., with a straight line
the bonds away from the
observer are showed by
dashed wedges
the bonds away from the
observer are showed by
dashed wedges
MMoolleeccuulleess
9. 88 TTyyppeess ooff CCaarrbboonnss
Primary(1°) – attached to ONE other carbon
Secondary(2°) – attached to TWO other carbons
Tertiary(3°) – attached to THREE other carbons
Quaternary(4°) –attached to FOUR othercarbons
10. Organic Compounds
Homocyclic or
Carbocyclic
compounds
Aromatic
compounds
Acyclic or
open chain
compounds
Heterocyclic
compounds
Benzenoid
compounds
Cyclic or Closed chain
or Ring compounds
Alicyclic
compounds
Non-benzenoid
compounds
99 Classification Of Organic
Compounds
11. 1100 FFuunnccttiioonnaall GGrroouupp AAnndd HHoommoollooggoouuss
Functional Group
An Atom or Group of atoms joined in a specific manner
which are responsible for the characteristic chemical
properties of the organic compounds
Homologous series
A group or a series of organic compounds each
containing a characteristic functional group
forms a homologous series .The successive members
differ from each other in molecular formula by a –CH2
unit.
sseerriieess
13. 1111 IIUUPPAACC NNoommeenncc l aa tt uurree ooff AAllkkaanneess
The names of these
compounds are based on
the number of carbons in
the longest i.e., parent
chain like the word root
‘Meth’ for 1 and so on
and these end with suffix
‘-ane ’
Number
of Carbons
Wood
Root
IUPAC
Name
Structure
1 Meth Methane CH4
2 Eth Ethane C2H6
3 Prop Propane C3H8
4 But Butane C4H10
5 Pent Pentane C5H12
6 Hex Hexane C6H14
7 Hept Heptane C7H16
8 Oct Octane C8H18
9 Non Nonane C8H20
10 dec Decane C10H22
18. 1155 SSoommee SSppeecciiffiicc RRuulleess RReellaatteedd TToo FFuunnccttiioonnaall GGrroouuppss
Aldehyde
Numbering should be Started From the Carbon Which Contains
the Aldehyde Group
GGeenneerraal lR Ruulele
If the letter next to the ‘e’ of alkane is a vowel then ‘e’ is cancelled
and
if the next letter to ‘e’ of alkane is consonant then ‘e’ is retained
