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Ministarstvo poljoprivrede i ruralnog razvoja/ Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development

                          Uprava za šume / Forest Administration




  PRAĆENJE STANJA OŠTEĆENOSTI ŠUMA U CRNOJ GORI PREMA
                 PROGRAMU ICP ZA ŠUME
  (Međunarodni kooperacioni program za praćenje stanja šuma Evrope)




    MONITORING THE CONDITION OF FOREST DAMAGE IN
  MONTENEGRO ACCORDING TO THE ICP FOREST PROGRAMME
(International Cooperative Programme on Monitoring Forest Condition in
                               Europe)




                   Godišnji izveštaj za 2010. godinu

                             2010 Annual Report




                                                                           Autori /Authors:

                                                                      Dr. Milosav Anđelić
                                                                 Blažo Jokanović, dipl.inž.
                                                                     Vidan Jakić, dipl.inž.
                                                              Aleksandar Stijović, dipl.inž.


                                     Podgorica, 2011.
Ministarstvo poljoprivrede i ruralnog razvoja/ Ministry of Agriculture and Rural
                                   Development

                      Uprava za šume/ Forest Administration




 PRAĆENJE STANJA OŠTEĆENOSTI ŠUMA U CRNOJ GORI PREMA
                PROGRAMU ICP ZA ŠUME
 (Međunarodni kooperacioni program za praćenje stanja šuma Evrope)



   MONITORING THE CONDITION OF FOREST DAMAGE IN
 MONTENEGRO ACCORDING TO THE ICP FOREST PROGRAMME
(International Cooperative Programme on Monitoring Forest Condition in
                               Europe)




              Godišnji izvještaj za 2010. godinu

                         2010 Annual Report




                                 Podgorica, 2011.
Kordinacioni tim za praćenje zdravstvenog stanja šuma u Crnoj Gori / Coordination
Team for monitoring health condition of forests in Montenegro :



   1.   Dr Milosav Anđelić- Nacionalni koorinator,
   2.   Milena Kapa- Ministarstvo održivog razvoja i turizma,
   3.   Mr Jelena Lazarević- Biotehnički Institut,
   4.   Blažo Jokanović- Ministarstvo poljoprivrede i ruralnog razvoja
   5.   Vidan Jakić- Uprava za šume



Spisak članova terenskih timova koji su učestvovali na prikupljanju podataka sa terena po
abecednom redu / The list of team members who participated in collecting field data in
alphabetical order:

   1. Adem Pupović
   2. Anka Savićević
   3. Bosiljka Žarković
   4. Božidar Zeković
   5. Dragan Otašević
   6. Dragan Vraneš
   7. Dragoljub Ivanović
   8. Đorđije Danilović
   9. Nebojša Bugarin
   10. Nenad Vamović
   11. Pavle Međedović
   12. Radoje Lekić
   13. Relja Nikolić
   14. Sanja Dragaš Petrović
   15. Srđan Pejović
   16. Vitomir Tepavčević
   17. Zoran Paunović
   18. Željko Dević
   19. Živko Tomović



Prevod/ Translation:

Samanta Tošković
Suzana Perković
Dijana Premović
Sadržaj :                                                           Table of Contents:


1.Abstract.................................................................. 1      1. Abstract................................................................. 1
2.Uvod......................................................................... 3   2. Introduction ....................................................... 3
   2.1. Geografske odlike..................................... 4                       2.1. Geographical characteristics............... 4
   2.2.Klima............................................................... 4          2.2. Climate.......................................................... 4
   2.3. Namjena površina.................................... 5                         2.3. Land purpose.............................................. 5
   2.4. Vodni resursi.............................................. 5                  2.4. Water resources........................................ 5
   2.5. Šume.............................................................. 5           2.5. Forests........................................................... 5
   2.6. Obalno područje........................................ 5                      2.6. Coastal area................................................. 5
   2.7. Životna sredina.......................................... 6                    2.7. Environment............................................... 6
3. Monitoring zdravstvenog stanja šuma u                                            3. Monitoring of health condition of forests
   Crnoj Gori.............................................................7             in Montenegro....................................................7
4. Politička pozadina......................................... 13                   4. Political background......................................13
   4.1. Ministarske konferencije o zaštiti                                             4.1. Ministerial Conferences on the
šuma Evrope (MCPFE)..................................... 13                            Protection of Forests in Europe
5. Međunarodni kooperacioni program za                                                 (MCPFE)...............................................................13
praćenje stanja šuma (ICPF).......................... 18                            5. International Cooperative Programme on
     5.1. Mandat, ciljevi i značaj ISP za                                           Forest Condition Monitoring (ICP)..............18
     šume.................................................................. 20         5.1. Mandate, objectives, and importance
   5.2. Nivoi intenziteta monitoringa.........23                                       of ICP Forests................................................... 20
   5.3. Aktivnosti monitoringa za Nivo I...27                                          5.2. Monitoring intensity levels...............23
   5.4. Metodi i kriterijumi............................. 29                        5.3. Level 1 monitoring activities ............. 27
          5.4.1. Stanje kruna ........................... 32                           5.4. Metods and criteria…….......................29
          5.4.2. Defolijacija............................... 33                               5.4.1. Crown condition................... 32
          5.4.3. Dekolorizacija........................ 34                                    5.4.2. Defoliation............................... 33
          5.4.4. Oštećenja...................................34                               5.4.3. Decolorisation........................ 34
   5.5. Kontrola kvaliteta i osiguranje                                                       5.4.4. Damages .................................. 34
   kvaliteta..............................................................35            5.5. Quality control and quality
6. Praćenje stanja šuma u Crnoj Gori 2010                                               assurance...…………..…………..…………….…35
godine , Nivo I .....................................................36             6. Monitoring of forest condition in
    6.1. Lokacija Bioindikacijskih tačaka u                                         Montenegro in 2010, Level I………................36
    Crnoj Gori – Nivo 1.................................. 39                             6.1. Location of bioindication plots in
    6.2. Zastupljenost drveća na                                                         Montenegro – Level 1................................. 39
    bioindikacijskim tačkama......................... 42                                 6.2. Presence of trees on bioindication
    6.3. Nadmorska visina i ekpozicija                                                   plots .................................................................. 42
    bioindikacijskih tačaka.............................. 46                             6.3. Altitude and exposition of
    6.4. Zastupljenost vode............................ 47                               bioindication plots....................................... 46
    6.5. Starost dominantnog sprata......... 49                                          6.4. Presence of water.............................. 47
    6.6. plodonošenje drveća posmatranog                                                 6.5. Age of dominant storey................... 49
    na BIT u 2010 godini ..................................50                            6.6. Fructification of trees observed in
                                                                                         bio indication plot in 2010 .......................50
7. Defolijacija dekolorizacija i oštećenja                                       7. Defoliation, decolorisation, and crown
kruna drveća u 2010. godini.......................... 52                         damages in 2010 ................................................ 52
    7.1. Defolijacija -2010 godina.............. 52                                  7.1. Defoliation in 2010...........................52
          7.1.1 Defolijacija – Lišćari.......... 55                                        7.1.1 Defoliation – Broadleaves55
          7.1.2. Defolijacija – Četinari....... 57                                         7.1.2. Defoliation – Conifers....... 57
     7.2. Dekolorizacija -2010 godina..... 59                                          7.2. Decolorisation in 2010................. 59
          7.2.1 Dekolorizacija – Lišćari.... 61                                            7.2.1 Decolorisation –
          7.2.2. Dekolorizacija – Četinari. 62                                             Broadleaves........................................ 61
    7.3. Oštećenja -2010 godina................. 64                                        7.2.2. Decolorisation –
          7.3.1 Oštećenja – Lišćari.............. 66                                        Conifers............................................... 62
          7.3.2. Oštećenja – Četinari......... 67                                    7.3. Damages in 2010.............................. 64
8. Sumarna ocjena defolijacije,                                                            7.3.1 Damages– Broadleaves.... 66
   dekolorizacije i oštećenja u 2010                                                       7.3.2. Damages – Conifers .......... 67
   godini...................................................................69   8. Summary assessment of defoliation,
9. Zaključna razmatranja.................................71                      decolorisation, and damages in 2010.........69
   9.1. Oštećenja biotičkog porijekla....... 77                                  9. Final remarks...................................................71
          9.1.1. Oštećenja od insekata......... 77                                   9.1. Damages of biotic origin..................77
          9.1.2. Oštećenja od gljiva .............. 83                                     9.1.1. Damages caused by
   9.2. Oštećenja abiotičkog porijekla.....89                                               insects....................................................77
   9.3. Oštećenja od čovjeka ...................... 91                                     9.1.2. Damages caused by fungi.. 83
   9.4. Oštećenja nastala šumskim                                                   9.2. Damages of abiotic origin……...... 89
   požarima............................................................92           9.3. Human induced damages.............. 91
10. Anexi..................................................................93       9.4. Damages caused by forest fire.........92
    Anex 1- Monitoring zdravstvenog stanja                                       10. Anexes ..............................................................93
šuma u Crnoj Gori...............................................95                   Anex 1- Monitoring of health condition
    Anex 2 – Grafički prikaz bioindikacijskih                                    of forests in Montenegro..................................95
tačaka u Crnoj Gori............................................99                    Anex 2 – Graphical overview of
    Anex 3 – Izvještaj formulari 802010                                          bioindication plots in Montenegro..............99
PLO, 802010 TRE, 802010 TRF.................149                                      Anex 3 – Report forms 802010 PLO,
                                                                                 802010 TRE, 802010 TRF.............................149
PREDGOVOR                                         PREFACE


       U ovoj publikaciji prikazani su                 This publication presents the results
rezultati procjene zdravstvenog stanja          of assessment of health condition of forests
šuma Crne Gore na bioindikacijskim              in Montenegro on bioindication plots for
tačkama (BIT) za Nivo I monitoringa             Level I of monitoring of International
Međunarodnog kooperativnog programa za          Cooperative Programme for Forests (ICP
šume      (ICP     Forests). Proučavanja        Forests). The assessment of health
zdravstvenog stanja su izvršena na 49           condition was carried out on 49
bioindikacijskih tačaka.                        biondication plots.

U okviru Konvencije UN i Evropske               International Cooperative Programme on
komisije o prekograničnom zagađenju             Assessment and Monitoring of Air Pollution
vazduha       (CLRTAP)        osnovan      je   Effects on Forests was established within
Međunarodni program za procjenu i               the Convention of EU and European
monitoring uticaja vazdušnog zagađenja na       Commission             on         Long-Range
šume        (International       Cooperative    Transboundary Air Pollution (CLRTAP) due
Programme on Assessment and Monitoring          to the prevailing opinion that the main
of Air Pollution Effects on Forests) zbog       cause of forest drying is air pollution.
preovladavajućeg mišljenja da je najvažniji     However, from the very beginning of
uzročnik sušenja šuma vazdušno zagađenje.       implementation of this Programme it was
Međutim, od samog početka realizacije           clear that other stressors (primarily
ovog Programa ubrzo je ustanovljeno da i        pathogenic fungi, harmful insects etc.) can
drugi stresori (prije svega patogene gljive ,   equally significantly influence forest drying.
štetni insekti i sl.) mogu imati podjednako     Therefore, the main task of this Programme
značajan uticaj na sušenje šuma. Stoga je       is to collect the data on forest conditions
glavni zadatak ovog programa postao             and forest reaction to different causers of
prikupljanje podataka o stanju šuma i           stress at the national, regional, and
njihovoj reakciji na različite uzroke stresa    international level.
na      nacionalnom,       regionalnom      i           The National Forest Policy adopted
internacionalnom nivou.                         by the Government of Montenegro in April
        U Nacionalnoj šumarskoj politici        2008, Statement No. 22, envisages the
koja je usvojena od strane Vlade Crne Gore      mechanisms for carrying out the
u aprilu mjesecu 2008. godine u Izjavi br.22    Monitoring as a basis for management and
, predviđeni su mehanizmi za sprovođenje        an instrument for controlling the results of
Monitoringa kao osnove za upravljanje i         forest     management,        whereas      the
instrument kontrole rezultata gazdovanja        responsibility for implementing this
šumama gdje odgovornost za sprovođenje          activity falls within the competencies of the
ove aktivnosti je u nadležnosti Uprave za       Forest Administration. After recovering its
šume. Nakon obnove svoje državnosti, Crna       statehood, Montenegro became the
Gora učestvuje u programu ICP Forests gdje      participant in the programme ICP Forests
se monitoring         obavlja u skladu sa       where monitoring is carried out in
metodologijom                    monitoringa    compliance        with     the     monitoring
Međunarodnog programa saradnje (ICP             methodology of International Cooperation
Forests).                                       Programme (ICP Forests).
Od 2010. godine Crna Gora je dobila            In 2010, Montenegro obtained its
svoj focal centar u Podgorici i jedinstveni     focal centre in Podgorica and a unique
indentifikacioni broj zemlje (broj 80) u        identification number of the country (No.
kordinacionom centru u Hamburgu.                80) in the coordination centre in Hamburg.
         Shodno članu 47 Zakona o šumama                Pursuant to Article 47 of the Law on
(Sl.list CG br.74/10) nadležni organ uprave     Forests (Official Gazette of Montenegro No.
(Uprava za šume) prati i procjenjuje            74/10), a competent administrative
zdravsteno stanje šuma i o tome izvještava      authority (Forest Administration) monitors
resorno Ministarstvo i javnost. Program         and assesses the health condition of forests
monitoringa je sastavni dio nacionalne          and informs the line Ministry and the public
strategije koja sa planom razvoja šuma je       thereof. The monitoring programme is an
dugoročni, intersektorski dokument, kojim       integral part of the national strategy which
se konkretizuju i sprovode ciljevi i            is, along with the forest development plan,
smjernice za razvoj šuma i podršku              a long-term, inter-sectoral document
šumama, utvrđene u nacionalnoj šumarskoj        specifying and implementing goals and
politici.                                       guidelines for forest development and
         Rezultati monitoringa zdravstvenog     support defined in the national forest
stanja šuma u ovom izvještaju su prikazani      policy.
tabelarno prema grupama parametara:                     The results of monitoring of health
obavezni i fakultativni, podrškom GIS           condition of forests have been presented in
tehnologije. Na ovom, osnovnom nivou,           this Report in tabular form by groups of
izvršene su analize broja snimanih i            parameters, obligatory and optional, with
oštećenih (defolijacija > 25%) stabala          the support of GIS technology. At this, basic
šumskog drveća, prema tipu zemljišta i          level, the following analyses have neen
nadmorskoj visini (na osnovu rezultata          carried out: by number of recorded and
snimanja stanja kruna na bioindikacijskim       damaged (defoliation > 25%) forest trees,
tačkama). Na kraju tog procesa izvršena je      by land type and altitude (based on the
digitalizacija i formiranje baze podataka       results of recording crown condition on bio
prema       Geografskom       informacionom     indication plots). At the end of the process,
sistemu.                                        the results were digitalised and the data
         Na osnovu rezultata o stanju šuma      base was set up following the geographic
na Nivou I monitoringa, dat je predlog dalje    information system.
implementacije      monitoringa,     posebno            Based on the results of forest
uvođenja      Nivoa    II   –     Intenzivnog   conditions at the Level I of monitoring, it
monitoringa u šumskim ekosistemima Crne         was proposed to further implement the
Gore.                                           monitoring and introduce the Level II –
                                                Intensive monitoring in forest ecosystems
                                                of Montenegro.




                                                       Dr. Milosav Anđelić
1. Abstract                                    1. Abstract


        U ovoj publikaciji – godišnjem                This publication – the annual report
izvještaju predstavljeni su rezultati rada     presents the results of the Ministry of
Ministarstva poljoprivrede i ruralnog          Agriculture and Rural Development and the
razvoja i Uprave za šume na praćenju           Forest Administration related to the
zdravstvenog stanja šuma u Crnoj Gori na       monitoring of the health condition of
primjernim površinama Nivoa I- ICP za          forests in Montenegro on sample plots of
šume (Međunarodni kooperacioni program         the Level I – ICP on forests (International
za praćenje stanja šuma Evrope) u 2010         Cooperative Programme on Assessment
godini.                                        and Monitoring of Air Pollution Effects on
                                               Forests) in 2010.
       Problem sušenja ili umiranja šuma,
danas, ne samo kod nas, već i u svijetu               Nowadays the problem of forest
predstavlja najveći ekološki problem. Kao      drying or dying is a major environmental
glavni uzročnici navedenog stanja javljaju     problem not only in our country but across
se    negativni   uticaji   aerozagađenja,     the world. The main causes of this problem
patogena     mikoflora,   štetni   insekti,    are the negative effects of air pollution,
promjena klime kao i uticaj antropogenog       pathogenic micro flora, harmful insects,
faktora.                                       climatic change, and influence of the
                                               anthropogenic factor.
       Shodno               međunarodnom
kooperativnom programa za procjenu i                  Pursuant to the International
monitoring efekata vazdušnog zagađenja na      Cooperative Programme on Assessment
šume (ICP Forests), u okviru UN Konvencije     and Monitoring of Air Pollution Effects on
o prekograničnom prenosu vazdušnih             Forests (ICP forests), within the UN
zagađenja (Convention on Long-range            Convention on Long-range Transboundary
Transboundary Air Pollution –CLRTAP) od        Air Pollution – CLRTAP), the monitoring
1988. godine u Crnoj Gori vršen je             has been carried out in Montenegro since
monitoring kojim je praćeno stanje u okviru    1988 following the forest condition within
mreže 16 x 16 km (Level I).                    the grid 16 x 16 km (Level I).
       Na teritoriji Crne Gore uspostavljeno          49 bioindication plots have been
je 49 bioindikacijskih tačaka. Na              established on the territory of Montenegro.
uspostavljenim tačkama cilj je da se           The aim is to ensure a periodical insight
obezbijedi periodičan uvid u prostorne i       into spatial and time variations of forest
vremenske varijacije stanja šuma u odnosu      conditions on established plots in respect of
na antropogene (naročito aerozagađivanje)      anthropogenic (especially air pollution)
i prirodne faktore stresa preko Evropske i     and natural stress factors through the
nacionalne         sistematske        mreže    European and national systematic grid of
bioindikacijskih tačaka (Nivo I);              bioindication plots (Level I);




                                                                                          1
Prva procjena zdravstvenog stanja              The first assessment of the health
šuma u Crnoj Gori , prema ICP Forests          condition of Montenegrin forests, under ICP
metodologiji (nivo I), izvršena je u 1988.     Forests methodology (Level I), was
godine a druga 1990. godine, nakon čega        performed in 1988, whereas the second
nije bilo nikakvih procjena sve do 2003.       one was performed in 1990. Afterwards, no
godine. U svim fazama istraživanja, kod        assessment was performed until 2003. In
šumskog drveća analizirano je stanje kruna     all phases of research, the condition of
stabala u vezi sa biotičkim i abiotičkim       crowns of forest trees was analysed in
uticajima na nju bez analize hemizma i         respect of biotic and abiotic influences,
ishrane zemljišta.                             without analysing soil chemistry and
                                               nutrition.
Od 2003. godine Crna Gora je kao država
članica SRJ dobila svoj focal centar u         In 2003, Montenegro as a member state of
Beogradu i jedinstveni indentifikacioni broj   the FRY obtained its focal centre in
zemlje (broj 67) u kordinacionom centru u      Belgrade and the unique identification
Hamburgu.                                      number of the country (No. 67) in the
                                               coordination centre in Hamburg.
        U Nacionalnoj šumarskoj politici
koja je usvojena od strane Vlade Crne Gore     The National Forest Policy adopted by the
u aprilu mjesecu 2008. godine u Izjavi o       Government of Montenegro in April 2008,
politici br. 22 predviđeni su mehanizmi za     Statement       No.    22,   envisages    the
sprovođenje Monitoringa kao osnove za          mechanisms for carrying out the
upravljanje i instrument kontrole rezultata    Monitoring as a basis for management and
gazdovanja šumama gdje odgovornost za          an instrument for controlling the results of
sprovođenje ove aktivnosti je u nadležnosti    forest     management,        whereas     the
Uprave za šume.                                responsibility for implementing this
       Donošenjem       novog     Zakona o     activity falls within the competencies of the
šumama u decembru mjesecu 2010. godine,        Forest Administration.
predviđeno je (član 47) da nadležni organ      The new Law on Forests adopted in
uprave (Uprava za šume) u skladu sa            December 2010 envisages (pursuant to
metodologijom                   monitoringa    Article 47) that a competent administrative
Međunarodnog programa saradnje (ICP),          authority (Forest Administration) monitors
prati i procjenjuje zdravsteno stanje šuma i   and assesses the health condition of forests
o tome izvještava Ministarstvo i javnost.      and informs the line Ministry and the public
Program monitoringa je sastavni dio            thereof, in compliance with the monitoring
nacionalne strategije koja       sa planom     methodology of International Cooperative
razvoja šuma predstavlja dugoročni,            Programme        (ICP).    The     monitoring
intersektorski     dokument,     kojim   se    programme is an integral part of the
konkretizuju i sprovode ciljevi i smjernice    national strategy which is, along with the
za razvoj šuma i podršku šumama,               forest development plan, a long-term, inter-
utvrđene u nacionalnoj šumarskoj politici.     sectoral      document      specifying   and
                                               implementing goals and guidelines for
                                               forest development and support defined in
                                               the national forest policy.




                                                                                          2
2. Uvod                                   2. Introduction


        Površina Crne Gore iznosi 13812                Montenegro is 13812 km2 in area.
km2.   Od sjevera prema jugu, dužina           From the north to the south the territory of
teritorije Crne Gore vazdušnom linijom         Montenegro is 193 km in length as the crow
iznosi 193 km dok je od zapada prema           flies, whereas from the west to the east its
istoku 166 km. Njena najjužnija tačka nalazi   length totals 166 km as the crow flies. The
se na ušću Bojane u Jadransko more, a          southernmost point is located at the mouth
najsjevernija na obroncima planine Kovač,      of river Bojana in the Adriatic sea, whereas
blizu Čajniča. Najzapadnija tačka je, 18º26'   the northernmost point is located on the
E, podgorina Orjena blizu sela Vrbanje, i      slopes of the mountain Kovac, in the
najistočnije tačke 20º21' E, Sjenova planina   vicinity of Cajnic. The westernmost point,
istočno od Rožaja. Geografski centar nalazi    18º26' E, is the slope of mountain Orjen, in
se u području izvorišta rijeke Morače od       the vicinity of village Vrbanja, whereas the
kojeg ni jedan dio Crne Gore, osim             easternmost point, 20º21' E, is Sjenova
najjužnijeg dijela Ulcinjskog primorja, nije   mountain located east of Rozaje. The
udaljen više od 90 km.                         geographical centre is located on the
                                               territory of the source of the river Moraca,
                                               from which no part of Montenegro is
Kopnene granice Crne Gore duge su 614          distant more than 90 km, excluding the
km. Najduža je granica prema Bosni i           southernmost part of the Ulcinj part of the
Hercegovini – 225 km, odnosno 36,6%            coast.
ukupne kopnene granice, a najkraća prema       Land boundaries of Montenegro are 614
Hrvatskoj na zapadu – 14 km ili 2,3%           km in length. The longest boundary is the
ukupne kopnene granice. Na jugoistoku          one with Bosnia and Herzegovina – 225 km
Crna Gora se graniči sa Albanijom (172 km      or 36,6% of the overall land boundary. The
ili 28% ), a na sjeveroistoku i istoku sa      shortest boundary is the one with Croatia
Srbijom ( 203 km ili 33,1% ). Na               in the west – 14 km or 2,3% of the overall
jugozapadu Crna Gora dužinom od 293,5          land boundary. In the south-east
km izlazi na Jadransko more. Taj priobalni     Montenegro is bordered by by Albania (172
dio mora, uz međunarodne vode, čini            km or 28% ), and in the north-east with
granicu sa Italijom, a površina morskog        Serbia ( 203 km or 33,1% ). In the south-
akvatorija iznosi oko 2.540 km2.               west Montenegro exits to the Adiatic sea
                                               (293,5 km). This inshore part of the sea,
                                               along with international waters, makes a
                                               boundary with Italy, and the area of the sea
                                               surface totalls app. 2.540 km2.




                                                                                         3
2.1 Geografske karakteristike                     2.1.   Geographical characteristics

     Na sjeveru države dominiraju visoke                The north of the country is dominated
planine, u središnjem dijelu se nalazi predio     by high mountains, the middle part is
karsta sa većim depresijama/ravničarskim          dominated by the area of karst with larger
površinama, dok se uz morsku obalu
                                                  depressions/valleys, whereas in the coastal
proteže priobalna ravnica širine od
                                                  region there is a coastal valley of the width
nekoliko stotina metara do nekoliko
kilometara.                                       from several hundreds of meters to several
Najniži dio središnjeg kopnenog dijela su         kilometers. The lowest middle part of the
doline rijeka Zete i donjeg toka Morače koje      country is the valley of the river Zeta and
čine Zetsko-bjelopavlićku ravnicu sa              the lower part of the Moraca river, which
Skadarskim jezerom – najvećim jezerom na          comprise      Zetsko-bjelopavlicka      valley
Balkanu. Planinski lanci na sjeveru imaju 37
                                                  together with the lake Skadar.– the greatest
vrhova sa visinom iznad 2.000 m. U
sjevernom planinskom regionu se nalazi i          lake in the Balkans. Mountain ranges in the
najdublji kanjon u Evropi – kanjon rijeke         north have 37 summits above 2.000 m. In
Tare sa dubinom do 1.300 m.                       the northern mountain region, there is the
                                                  deepest canyon in Europe – the canyon of
 2.2.   Klima                                     the river Tara (depth: up to 1.300 m).

      Južni dio Crne Gore i Zetsko-               2.2.   Climate
bjelopavlićka       ravnica     su      oblasti
mediteranske klime, koju karakterišu duga,              The    Mediterrenean      climate     is
vrela i suva ljeta i relativno blage i kišovite   prevalent in the south of Montenegro and
zime. Centralni i sjeverni dio zemlje imaju       the Zetsko-bjelopavlicaka valley (long, hot
određene karakteristike planinske klime,          and dry summers, and relatively mild and
ali je evidentan i uticaj Sredozemnog mora.       rainy winters). The central and northern
Krajnji sjever ima kontinentalni tip klime,
                                                  parts of the country have certain
koji osim velikih dnevnih i godišnjih             characteristics of the mountain climate, but
amplituda temperature karakteriše mala
                                                  the influence of the Mediterranean Sea is
godišnja količina padavina uz prilično            obvious. In the extreme north the
ravnomjernu raspodjelu po mjesecima.              continental type of climate prevails (apart
Prosječne godišnje temeprature vazduha            from great daily and annual fluctuations in
kreću se od oko 15.80 C na jugu do 4.60 C na      temperature, this type of climate is
Žabljaku. Godišnje trajanje grijanja sunca        characterised by a small annual quantity of
na primorju iznosi od 2.400 do 2.600
                                                  precipitation with a quite even distribution
časova, a u planinskim krajevima od 1.600         of precipitation by months). Theaverage
do 1.900 časova. Godišnja količina padavina
                                                  annual air temperature ranges from app.
je veoma neravnomjerna i kreće se u               15.80C in the south to 4.60C in Zabljak. The
rasponu od oko 800 mm na krajnjem                 annual duration of the heat of the Sun in the
sjeveru, do oko 5.000 mm na krajnjem              coastal region ranges between 2.400 and
jugozapadu. Na padinama Orjena u mjestu           2.600 hours, whereas in the mountain
Crkvice (940 m nadmorske visine)              u
                                                  region it ranges between 1.600 and 1.900
rekordnim godinama padne i do 7.000 mm            hours. The annual amount of precipitation
                                                  is very uneven, and rages between 800 mm



                                                                                              4
in the extreme north to app. 5.000 mm in
                                                the extreme south-west. On the slopes of
                                                the Orjen mountain, in the place called
                                                Crkvice, (altitude: 940 m) the precipitation
                                                in the record years totals up to 7.000 mm

2.3.   Namjena površina                         2.3.   Land purpose

     Poljoprivredno zemljište se prostire             Agricultural land covers app. 5.145
na oko 5.145 km² i čini 37% ukupne              km² and makes 37% of the overall territory
državne teritorije, šume obuhvataju oko         of the state. Forests cover app. 6.225 km² or
6.225 km² ili 45%, dok naselja, putevi,         45%, whereas settlements, roads, water
vode, kamenjar i druge kategorije               areas, karst, and other land categories
zauzimaju 2.442 km² ili 18% teritorije.         cover 2.442 km² or 18% of the territory.

2.4. Vodni resursi                              2.4.   Water resources

      U Crnoj Gori postoje značajne razlike u         Montenegro is characterised by
rasprostranjenosti i izdašnosti vodnih          significant differences in distribution and
resursa. U cjelini posmatrano, sa               abundance of water resources. Viewed as a
prosječnim godišnjim oticajem od 624            whole, with an average annual flow of 624
m3/s (odnosno zapreminom od 19,67               m3/s (i.e. volume of 19,67 billion m3), the
milijardi m3), crnogorska teritorija spada      territory of Montenegro can be deemed as a
među područja koja su bogata vodom.             territory rich in water.

2.5.   Šume                                     2.5.   Forests

     Šumska vegetacija se prostire na oko            Forest vegetation covers app. 620.000
620.000 ha ili 45% nacionalne teritorije,       ha or 45% of the national territory,
dok neobraslo šumsko zemljište zahvata          whereas non-wooded forest land covers
123.000 ha (9%). Stepen šumovitosti je 0,9      123.000 ha (9%). Forest cover totals 0,9 ha
ha po stanovniku. Ukupne drvne zalihe           per capita. The total woody biomass is
procjenjuju se na oko 72 miliona m3, od         estimated at 72 million m3: 29.5 million m3
čega su 29.5 miliona m3 ili 41% četinari, a     or 41% - conifers and 42.5 million m3 or
42.5 miliona m3 ili 59% su lišćari.             59% - broadleaves.

2.6.   Obalno područje                          2.6.   Coastal area

      Obalno područje (šest primorskih               The coastal area (six coastal
opština) prostire se na oko 11% nacionalne      municipalities) covers app. 11% of the
teritorije. U okviru ovog regiona definisano    national territory. Within this region there
je područje posebne namjene morsko dobro        is a specific-purpose area coastal
koje čini uzani priobalni pojas površine od     management zone comprising a narrow
oko 60 km2 te unutrašnje vode i                 coastal belt of 60 km2 and inland waters
teritorijalno more sa ukupnom površinom         and territorial sea with the total area of
od oko 2.540 km2.                               app. 2.540 km2 .


                                                                                           5
2.7.   Životna sredina                           2.7.   Environment

      Značajni izvori zagađenja vazduha su             The major industrial and energy
glavni industrijski i energetski kompleksi       complexes which use outdated technologies
koji koriste stare tehnologije i po pravilu ne   are an important cause of air pollution. Aa
primjenjuju odgovarajuće mjere zaštite           rule, they do not apply adequate measures
životne sredine. Zagađenje životne sredine       aimed at environmental protection. Traffic-
od saobraćaja je u porastu, posebno u            induced pollution is increasing, especially
glavnim gradskim centrima. Kvalitet              in the main cities. Air quality, assessed form
vazduha, ocjenjivan sa aspekta globalnih         the aspect of global indicators, is
pokazatelja, je na zadovoljavajućem nivou.       satisfactory. Undertaking measures to
Za pojedine zagađujuće materije i na             reduce pollution is necessary in order to
pojedinim lokacijama neophodno je                deal with certain pollutants and certain
preduzimanje mjera za sprečavanje                locations.
zagađenja.                                       Montenegro is rich in flora and fauna and
Crna Gora ima veoma bogatu floru i faunu i       various ecosystems. With app. 3.250 plant
raznovrsne ekosisteme. Sa oko 3.250 biljnih      species, Montenegro is deemed as one of
vrsta, naša zemlja se smatra jednim od           the most heterogenous territories on the
floristički najraznovrsnijih područja na         Balkan penninsula in terms of flora,
Balkanskom poluostrvu, dok je indeks vrsta       whereas the index of species and the
i površine za vaskularnu floru veoma visok       territory of vasucal flora is very high and
i iznosi 0,837. Ukupan udio zaštićenih           totals 0,837. The total percentage of
područja u nacionalnoj teritoriji je 9.21% i     protected areas compared to the overall
uglavnom se odnosi na pet nacionalnih            national territory totals 9.21% and mainly
parkova.                                         includes five national parks.
Crnu Goru danas u administrativnom               In terms of administrative organisation,
smislu organizacije sačinjava 21 opština sa      Montenegro is presently comprised of 21
različitim      klimatskim,      orografskim,    municipalities with different climatic,
pedološkim i biološkim karakteristikama.         orographic, pedological, and biological
Zbog izražene raznovrsnostii životne             characteristics.
sredine i klimatskih uslova, na ovoj             A great number of plant species grows on
relativno maloj površini nalazi se veliki broj   this relatively small territory due to
biljnih vrsta.                                   heterogenity of environmental and climatic
                                                 conditions.




                                                                                             6
3. Monitoring zdravstvenog                        3. Monitoring of health
   stanja šuma u Crnoj Gori                         condition of forests in
                                                        Montenegro
      Prije 27 godina na međunarodnom
nivu ustanovljen je CLRTAP program                 The CLRTAP programme (Convention on
(Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air   Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution) was
Pollution –Konvencija o prekograničnom        established at the international level 27 years
prenosu vazdušnih zagađenja) sa ciljem da     ago in order to reduce air pollution in Europe.
se smanji stepen zagađenja vazduha            With programmes such as ICP Forests,
Evrope. Ova konvencija sa programima          which was adopted by the majority of
poput ICP-a za šume koji je usvojen od        European countries, this Convention aims
većine zemalja Evrope ima za osnovni cilj     to reduce the deposition of sulphur and
smanjenje depozicije sumpora i jedan je od    offers the way to monitor the air quality
načina praćenja stanja vazduha i reakcije     and environmental response to pollution
životne sredine na zagađenja na cijelom       on the whole territory of Europe.
prostoru Evrope.                              Monitoring of forest conditions at the Level
Praćenje stanja šuma Nivoa I programa ICP     I of the ICP programme primarily refers to
se prvenstveno odnosi na osmatranje i         observation and assessment of defoliation
procjenu defolijacije i promjenu boje krune   and change in tree crown colour on
drveća na posmatranim parcelama unutar        surveyed parcels distributed within the
mreže 16x16 km, raspoređenim na               grid 16 x 16km across the whole territory
cjelokupnoj        teritoriji Crne Gore.      of Montenegro. The survey is carried out
Osmatranje se vrši prema Manualu ICP za       using the ICP Forests Manual.
šume.                                         Pursuant to the Montenegrin legislation,
Shodno zakonskim propisima u Crnoj Gori       monitoring and assessment of health
praćenje i procjena zdravstvenog stanja       condition of forests and sustainable
šuma i održivog gazdovanja odnosno            management i.e. forest monitoring is
monitoring šuma vrši nadležni organ           carried     out    by     the     competent
uprave tj. Uprava za šume. Monitoring         administrative     authority     –    Forest
zdravstvenog stanja se vrši na osnovu         Administration. The monitoring of the
godišnjeg programa monitoringa koji           health condition is carried out based on the
donosi Ministarstvo, u skladu sa              annual monitoring programme adopted by
strategijom razvoja šuma i šumarstva.         the Ministry in accordance with the
U pripremnom periodu, na praćenju             strategy for developing forests and forestry.
zdravstvenog stanja šuma u Crnoj Gori
uspostavljeno je na 49 bioindikacijskih       In the preparatory period, 49 bioindication
tačaka u mreži 16 x16 km. Raspored            plots were established within the 16 x 16
postavljenih bioindikacijskih tačaka po       km grid in order to monitor the health
pojedinim opštinama prikazan je grafički      condition of forests in Montenegro. The
(slika 1) .                                   distribition of established bioindication
                                              plots by specific municipalities was
                                              presented graphically (figure 1).




                                                                                           7
U okviru svih 49 tačaka obrađeno je po 24       24 trees were surveyed in each of 49 plots
stabla (ukupno 1176 stabala) na                 (1176 trees in total): crown condition,
kojima je izvršena procjena stanja kruna,       chage in colour, and other parameters
promjena boje i drugih parametara na            based on which the degree of damage of
osnovu kojih je određen stepen oštećenja        surveyed species was determined. The total
posmatranih vrsta. Izvršena je analiza          number of surveyed trees was analysed in
defolijacije i dekolorizacije ukupnog broja     terms of defoliation and discolouration, and
posmatranih stabala i date su analize           dominant tree species were analysed with
dominantnih vrsta sa detaljnim grafičkim        detailed     graphical     overviews      of
prikazima uporednih analiza. Takođe je          comparative analyses. Additionally, ICP
uspostavljen manual ICP za šume Crne            Forests Manual was developed for
Gore, izrađen jedinstveni softver za unos       Montenegro, as well as a unique software
podataka, uspostavljena je procjena stanja      for data entry, crown condition on marked
kruna na markiranim bioindikacijskim            bioindication plots was assessed, the
tačkama, od strane Nacionalnog fokalnog         National Focal Centre submitted the data to
centra dostavljeni podaci u centralnu bazu      the central data base in Hamburg and data
podataka u Hamburgu i uneseni podaci u          were         entered         into        GIS
GIS (geografski informacioni sistem).           (geographicaloinformation system). The
Rezultati, analize i trendovi procjene stanja   results, analyses, and trends in the
šuma u Crnoj Gori detaljno su prikazani u       assessment of conditions of forests in
narednim poglavljima.                           Europe are presented in detail in the
                                                subsequent chapters.




                                                                                          8
Slika 1/Figure 1.




Sistem praćenja stanja šuma u Crnoj Gori      The system of forest condition monitoring
obavlja Uprava za šume uz kordinaciju sa      in Montenegro is implemented by the
Nacionalnim timom koji je uspostavljen        Forest Administration in coordination with
rješenjem Ministra kao i jedinicom za         the national team established by the
monitoring i planiranje pri Ministarstvu      Minister decision, as well as the Central
poljoprivrede i ruralnog razvoja Crne Gore.   Management and Monitoring Unit under
                                              the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural
                                              Development of Montenegro.




                                                                                      9
Podaci sa bioindikacijskih tačaka moraju       The data obtained from bioindication plots
biti uniformi, te postoji čitav niz osnovnih   have to be uniform. Therefore, there is a
zahtjeva koji moraju biti ispunjeni uz         series of basic requirements which have to
kontinuirani proces monitoringa da bi se       be fulfilled along with the continuing
uspješno izveo proces praćenja stanja šuma     process of monitoring in order to carry out
i životne sredine od pripremnih radova do      successfully the process of monitoring of
konačnih rezultata. U tom kontekstu, nakon     forest and environmental conditions from
obrade rezultata, vršena je provjera           preparation works until final results. In this
podataka na terenu (5-10% uzornih              context, once the results had been
tačaka), kako bi se utvrdila vjerodostojnost   processed, the data were verified in the
i analiza svih prikupljenih podataka.          field (5-10% sample plots) in order to
Provjere je vršio koordinacioni tim u skladu   determine their credibility and analyse all
sa upustvima datim u Priručniku za             the collected data.
procjenu zdravstvenog stanja, kao i            Verifications were carried out by the
aneksima tog dokumenta. Podaci sa              Coordination Team in compliance with
terenskih opažanja su dokumentovani za         instructions given in the Manual for
potrebe potencijalnih            domaćih i     Assessment of Health Condition of Forests
međunarodnih evaluacija. Profesionalni         and Annexes to the Manual. The data
pristup na aktivnostima vezanim za             collected during the field survey have been
prikupljanje i obradu ovih podataka            documented for the needs of potential local
zahtjevao je značajan vremenski angažman,      and international evaluations.
naučnu i stručnu podršku, čitav niz znanja     The expert approach to activities related to
iz različitih oblasti šumarstva, mnogo         collection and procession of these data
napora i rada od strane šumarskih              implied a significant amount of time,
stručnjaka da bi realizovali odgovarajuće      scientific and expert support, expertise in
rezultate,    prijedloge     i   rešenja   u   different fields of forestry, a lot of effort and
ograničenom vremenskom okviru. U tom           work of forestry experts in order to
cilju za potrebe obuke osoblja Uprave za       accomplish the desired results, make
šume sprovedena su tri kursa obuke na          proposals ans solutions within a given
terenu. Obuku su vršili profesori sa           timeframe.
Šumarskog fakulteta i Instituta za             For this purpose, the staff of the Forest
šumarstvo iz Beograda (slika 2,3).             Administration underwent three field
                                               trainings. The trainings were delivered by
Slika 2/Figure 2.                              the professors from the Faculty of Forestry
                                               and Forestry Institute from Belgrade
                                               (Figure 2,3).

                                               Slika 3/Figure 3.




                                                                                             10
Sprovedene obuke su vršene na terenu za         The trainings were delivered in the field
različite vrste gdje je od strane eksperata     and involved different species. The experts
vršena pokazna demostracija ocjene              demonstrated the assessment of attributes
atributa u različitim sastojinskim uslovima.    in diffrent stand conditions. In parallel, tha
Uporedo sa tim vršena je i obuka                staff were trained in filling in appropriate
popunjavanja odgovarajućih manuala za           manuals for field work. A part of the
rad na terenu. Jedan dio obuke je obavljen      training was delivered in the field on
na terenu neposredno na bioidikacijskim         bioindication plots (RU Zabljak and RU
tačkama (PJ. Žabljak i PJ. Pljevlja). Na tim    Pljevlja). Selection and determination,
tačkama prezentovan je izbor i određivanje,     materialisation, and positioning of a
materijalizovanje       i      pozicioniranje   bioindication area was demonstrated on
bioindikacijske površine, rad na samoj          these plots, as well as the work on the very
površini, izbor i obilježavanje stabala,        plot, tree selection and marcation,
ocjena atributa i unos podataka u               assessment of attribites, and entry of data
predviđene obrasce.                             into the prescribed templates.

Nakon izvršene obuke formirani su radni         After the completion of the training,
timovi koji su obezbijeđeni neophodnom          working teams were appointed and
opremom koja je sadržavala:                     supplied with necessary equipment
                                                including:
   kartografski materijal sa ucrtanim BIT
   mreže 16 x 16 km razmjere 1:25 000,             Cartographic material with entered BIP
   kao i kartografski materijal za BIT             grid 16 X 16 km scale 1:25 000, and
   razmjere 1:10 000 sa topografskom               cartographic material for BIP grid scale
   podlogom i 1 : 2 500 sa ortofoto                1:10 000 with topographic map and
   podlogom,                                       scale 1 : 2 500 with ortophoto map,
    spisak koordinata i spisak brojeva BIT,         List of coordinates and list of numbers
   Upustva i obrasci ,                             asscribed to BIP,
   Foto vodič za ocjenjivanje zdravstvenog         Instructions and templates,
   stanja,                                         Photo guide for assessment of health
       Šabloni za ispisivanje brojeva,             condition,

       Minijum farba i četkica,                        Templates for entering numbers,
     trasirke (nemagnetne, trouglaste,                 Set of paints and brushes,
   2m) ,                                               Poles (non-magnetic, triangular, 2m)
      GPS prijemnik (sa pozicionom                     GPS receiver (with precision 1-5 m)
   preciznošću 1-5 m)                                  Compass,
       Kompas,                                         Vertex and transponder,
       Vertex i transponder ,                          Measuring tape (20 or 30m for
      pantljika/traka za mjerenje (20 ili          calibration of measuring equipment,
   30m za baždarenje mjerne opreme i               and measuring distance)
   mjerenje rastojanja)




                                                                                           11
Digitalni fotoaparat,                         Digital camera,
       Dvogled,                                      Binoculars,
       Metalni kočići .                              Metal stakes.


Usklađivanje    i    poređenje    podataka     Harmonisation and comparison of data has
podignuto je na viši nivo upotrebom            been improved by applying the stipulated
propisanih procedura i standarda prilikom      procedures and standards for collection of
prikupljanja podataka na terenu kao i          field data and their further procession and
prilikom njihove dalje obrade i dostavljanja   submission in final prescribed forms.
u konačnim propisanim formama.




                                                                                       12
4. Politička pozadina                         4. Political background

 4.1. Ministarske konferencije o                  4.1. Ministerial Conferences on
  zaštiti šuma Evrope - (MCPFE)                 the Protection of Forests in Europe
                                                             - (MCPFE)
      Od Konferencije o životnoj sredini i
razvoju Ujedinjenih Nacija (UNCED),                  Since the United Nations Conference
održanoj u Rio de Žaneiru 1992. godine,         on     Environment      and    Development
započeo je određen broj međunarodnih i          (UNCED) held in Rio de Janeiro in 1992, a
regionalnih konferencija, inicijativa i         number of international and regional
procesa usmjerenih na održivo korišćenje        conferences, initiatives, and processes
prirodnih resursa. Ovi procesi rezultirali su   aimed at sustainable use of natural
brojnim međunarodnim obavezama i                resources has been launched. These
multilateralnim dogovorima koji se odnose       processes      resulted     in    numerous
na šume. Ministarska konferencija o zaštiti     international       commitments         and
šuma u Evropi (MCPFE), kao politički            multilateral agreements related to forests.
proces, za posljednjih 20 godina je bila        For the past 20 years, the Ministerial
usmjerena na bolju zaštitu šuma                 Conference on the Protection of Forests in
promovišući njihovo održivo gazdovanje.         Europe (MCPFE), as a political process, has
MCPFE je uspostavila blisku i plodnu            been oriented toward a better protection of
saradnju između evropskih vlada i brojnih       forests, promoting their sustainable
interesnih strana, uključujući ekološke i       management. MCPFE has established a
ostale nevladine organizacije, asocijacije      close and fruitful cooperation between
vlasnika šuma, šumarsku industriju i            European governments and numerous
istraživačku zajednicu.                         stakeholders including environmental and
Na Ministarskim konferencijama, ministri        other non-governmental organizations,
odgovorni za šume u Evropi donose odluke        associations of forest owners, forest
o zajedničkim pitanjima od najviše političke    industry, and research community.
važnosti za šume i šumarstvo na sve-            At Ministerial conferences, ministers in
evropskom nivou.                                charge of forests in Europe make decisions
                                                on common issues of major political
Od 1990. godine na pet Ministarskih             importance for forests and forestry at the
konferencija (Strazbur 1990, Helsinki 1993,     European level.
Lisabon 1998, Beč 2003 i Varšava 2007)          Since 1990, 19 Resolutions have been
usvojeno je 19 rezolucija. Preuzete obaveze     adopted at five Ministerial conferences
raspoređene su u okviru tri stuba održivog      (Strasbourg 1990, Helsinki 1993, Lisbon
gazdovanja šumama (Sustainable Forest           1998, Vienna 2003, and Warsaw 2007). The
Management–SFM)          i     njima     se     undertaken commitments have been
nedvosmisleno      odražava      želja   za     grouped around three pillars of sustainable
uspostavljanjem i održavanjem ravnoteže         forest management (SFM) and they
između ekonomske, socio-kulturne i              unequivocally reflect the wish to establish
ekološke dimenzije održivog gazdovanja          and maintain the balance between
šumama.                                         economic,         socio-cultural,       and
                                                environmental dimension of sustainable
                                                forest management.


                                                                                        13
Svaka od održanih 5 konferencija                 Each of the former 5 conferences proceeds
predstavlja kontinuitet aktivnosti sa            with the activities initiated at the previous
prethodnih     konferencija      i    definiše   conference and defines work programmes
programe rada za naredni period. MCPFE           for the subsequent period. MCPFE is a high-
predstavlja političku inicijativu na visokom     level political initiative i.e. a political
nivou, odnosno političku platformu za            platform for the dialogue about issues
dijalog o pitanjima vezanim za šume              related to the forests in Europe. The
Evrope. Ona se bavi opštim mogućnostima i        conferences       deal      with      general
prijetnjama koje se odnose na šume i             opportunities and threats to forests and
šumarstvo i pomaže održivo gazdovanje            forestry, and support sustainable forest
šumama u Evropi.                                 management in Europe.

Neevropske     zemlje   i    međunarodne         Non-European countries and international
organizacije učestvuju kao posmatrači.           organisations participate as observers.
Tako Konferencija obezbjeđuje, ne samo           Thus the Conference ensures not only the
forum za saradnju ministara odgovornih za        forum for cooperation of ministers in
šume, nego omogućava nevladnim i                 charge of forests but enables non-
međuvladinim       organizacijama      da        governmental      and     intergovernmental
doprinesu svojim znanjem i idejama.              organisations to contribute by offereing
                                                 their expertise and ideas.
Konferencija predstavlja dinamičan proces        The conference is a dynamic process which
koji vodi računa o najvažnijim zajedničkim       takes account of major common concerns
brigama koje se tiču šuma i šumarstva u          related to forests and forestry in Europe,
Evropi i okreće se predstojećim izazovima.       and is oriented toward future challenges.
Ovaj proces se zasniva na nizu konferencija      This process is based on a series of
na ministarskom nivou i mehanizmima              ministerial conferences and monitoring
praćenja. Ministri odgovorni za šume na          mechanisms. The ministers in charge of
konferencijama se bave aspektima od              forestry deal with aspects of major political
najvažnijeg političkog interesa. Nakon           interests at such conferences. After
ministarskih konferencija odluke koje su         Ministerial conferences,      the decisions
donijeli ministri dalje se razrađuju na          adopted by ministers are further
ekspertskim sastancima.                          elaborated in expert meetings.
Visoki prioritet MCPFE posvećuje temi            A high priority of MCPFE is strangthening
јačanja uloge šuma u ublažavanju                 the role of forests in mitigating climatic
klimatskih promjena, posebno pitanjima           changes, especially fresh water supply,
snabdijevanja kvalitetnom pitkom vodom,          improvement and conservation of forest
potom poboljšanje i očuvanje biodiverziteta      biodiversity, as well as ensurance of supply
šuma kao i obezbeđivanje šumskih                 with forest products.
proizvoda.                                       Forests are a key factor in meeting
 Šume su ključni faktor za ostvarivanje          environmental, protection, social, and
ekoloških,     zaštitnih,    socijalnih   i      recreational needs of modern people.
rekreacionih potreba savremenog čovjeka.




                                                                                           14
Takođe one predstavljaju važan resurs za        Additionally, they are an important
razvoj države i to posebno ruralnih             resource in the development of the state,
područja pružajući velike mogućnosti za         especially rural areas, by means of creating
razvoj      lokalnih      zajednica      kroz   great opportunities for the development of
iskorišćavanje primarnih i sekundarnih          local communities throgh the use of
proizvoda šume i kroz razvoj seoskog            primary and secondary forest products and
turizma.                                        development of rural tourism.
Šumarski sektor ima ulogu da doprinese          The role of forestry sector is to contribute
održivom razvoju u cjelini i u saradnji sa      to sustainable development as a whole and,
drugim sektorima učestvuje u stvaranju          in cooperation with other sectors, create
situacije sa ciljem da uskladi balans između    conditions for establishing the balance
proizvodno        -ekonomske,       ekološke,   between                production-economic,
socijalne i kulturne uloge šuma u smislu        environmental, social, and cultural role of
održivog       razvoja.    Koordinacija     i   forests in sustainable development.
partnerstvo su od ključnog značaja za           Coordination and partnership play a key
promociju višekorisnih funkcija šume i          role in promotion of multi-purpose
održivog razvoja društva.                       functions of forests and sustainable
                                                development of society.
Drugi važni zadaci su da se razvije оkvir zа
buduću saradnju sektora šumarstva i dа          Other important tasks include the
istraži mogućnosti za pravno оbavezujući        development of framework for future
sporazum о šumama u Еvropi. MCPFE је            cooperation between forestry sectors and
povezan sa globalnim i drugim regionalnim       research into the possibilities of a legally
procesima i inicijativama koje se bave          binding agreement on forests in Europe.
pitanjima od najvišeg političkog i              MCPFE is connected with global and other
društvenog značaja u vezi sa šumama.            regional processes and initiatives dealing
                                                with issues of major political and social
                                                importance related to forests.


Ovakvim pristupom MCPFE prati sledeće           By using this approach, MCPFE observes
odrednice:                                      the following principles:

   -   Unapređenje biološkog diverziteta u         -   Improve biological diversity in all
       svim tipovima šuma kroz podizanje               forest types through increasing
       svijesti   o    značaju    šuma     i           awareness of importance of forests
       konzervaciju;                                   and conservation;
   -   Ukazivanje na kontinuirano i                -   Emphasise a continuous and
       adekvatno održavanje, konzervaciju,             adequate               maintenance,
       prevođenje i stalno unapređenje                 conservation,    conversion    and
       biodiverziteta šuma, nacionalnih                continuous improvement of forest
       šumarskih programa i drugih                     biodiversity,    national    forest
       politika kod ustanovljavanja mjera              programmes, and other policies
       za ostvarivanje zajedničkog cilja i             related    to   estabilshment    of
       podrške      ovim    politikama     i           measures aimed at accomplishment
       procesima;                                      of the joint goal and ensuring
                                                       support to these policies and
                                                       processes;


                                                                                         15
-   Pristupe raznim programima i               -   Provide      access     to    different
    dostupnoj     politici     unapređenja         programmes and available policy of
    biodiverziteta;                                biodiversity improvement;
-   Obavljanje     istraživanja, analize       -   Conduct        research,       analyse
    informacija i procjene uticaja                 information, and assess the impact
    ilegalnih sječa šuma na ekonomski              of illegal logging on economic
    potencijal staništa i biodiverzitet,           potential of sites and biodiversity,
    predlaže      metode        sprečavanja        propose the methods to combat
    ilegalnih sječa kroz izgradnju                 illegal    logging     through      the
    kapaciteta profesionalnih ljudskih             development of capacities of human
    resursa za kontrolu;                           resources carrying out control;
-   Ima ulogu razvoja regionalne               -   Develop regional cooperation and
    saradnje i veza po principu                    connections based on environmental
    ekološkog pristupa i održivog                  approach         and       sustainable
    razvoja gazdovanja šumama;                     development of forest management;
-   Analizira i prati dalji razvoj             -   Analyse and monitor further
    zaštićenih       šumskih        resursa,       development of protected forest
    uzimajući u obzir osobenosti svake             resources, taking into consideration
    države     i    postojećeg sistema,            specificities of each state and the
    sveobuhvatnost,       tip     šume     i       existing system, comprehensiveness,
    efektivnost gazovanjem tom šumom;              forest type, and efficiency of forest
-   Pruža doprinos pan – evropskoj                 management;
    strategiji za spriječavanje uticaja        -   Contribute to Pan-European strategy
    invazionih štetnih vrsta koje mogu             for combatting the impact of
    da     destabilizuju      ili    naruše        invasive harmful species which can
    ekosistem;                                     destabilise or damage an ecosystem;
-   Pruža novi pristup planiranju              -   Provide a new approach to forest
    gazdovanja šumama ukjučujući i                 management planning through
    planiranje         predjela        kroz        lanscape improvement, especially
    unapređenje       pejzaža,     posebno         taking into consideration the
    vodeći računa o održavanju,                    maintenance, conservation, and
    konzervaciji i obnovi šumskog                  recovery of forest biodiversity on
    biodiverziteta na predjelima gde se            areas with dominant aesthetic
    ističu estetske vrijednosti prirode i          properties of nature and natural
    prirodni procesi šuma;                         forest processes;
-   Unapređenje konzervacije šumskog           -   Improve conservation of forest
    genetskog materijala kao sastavni i            genetic material as an integral and
    neodvojivi deo održivog gazdovanja             inseparable part of sustainable
    šumama uz učešće u stalnom                     forest management by means of
    procesu pan – Evropske saradnje u              involvement in the continuing
    ovoj oblasti;                                  process        of        Pan-European
-   Dalji razvoj saradnje sa drugim                cooperation in this field;
    Evropskim      procesima       „Životna    -   Further develop cooperation with
    sredina za Evropu“, programa “Okvir            other European “Environment for
    za saradnju“, kao i međunarodnim               Europe“ process, “Framework for
    programom saradnje na praćenju                 Cooperation“ programme, as well as
    stanja šuma“ICP za šume“.                      ICP on forests.



                                                                                       16
Ministarske koferencije о zaštiti šuma u        The Ministerial Conference on the
Evropi (MCPFE), od svog uspostavljanja kao      Protection of Forests in Europe (MCPFE),
regionalni politički proces osmišljene sa       from its establishment as a regional
ulogom unapređenja zaštite šuma budućim         political process, has been envisaged to
jačanjem održivog gazdovanja. Njihov je         improve forest protection by future
zadatak da uključe što više zemalja Evrope i    strengthening       of    sustainable     forest
da ih primoraju da ostvare održivi razvoj u     management. Its task is to involve as many
okviru svoje državne teritorije, a u interesu   European countries and make them
cijelog Evropskog kontinenta.                   accomplish sustainable development within
Sistem je osmišljen da se globalni dogovori     their territories, in the interest of the whole
i ostvarena saradnja prenese na regionalni,     Europe.
nacionalni i lokalni nivo.                      Such a system envisages transposition of
                                                global     agreements        and     estabished
                                                cooperation to regional, national, and local
                                                level.




                                                                                             17
5. Međunarodni                           5. International Cooperative
   kooperacioni program za                          Programme on Forest
  praćenje stanja šuma – (ICP                    Condition Monitoring – (ICP
           Forests )                                      Forests )

      Sa praćenjem oštećenja šumskog                 The monitoring of forest cover was
pokrivača intenzivno se počelo u centralnoj     intensively launched in the Central Europe
Evropi (Njemačka) od 1970 godine i to prvo      (Germany) in 1970 - first on the fir tree,
na jeli koja je bila posebno osjetljiva na      which was particularly sensitive to
uticaj raznih stresora, a potom se program      influence of different stressors, and then
monitoringa proširio i na ostale vrste          the monitoring programme broadened so
četinara.      Ovaj     sistem       praćenja   as to include the other types of conifers.
zdravstvenog stanja kasnije se razvio u         This system of monitoring health condition
internacionalni sistem sa ciljem da se u eri    later developed into international system
industrijskog     razvoja     stvori     baza   intended to create a relevant data base on
relevantnih podataka o zdravstvenom             health condition of forests in Europe in the
stanju šuma Evrope. Politički okvir stvoren     era of industrial development. Political
je      potpisivanjem       Konvencije      o   framework for enabling this was created by
prekograničnom        prenosu     vazdušnih     signing the Convention on Long-range
zagađenja      (CLRTAP)      1979     godine.   Transboundary Air Pollution (CLRTAP) in
Konvencija je stupila na snagu 1983 godine      1979. The Convention became effective in
kada su polazne smjernice prihvaćene od         1983, when the working group of the
radne grupe Evropske komisije za                European Forestry Commission (EFC) and
šumarstvo       (EFC)     i    međunarodne      Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)
organizacije za poljoprivredu i hranu           adopted the starting guidelines in the
(FAO), na skupu održanom u Ženevi u             assembley held in Geneva in April 1983.
aprilu 1983 godine.                             The conclusion of the expert group in this
Zaključak ekspertske radne grupe na ovom        assembley was that air pollution and its
skupu bio je da se vazdušna zagađenja i         impact on European and North American
njihov uticaj na šume zemalja Evrope i          forests had to be reduced and permanently
Sjeverne Amerike moraju smanjiti i              monitored. The group proposed specific
permanentno pratiti i tom prilikom su           solutions and measures aimed at
predložena konkretna rješenja i mjere u         improvement of forest conditions.
cilju unapređenja stanja šuma.                  The basics of the present ICP manual for
Konkretne osnove sadašnjeg ICP manuala          harmonised and continuous monitoring of
za usklađeno i kontinuirano praćenje            health condition of forests were set in the
zdravstvenog stanja šuma su postavljene na      assembley of the European Foresty
sastanku Evropske komisije za šumu u            Commission held in Freiburg (Germany) in
Frajburgu (Nemačka) juna mjeseca 1984           June 1984. The first report on forest
godine. Prvi izvještaj o stanju šuma je         condition was adopetd in 1987 in the third
usvojen 1987 na trećem sastanku ICP u           assembley of ICP held in Usti nad Labem
gradu Usi nad Labem (Republika Češka).          (Czech Republic). The report was based on
Taj izvještaj je baziran na procjeni stanja     assessment of crown condition of forest
kruna šumskog drveća .                          trees.


                                                                                         18
Prvi združeni izvještaj o stanju šuma          The first joint report on condition of
Evrope pod nazivom EU/ICP je publikovan        forests in Europe entitled “EU/ICP“ was
1992 godine. Sve do 2004.godine zajednički     published in 1992. Until 2004, joint reports
izvještaji nisu objedinjivani kada Evropska    were not published. At the time, the
Komisija odlučuje da izvještaje štampa kao     European Commission decided to print
jedinstven dokument o stanju šuma Evrope       reports as a single document on condition
pod nazivom „Izvještaj o šumama“(ICP           of forests in Europe entitled “ICP Forest
Forest report).                                Report“.
Monitoring i procjena kruna šumskog            Monitoring and assessment of forest tree
drveća širom Evrope je pod kordinacijom        crowns across Europe is coordinated by ICP
ICP Forest i danas i on predstavlja glavnu     Forest and nowadays it is the main
komponentu rada ove grupacije. Danas 42        component of work of this group. Presently,
zemlje uključujući i Sjedinjene Američke       42 countries including the United States of
države i Kanadu (slika 4) su aktivne u         America and Canada (figure 4) take an
okviru programa ICP za šume. 1994              active part within ICP Forests programme.
Evropska komisija je donijela odredbu          In 1994, the European Commission adopted
1991/1994 čime je postavljena osnova za        the Regulation 1991/1994, thus setting the
odvijanje programa Nivoa II. Danas 28          basics for implementation of the
zemalja članica odvija program Nivoa II pa     programme of the Level II. Nowadays, 28
čak i Nivoa III, dok ostalih 14 razvija        member-states implement the Level II
praćenje na osnovu Nivoa I. U Crnoj Gori se    programme, even Level III, whereas the
prećenje odvija na Nivou I, dodeljen joj je    remaining 14 countries carry out
identifikacioni broj 80, kao kod pod kojim     monitoring based on the Level I. The
je registrovana u ICP bazi u Hamburgu i        monitoring in Montenegro is carried out at
pod kojim dostavlja podatke toj instituciji.   the Level I. Montenegro has been assigned
                                               identification number 80 as a code under
                                               which it has been registered in the ICP base
                                               in Hamburg and under which it submits the
                                               data to this institution.
Slika 4/Figure 4.




                                                                                        19
Naučni      nadzor      nad       praćenjem     Scientific supervision of monitoring of
zdravstvenog stanja        šuma     je   bio    health condition of forests was carried out
obezbjeđen       i od strane „Naučne            by the Scientific Advisory Group from 1995
savjetodavne grupe“ od 1995 do 2002 koji        to 2002, ending in 2002 with the
je završio sa radom 2002 sa prestankom          termination of validity of EU Regulation
važnosti EU odredbe 3528/68. Dobra              3528/68. A good cooperation has been
saradnja uspostavljena je sa Mrežom             established      with    Acid     Deposition
praćenja kisjelih depozicija istočne Azije      Monitoring Network in East Asia - EANET.
(Acid Deposition Monitoring Network in East     The main pillars of ICP Forests are 9 Expert
Asia - EANET).                                  Panels and Working Groups, researchers
Glavni nosioci ICP za šume su 9 ekspertskih     from the countries which participate in the
panela (Expert Panels) i radnih grupa           programme, develop and upgrade the
(Working Groups), istraživači zemalja koji      methods which are applied. In addition,
učestvuju u programu, razvijaju i               they are in charge of management and
nadograđuju metode koje se primenjuju.          supervision of projects and projects
Oni su takođe odgovorni za rukovođenje i        implementation. A broad cooperation
nadzor nad projektima kao i za                  between      European      countries    and
implementaciju projekata. Široka saradnja       engagement of forestry experts from
zemalja Evrope i angažovanje šumarskih          member states ensures the success of this
eksperata država članica je garancija           programme which will have an even
uspjeha ovog programa koji će u                 greater importance in the future.
budućnosti imati još veći značaj.




5.1. Mandat, ciljevi i značaj ISP za               5.1. Mandate, objectives and
              šume                                   importance of ICP Forests

Svi stresori koji djeluju na šumsko drveće      All stressors influencing forest trees,
bilo da su biotičke ili abiotičke prirode ili   whether they are biotic or abiotic or of
antropogenog porijekla izazivaju određene       anthropogenic origin, cause certain changes
promjene na stablima. Kompleksno                on trees. A complex influence of different
djelovanje različitih zagađivača mijenja        pollutants changes air composition and,
sastav vazduha i on u različitim područijma     consequently, air has different composition
ima drugačije vrijednosti.             Efekti   in different areas. The effects of air
atmosferskog zagađivanja zavise od uslova       pollution vary with site conditions and
staništa i konkretne sastojine a variraju u     specific stands, and differ in terms of
odnosu na geografsku poziciju regiona. Sa       geographic position of the region. Since this
obzirom da je ovo djelovanje trajno te da se    influence is permanent and the presence of
nivo zagađivača mijenja u toku godine           pollutants changes during the year by
sezonskom pojavom vazdušnih strujanja ili       seasonal appearance of air currents or their
se koncetracija povećava, izazivaju složene     concentration increases, they complexly
efekte na šumsko drveće koje se teško           affect forest trees, which can be hardly
može izolovati i kvantifikovati.                isolated and quantified.


                                                                                          20
Takođe pored ovih, postoji i čitav drugi niz   In addition to these, there is a series of
faktora stresa koji se međosubno               stress factors which are mutually
nadopunjuju, nadovezuju ili poništavaju ali    complementary, linked, or annulled, but
u svakom slučaju utiču na stanje šuma i        anyway affect forest condition and have to
moraju biti dodatno razmatrani i               be additionally considered and analysed.
analizirani.
                                               Having in mind these occurences, the ICP
Mandat ICP za šume razvio se u odnosu na       Forests mandate developed in two
ove pojave u dva pravca:                       directions:

   -   Posmatranje - mjerenje efekata             -   Survey – measurement of effects of
       antopogenog uticaja (zagađenost                anthropogenic influence (human-
       vazduha proizvedena djelovanjem                induced air pollution) and natural
       čovjeka) i prirodnih faktora, koji             factors   which     influence   the
       utiču na stanje i razvoj šumskih               condition and development of forest
       ekosistema u Evropi;                           ecosystems in Europe;
   -   Razumijevanje uzroka i posledica u         -   Understanding the causes and
       različitim šumskim ekosistemima u              consequences in different forest
       cilju iskorišćavanja pozitivnih i              ecosystems in order to take
       negativnih iskustava                           advantage of positive and negative
                                                      experience.




Ciljevi ICP za šume su sledeći:                The objectives of ICP Forests are as follows:

   -   Zahvaljujući sistematskoj mreži            -   Owing to the systematic grid of
       bioindikacijskih tačaka u cijelom              bioindication plots in the whole
       regionu Evrope - omogućava                     region of Europe - ensure a
       periodični uvid u prostorne i                  periodical insight into spatial and
       vremenske varijabilnosti stanja                time variations of forest conditions
       šuma u odnosu na antropogene i                 in respect of anthropogenic and
       prirodne faktore stresa na teritoriji          natural stress factors on the
       svih zemalja članica;                          territory of all member states;
   -   Doprinosi boljem razumjevanju              -   Contribute to better understanding
       odnosa izmjeđu stanja šumskih                  of the relation between forest
       ekosistema i faktora stresa, preko             ecosystems condition and stress
       intenzivnog monitoringa u zemljama             factors        through      intensive
       gde se vrši sistem praćenja Nivoa II;          monitoring in countries where Level
   -   Ima za cilj da obezbijedi dublji uvid          II monitoring system is carried out;
       u interakcije između različitih            -   Ensure a better insight into
       komponenti šumskih ekosistema                  interactions      between    different
       kompilacijom dostupnih informacija             components of forest ecosystems by
       izvršenih proučavanja;                         compiling available information
                                                      obtained from completed research;



                                                                                         21
-   Cilj je da doprinese , u saradnji sa        -   In cooperation with ICP on
       ICP za modeliranje i kartiranje,                development of field models and
       proračunima kritičnih ograničenja i             maps, contribute to assessment of
       njihovih prekoračenja u šumama i                critical constraints and their breach
       da saradnju sa drugim programima                in forests, and establish cooperation
       praćenja stanja u oblasti životne               with other programmes aimed at
       sredine u okviru i izvan CLRTAP;                monitoring              environmental
   -   Na osnovu aktivnosti monitoringa                conditions within and out of
       da     doprinese     svim     drugim            CLRTAP;
       aspektima od značaja za šumarsku            -   Based on monitoring activity,
       politiku     na     svim     nivoima            contribute to all other aspects
       (nacionalnom,           regionalnom,            important for forest policy at all
       evropskom i svjetskom) da pomogne               levels (national, regional, European,
       da se riješe problemi vezani za                 and world) in order to help solve
       promjenu klime i uspostavi održivo              problems related to climate change,
       gazdovanje šumama i spriječi                    establish       sustainable     forest
       smanjenje šumskog biodiverziteta;               management, and prevent reduction
   -   Da za potrebe javnosti obezbijedi               in forest biodiversity;
       relevantne i precizne informacije i         -   Provide relevant and precise
       omogući donošenje značajnih odluka              information to the public, and
       iz oblasti šumarstva, zaštite životne           enable decision-making in the field
       sredine i očuvanja biodiverziteta.              of       forestry,      environmental
                                                       protection,       and     biodiversity
                                                       conservation of.



Da bi ciljevi ICP bili ostarivi neophodna je    In order to accomplish ICP objectives, it is
široka saradnja sa svim zemljama                necessary to establish cooperation with all
članicama uz kordiniranje i kontinuitet         member states and ensure the coordination
procesa, koja je postignuta dobro               and continuity of the process by means of
razvijenom mrežom i preciznim upustvima         well developed network and precise
da bi se postigli željeni rezultati.            instructions on how to achieve the desired
Unaprijeđenje postojećih mehanizama             results.
prikupljanja i obrade podataka, se postiže      The improvement of the existing data
djelovanjem naučnih intitucija iz oblasti       collection and procession mechanisms can
šumarstva kao i djelovanjem eksperata, dok      be achieved by involvement of scientific
se kao rezultat detaljnih analiza, brojnih      institutions and experts in the field of
ocjena i analiza dobija jasnija slika           forestry. The result of detailed analyses and
zdravstvenog stanja šuma Evrope i               assessments is a clearer picture of health
otkrivaju se novi načini za djelovanje protiv   condition of European forests and
štetnih pojava.                                 discovered new ways of acting against
                                                adverse occurences.




                                                                                          22
5.2. Nivoi intenziteta                   5.2. Monitoring intensity levels
            monitoringa

     Da bi se ostvarili ciljevi, omogućilo         In order to accomplish objectives,
konstantno praćenje stanja šuma u             enable a constant monitoring of forest
zemljama Evrope osmišljen je sistem koji      condition in European countries, a system
prema tehnološkom razvoju zemlje i            has been designed to provide a certain
raspoloživim ekonomskim i kadrovskim          amount of data necessary for analysis and
potencijalima omogućuje svim članicama        assessment of the present condition which
da obezbijede određeni nivo podataka          corresponds to available economic and
neophodan za analizu i procjenu trenutnog     human resources potentials of all member
stanja. Tako su razvijena III nivoa           states. Therefore, there are 3 Levels of
intenziteta monitoringa:                      monitoring intensity:
Nivo I – podrazumijeva praćenje stanja        Level I implies monitoring of forest
šuma na bioindikacijskim tačkama 16x16        condition on bioindication plots of 16 x 16
km sistemske mreže – na način što se na       km systematic grid by surveying and
pojedinačnim         parcelama      obavlja   analysing the following parameters on
posmatranje        i     analiza   sledećih   specific    parcels:     crown    condition
paramentara: procjena stanja kruna            assessment           (defoliation       and
(defolijacija i dekolorizacija ), stanje      decolorisation), land condition and forest
zemljišta i ishrane šumskog drveća,           trees nutrition, presence of deseases and
prisutne bolesti i štetočine šumskog drveća   pests etc. The data obtained at this level
i dr. Podaci koji se dobiju na ovom nivou     represent the widest European region. The
reprezentuju najšire područje Evrope. U       next table shows an overview of plots by
sledećoj tabeli predstavljen je pregled       member states (figure 1) and graphical
tačaka po državama učesnicama (Tabela 1)      overview of Level I plots along with forest
i grafički prikaz tačaka Nivoa I sa tipom     type (figure 5).
šume (slika 5).

Tabela 1/ Table 1.
                                              Forest Condition in Europe, 2011 Tehnical report ICP Forest,
                                              strana/page 19




                                                                                                      23
Slika 5/Figure 5.




Map of Level I plots, www.icp-forests.org




                                            24
Crna Gora je u izvještaju od 2010 godine                                In 2010 Report, Montenegro was present
prikazana sa 49 tačaka gde je izvršeno                                  with 49 plots where health condition was
procjenjivanje zdravstvenog stanja na 1176                              assessed on 1176 trees (Table 2).
stabala (tabela 2).


Tabela 2/Table 2.




Forest Condition in Europe, 2011 Tehnical report ICP Forest, strana 22/page 22




                                                                                                                   25
Nivo II predstavlja intenzivni monitoring na      Level II implies an intense monitoring on a
određenom        broju    stalnih     oglednih    certain number of permanent sample plots.
površina. Na nivou II istraživanje i praćenje     At Level II, research and monitoring is
je detaljnije i obrađuje se veliki broj ulaznih   more detailed and a great number of inflow
parametara. Do sada je postavljeno 860            parameters is processed. Up to date, 860
stanica za praćenje nivoa II. Rezultati nivoa     plots have been established for monitoring
II imaju detaljnije pokazatelje, ali im           Level II. The Level II results are
nedostaje široka rasprostranjenost nivoa I        characterised by more detailed indicators
pa se oni koriste u vezi sa nivom I i takvim      but they lack a wide distribution of Level I.
upoređivanjem i upotrebom dobijaju još            Therefore, they are used in connection with
više na značaju. Raspored tačaka Nivoa II         Level I and by such a comparison and use
na području Evrope prikazan je na (slici 6).      they gain an increasing importance. The
                                                  distribution of Level II plots in Europe is
                                                  presented in figure 6.
Slika 6/Figure 6.
                                                  Map of Level II plots, www.icp-forests.org




                                                                                               26
Na ovaj način preko nivoa II ostvaruje se:     In this way, Level II ensures:
- procjena značaja uzajamnih veza na           -    assessment       of    importance  of
Evropskom nivou;                               interconnections at the European level;
- ograničavanje geografskog područja (u        - limitation of a geographic area (within
okviru Evrope) gdje su se ove veze             Europe) where these connections turned to
pokazale tačnim.                               be correct.

Preduslov za upotrebu različitih nivoa je      The precondition for applying different
usaglašavanje nivoa i njihovih preklapanja.    levels is to harmonise levels and determine
Nivo III predstavlja najviši hijerajhijski     their overlaps.
intenzitet monitoringa. Na nivou III se vrši   Level III implies the greatest monitoring
sagledavanje i ispitivanje kompleksnih veza    intensity in the hierarchy. At Level III,
i uzajamnog djelovanja različitih pojava u     complex connections and interaction
šumskim ekosistemima, polazeći od              between different occurences in forest
objavljenih rezultata naučnih istraživanja i   ecosystems is surveyed and researched,
rezultata monitoringa dobijenih aktivnosti     building on the published results of
koje prevazilaze nivo II. Takođe je i kod      scientific research and monitoring results
nivoa III ispunjen preduslov povezanosti sa    of activities surpassing Level II. Level III
nižim nivoima I i II.                          implies the fulfillment of the precondition
                                               of establishing connection with lower levels
                                               I and II.




  5.3. Aktivnosti monitoringa za               5.3. Level I monitoring activities
              Nivo I


       Na teritoriji Evrope je ustanovljena            The grid of more than 7.500
je mreža sa više od 7500 bioindikacijskih      bioindication plots has been established on
tačaka za praćenje zdravstvenog stanja         the territory of Europe in order to monitor
šuma i njihove prostorne i vremenske           the condition of forest health and changes
promjene u toku jednogodišnjeg ciklusa.        associated with space and time during a
Mreža daje statistički dovoljno precizne       one-year cycle. The grid provides
podatke i pokriva različite šume na nivou      sufficiently precise statistical data and
Evrope. Pojedine zemlje u cilju dobijanja      covers different forests on the territory of
preciznijih podataka razvile su mrežu od       Europe. In order to obtain more precise
4x4 km da bi dobili preciznije podatke o       data on forest condition on their territory
stanju šuma na svojoj teritoriji kao i na      and at the regional level, certain countries
regionalnom nivou. Mreža Nivoa I sadrži        developed a 4 x 4 km grid. The Level I grid
7503 parcele monitoringa (bioindikacijskih     contains     7.503    monitoring     parcels
tačaka) zaključno u 2010 godini,               (bioindication plots), including 2010,
sistematski raspoređenih u mreži 16 x 16       systematically distributed within the 16 x
km širom Evrope.                               16 km grid across Europe.


                                                                                        27
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Icp forest 2010 Crna Gora

  • 1. Ministarstvo poljoprivrede i ruralnog razvoja/ Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development Uprava za šume / Forest Administration PRAĆENJE STANJA OŠTEĆENOSTI ŠUMA U CRNOJ GORI PREMA PROGRAMU ICP ZA ŠUME (Međunarodni kooperacioni program za praćenje stanja šuma Evrope) MONITORING THE CONDITION OF FOREST DAMAGE IN MONTENEGRO ACCORDING TO THE ICP FOREST PROGRAMME (International Cooperative Programme on Monitoring Forest Condition in Europe) Godišnji izveštaj za 2010. godinu 2010 Annual Report Autori /Authors: Dr. Milosav Anđelić Blažo Jokanović, dipl.inž. Vidan Jakić, dipl.inž. Aleksandar Stijović, dipl.inž. Podgorica, 2011.
  • 2. Ministarstvo poljoprivrede i ruralnog razvoja/ Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development Uprava za šume/ Forest Administration PRAĆENJE STANJA OŠTEĆENOSTI ŠUMA U CRNOJ GORI PREMA PROGRAMU ICP ZA ŠUME (Međunarodni kooperacioni program za praćenje stanja šuma Evrope) MONITORING THE CONDITION OF FOREST DAMAGE IN MONTENEGRO ACCORDING TO THE ICP FOREST PROGRAMME (International Cooperative Programme on Monitoring Forest Condition in Europe) Godišnji izvještaj za 2010. godinu 2010 Annual Report Podgorica, 2011.
  • 3. Kordinacioni tim za praćenje zdravstvenog stanja šuma u Crnoj Gori / Coordination Team for monitoring health condition of forests in Montenegro : 1. Dr Milosav Anđelić- Nacionalni koorinator, 2. Milena Kapa- Ministarstvo održivog razvoja i turizma, 3. Mr Jelena Lazarević- Biotehnički Institut, 4. Blažo Jokanović- Ministarstvo poljoprivrede i ruralnog razvoja 5. Vidan Jakić- Uprava za šume Spisak članova terenskih timova koji su učestvovali na prikupljanju podataka sa terena po abecednom redu / The list of team members who participated in collecting field data in alphabetical order: 1. Adem Pupović 2. Anka Savićević 3. Bosiljka Žarković 4. Božidar Zeković 5. Dragan Otašević 6. Dragan Vraneš 7. Dragoljub Ivanović 8. Đorđije Danilović 9. Nebojša Bugarin 10. Nenad Vamović 11. Pavle Međedović 12. Radoje Lekić 13. Relja Nikolić 14. Sanja Dragaš Petrović 15. Srđan Pejović 16. Vitomir Tepavčević 17. Zoran Paunović 18. Željko Dević 19. Živko Tomović Prevod/ Translation: Samanta Tošković Suzana Perković Dijana Premović
  • 4. Sadržaj : Table of Contents: 1.Abstract.................................................................. 1 1. Abstract................................................................. 1 2.Uvod......................................................................... 3 2. Introduction ....................................................... 3 2.1. Geografske odlike..................................... 4 2.1. Geographical characteristics............... 4 2.2.Klima............................................................... 4 2.2. Climate.......................................................... 4 2.3. Namjena površina.................................... 5 2.3. Land purpose.............................................. 5 2.4. Vodni resursi.............................................. 5 2.4. Water resources........................................ 5 2.5. Šume.............................................................. 5 2.5. Forests........................................................... 5 2.6. Obalno područje........................................ 5 2.6. Coastal area................................................. 5 2.7. Životna sredina.......................................... 6 2.7. Environment............................................... 6 3. Monitoring zdravstvenog stanja šuma u 3. Monitoring of health condition of forests Crnoj Gori.............................................................7 in Montenegro....................................................7 4. Politička pozadina......................................... 13 4. Political background......................................13 4.1. Ministarske konferencije o zaštiti 4.1. Ministerial Conferences on the šuma Evrope (MCPFE)..................................... 13 Protection of Forests in Europe 5. Međunarodni kooperacioni program za (MCPFE)...............................................................13 praćenje stanja šuma (ICPF).......................... 18 5. International Cooperative Programme on 5.1. Mandat, ciljevi i značaj ISP za Forest Condition Monitoring (ICP)..............18 šume.................................................................. 20 5.1. Mandate, objectives, and importance 5.2. Nivoi intenziteta monitoringa.........23 of ICP Forests................................................... 20 5.3. Aktivnosti monitoringa za Nivo I...27 5.2. Monitoring intensity levels...............23 5.4. Metodi i kriterijumi............................. 29 5.3. Level 1 monitoring activities ............. 27 5.4.1. Stanje kruna ........................... 32 5.4. Metods and criteria…….......................29 5.4.2. Defolijacija............................... 33 5.4.1. Crown condition................... 32 5.4.3. Dekolorizacija........................ 34 5.4.2. Defoliation............................... 33 5.4.4. Oštećenja...................................34 5.4.3. Decolorisation........................ 34 5.5. Kontrola kvaliteta i osiguranje 5.4.4. Damages .................................. 34 kvaliteta..............................................................35 5.5. Quality control and quality 6. Praćenje stanja šuma u Crnoj Gori 2010 assurance...…………..…………..…………….…35 godine , Nivo I .....................................................36 6. Monitoring of forest condition in 6.1. Lokacija Bioindikacijskih tačaka u Montenegro in 2010, Level I………................36 Crnoj Gori – Nivo 1.................................. 39 6.1. Location of bioindication plots in 6.2. Zastupljenost drveća na Montenegro – Level 1................................. 39 bioindikacijskim tačkama......................... 42 6.2. Presence of trees on bioindication 6.3. Nadmorska visina i ekpozicija plots .................................................................. 42 bioindikacijskih tačaka.............................. 46 6.3. Altitude and exposition of 6.4. Zastupljenost vode............................ 47 bioindication plots....................................... 46 6.5. Starost dominantnog sprata......... 49 6.4. Presence of water.............................. 47 6.6. plodonošenje drveća posmatranog 6.5. Age of dominant storey................... 49 na BIT u 2010 godini ..................................50 6.6. Fructification of trees observed in bio indication plot in 2010 .......................50
  • 5. 7. Defolijacija dekolorizacija i oštećenja 7. Defoliation, decolorisation, and crown kruna drveća u 2010. godini.......................... 52 damages in 2010 ................................................ 52 7.1. Defolijacija -2010 godina.............. 52 7.1. Defoliation in 2010...........................52 7.1.1 Defolijacija – Lišćari.......... 55 7.1.1 Defoliation – Broadleaves55 7.1.2. Defolijacija – Četinari....... 57 7.1.2. Defoliation – Conifers....... 57 7.2. Dekolorizacija -2010 godina..... 59 7.2. Decolorisation in 2010................. 59 7.2.1 Dekolorizacija – Lišćari.... 61 7.2.1 Decolorisation – 7.2.2. Dekolorizacija – Četinari. 62 Broadleaves........................................ 61 7.3. Oštećenja -2010 godina................. 64 7.2.2. Decolorisation – 7.3.1 Oštećenja – Lišćari.............. 66 Conifers............................................... 62 7.3.2. Oštećenja – Četinari......... 67 7.3. Damages in 2010.............................. 64 8. Sumarna ocjena defolijacije, 7.3.1 Damages– Broadleaves.... 66 dekolorizacije i oštećenja u 2010 7.3.2. Damages – Conifers .......... 67 godini...................................................................69 8. Summary assessment of defoliation, 9. Zaključna razmatranja.................................71 decolorisation, and damages in 2010.........69 9.1. Oštećenja biotičkog porijekla....... 77 9. Final remarks...................................................71 9.1.1. Oštećenja od insekata......... 77 9.1. Damages of biotic origin..................77 9.1.2. Oštećenja od gljiva .............. 83 9.1.1. Damages caused by 9.2. Oštećenja abiotičkog porijekla.....89 insects....................................................77 9.3. Oštećenja od čovjeka ...................... 91 9.1.2. Damages caused by fungi.. 83 9.4. Oštećenja nastala šumskim 9.2. Damages of abiotic origin……...... 89 požarima............................................................92 9.3. Human induced damages.............. 91 10. Anexi..................................................................93 9.4. Damages caused by forest fire.........92 Anex 1- Monitoring zdravstvenog stanja 10. Anexes ..............................................................93 šuma u Crnoj Gori...............................................95 Anex 1- Monitoring of health condition Anex 2 – Grafički prikaz bioindikacijskih of forests in Montenegro..................................95 tačaka u Crnoj Gori............................................99 Anex 2 – Graphical overview of Anex 3 – Izvještaj formulari 802010 bioindication plots in Montenegro..............99 PLO, 802010 TRE, 802010 TRF.................149 Anex 3 – Report forms 802010 PLO, 802010 TRE, 802010 TRF.............................149
  • 6.
  • 7.
  • 8. PREDGOVOR PREFACE U ovoj publikaciji prikazani su This publication presents the results rezultati procjene zdravstvenog stanja of assessment of health condition of forests šuma Crne Gore na bioindikacijskim in Montenegro on bioindication plots for tačkama (BIT) za Nivo I monitoringa Level I of monitoring of International Međunarodnog kooperativnog programa za Cooperative Programme for Forests (ICP šume (ICP Forests). Proučavanja Forests). The assessment of health zdravstvenog stanja su izvršena na 49 condition was carried out on 49 bioindikacijskih tačaka. biondication plots. U okviru Konvencije UN i Evropske International Cooperative Programme on komisije o prekograničnom zagađenju Assessment and Monitoring of Air Pollution vazduha (CLRTAP) osnovan je Effects on Forests was established within Međunarodni program za procjenu i the Convention of EU and European monitoring uticaja vazdušnog zagađenja na Commission on Long-Range šume (International Cooperative Transboundary Air Pollution (CLRTAP) due Programme on Assessment and Monitoring to the prevailing opinion that the main of Air Pollution Effects on Forests) zbog cause of forest drying is air pollution. preovladavajućeg mišljenja da je najvažniji However, from the very beginning of uzročnik sušenja šuma vazdušno zagađenje. implementation of this Programme it was Međutim, od samog početka realizacije clear that other stressors (primarily ovog Programa ubrzo je ustanovljeno da i pathogenic fungi, harmful insects etc.) can drugi stresori (prije svega patogene gljive , equally significantly influence forest drying. štetni insekti i sl.) mogu imati podjednako Therefore, the main task of this Programme značajan uticaj na sušenje šuma. Stoga je is to collect the data on forest conditions glavni zadatak ovog programa postao and forest reaction to different causers of prikupljanje podataka o stanju šuma i stress at the national, regional, and njihovoj reakciji na različite uzroke stresa international level. na nacionalnom, regionalnom i The National Forest Policy adopted internacionalnom nivou. by the Government of Montenegro in April U Nacionalnoj šumarskoj politici 2008, Statement No. 22, envisages the koja je usvojena od strane Vlade Crne Gore mechanisms for carrying out the u aprilu mjesecu 2008. godine u Izjavi br.22 Monitoring as a basis for management and , predviđeni su mehanizmi za sprovođenje an instrument for controlling the results of Monitoringa kao osnove za upravljanje i forest management, whereas the instrument kontrole rezultata gazdovanja responsibility for implementing this šumama gdje odgovornost za sprovođenje activity falls within the competencies of the ove aktivnosti je u nadležnosti Uprave za Forest Administration. After recovering its šume. Nakon obnove svoje državnosti, Crna statehood, Montenegro became the Gora učestvuje u programu ICP Forests gdje participant in the programme ICP Forests se monitoring obavlja u skladu sa where monitoring is carried out in metodologijom monitoringa compliance with the monitoring Međunarodnog programa saradnje (ICP methodology of International Cooperation Forests). Programme (ICP Forests).
  • 9. Od 2010. godine Crna Gora je dobila In 2010, Montenegro obtained its svoj focal centar u Podgorici i jedinstveni focal centre in Podgorica and a unique indentifikacioni broj zemlje (broj 80) u identification number of the country (No. kordinacionom centru u Hamburgu. 80) in the coordination centre in Hamburg. Shodno članu 47 Zakona o šumama Pursuant to Article 47 of the Law on (Sl.list CG br.74/10) nadležni organ uprave Forests (Official Gazette of Montenegro No. (Uprava za šume) prati i procjenjuje 74/10), a competent administrative zdravsteno stanje šuma i o tome izvještava authority (Forest Administration) monitors resorno Ministarstvo i javnost. Program and assesses the health condition of forests monitoringa je sastavni dio nacionalne and informs the line Ministry and the public strategije koja sa planom razvoja šuma je thereof. The monitoring programme is an dugoročni, intersektorski dokument, kojim integral part of the national strategy which se konkretizuju i sprovode ciljevi i is, along with the forest development plan, smjernice za razvoj šuma i podršku a long-term, inter-sectoral document šumama, utvrđene u nacionalnoj šumarskoj specifying and implementing goals and politici. guidelines for forest development and Rezultati monitoringa zdravstvenog support defined in the national forest stanja šuma u ovom izvještaju su prikazani policy. tabelarno prema grupama parametara: The results of monitoring of health obavezni i fakultativni, podrškom GIS condition of forests have been presented in tehnologije. Na ovom, osnovnom nivou, this Report in tabular form by groups of izvršene su analize broja snimanih i parameters, obligatory and optional, with oštećenih (defolijacija > 25%) stabala the support of GIS technology. At this, basic šumskog drveća, prema tipu zemljišta i level, the following analyses have neen nadmorskoj visini (na osnovu rezultata carried out: by number of recorded and snimanja stanja kruna na bioindikacijskim damaged (defoliation > 25%) forest trees, tačkama). Na kraju tog procesa izvršena je by land type and altitude (based on the digitalizacija i formiranje baze podataka results of recording crown condition on bio prema Geografskom informacionom indication plots). At the end of the process, sistemu. the results were digitalised and the data Na osnovu rezultata o stanju šuma base was set up following the geographic na Nivou I monitoringa, dat je predlog dalje information system. implementacije monitoringa, posebno Based on the results of forest uvođenja Nivoa II – Intenzivnog conditions at the Level I of monitoring, it monitoringa u šumskim ekosistemima Crne was proposed to further implement the Gore. monitoring and introduce the Level II – Intensive monitoring in forest ecosystems of Montenegro. Dr. Milosav Anđelić
  • 10. 1. Abstract 1. Abstract U ovoj publikaciji – godišnjem This publication – the annual report izvještaju predstavljeni su rezultati rada presents the results of the Ministry of Ministarstva poljoprivrede i ruralnog Agriculture and Rural Development and the razvoja i Uprave za šume na praćenju Forest Administration related to the zdravstvenog stanja šuma u Crnoj Gori na monitoring of the health condition of primjernim površinama Nivoa I- ICP za forests in Montenegro on sample plots of šume (Međunarodni kooperacioni program the Level I – ICP on forests (International za praćenje stanja šuma Evrope) u 2010 Cooperative Programme on Assessment godini. and Monitoring of Air Pollution Effects on Forests) in 2010. Problem sušenja ili umiranja šuma, danas, ne samo kod nas, već i u svijetu Nowadays the problem of forest predstavlja najveći ekološki problem. Kao drying or dying is a major environmental glavni uzročnici navedenog stanja javljaju problem not only in our country but across se negativni uticaji aerozagađenja, the world. The main causes of this problem patogena mikoflora, štetni insekti, are the negative effects of air pollution, promjena klime kao i uticaj antropogenog pathogenic micro flora, harmful insects, faktora. climatic change, and influence of the anthropogenic factor. Shodno međunarodnom kooperativnom programa za procjenu i Pursuant to the International monitoring efekata vazdušnog zagađenja na Cooperative Programme on Assessment šume (ICP Forests), u okviru UN Konvencije and Monitoring of Air Pollution Effects on o prekograničnom prenosu vazdušnih Forests (ICP forests), within the UN zagađenja (Convention on Long-range Convention on Long-range Transboundary Transboundary Air Pollution –CLRTAP) od Air Pollution – CLRTAP), the monitoring 1988. godine u Crnoj Gori vršen je has been carried out in Montenegro since monitoring kojim je praćeno stanje u okviru 1988 following the forest condition within mreže 16 x 16 km (Level I). the grid 16 x 16 km (Level I). Na teritoriji Crne Gore uspostavljeno 49 bioindication plots have been je 49 bioindikacijskih tačaka. Na established on the territory of Montenegro. uspostavljenim tačkama cilj je da se The aim is to ensure a periodical insight obezbijedi periodičan uvid u prostorne i into spatial and time variations of forest vremenske varijacije stanja šuma u odnosu conditions on established plots in respect of na antropogene (naročito aerozagađivanje) anthropogenic (especially air pollution) i prirodne faktore stresa preko Evropske i and natural stress factors through the nacionalne sistematske mreže European and national systematic grid of bioindikacijskih tačaka (Nivo I); bioindication plots (Level I); 1
  • 11. Prva procjena zdravstvenog stanja The first assessment of the health šuma u Crnoj Gori , prema ICP Forests condition of Montenegrin forests, under ICP metodologiji (nivo I), izvršena je u 1988. Forests methodology (Level I), was godine a druga 1990. godine, nakon čega performed in 1988, whereas the second nije bilo nikakvih procjena sve do 2003. one was performed in 1990. Afterwards, no godine. U svim fazama istraživanja, kod assessment was performed until 2003. In šumskog drveća analizirano je stanje kruna all phases of research, the condition of stabala u vezi sa biotičkim i abiotičkim crowns of forest trees was analysed in uticajima na nju bez analize hemizma i respect of biotic and abiotic influences, ishrane zemljišta. without analysing soil chemistry and nutrition. Od 2003. godine Crna Gora je kao država članica SRJ dobila svoj focal centar u In 2003, Montenegro as a member state of Beogradu i jedinstveni indentifikacioni broj the FRY obtained its focal centre in zemlje (broj 67) u kordinacionom centru u Belgrade and the unique identification Hamburgu. number of the country (No. 67) in the coordination centre in Hamburg. U Nacionalnoj šumarskoj politici koja je usvojena od strane Vlade Crne Gore The National Forest Policy adopted by the u aprilu mjesecu 2008. godine u Izjavi o Government of Montenegro in April 2008, politici br. 22 predviđeni su mehanizmi za Statement No. 22, envisages the sprovođenje Monitoringa kao osnove za mechanisms for carrying out the upravljanje i instrument kontrole rezultata Monitoring as a basis for management and gazdovanja šumama gdje odgovornost za an instrument for controlling the results of sprovođenje ove aktivnosti je u nadležnosti forest management, whereas the Uprave za šume. responsibility for implementing this Donošenjem novog Zakona o activity falls within the competencies of the šumama u decembru mjesecu 2010. godine, Forest Administration. predviđeno je (član 47) da nadležni organ The new Law on Forests adopted in uprave (Uprava za šume) u skladu sa December 2010 envisages (pursuant to metodologijom monitoringa Article 47) that a competent administrative Međunarodnog programa saradnje (ICP), authority (Forest Administration) monitors prati i procjenjuje zdravsteno stanje šuma i and assesses the health condition of forests o tome izvještava Ministarstvo i javnost. and informs the line Ministry and the public Program monitoringa je sastavni dio thereof, in compliance with the monitoring nacionalne strategije koja sa planom methodology of International Cooperative razvoja šuma predstavlja dugoročni, Programme (ICP). The monitoring intersektorski dokument, kojim se programme is an integral part of the konkretizuju i sprovode ciljevi i smjernice national strategy which is, along with the za razvoj šuma i podršku šumama, forest development plan, a long-term, inter- utvrđene u nacionalnoj šumarskoj politici. sectoral document specifying and implementing goals and guidelines for forest development and support defined in the national forest policy. 2
  • 12. 2. Uvod 2. Introduction Površina Crne Gore iznosi 13812 Montenegro is 13812 km2 in area. km2. Od sjevera prema jugu, dužina From the north to the south the territory of teritorije Crne Gore vazdušnom linijom Montenegro is 193 km in length as the crow iznosi 193 km dok je od zapada prema flies, whereas from the west to the east its istoku 166 km. Njena najjužnija tačka nalazi length totals 166 km as the crow flies. The se na ušću Bojane u Jadransko more, a southernmost point is located at the mouth najsjevernija na obroncima planine Kovač, of river Bojana in the Adriatic sea, whereas blizu Čajniča. Najzapadnija tačka je, 18º26' the northernmost point is located on the E, podgorina Orjena blizu sela Vrbanje, i slopes of the mountain Kovac, in the najistočnije tačke 20º21' E, Sjenova planina vicinity of Cajnic. The westernmost point, istočno od Rožaja. Geografski centar nalazi 18º26' E, is the slope of mountain Orjen, in se u području izvorišta rijeke Morače od the vicinity of village Vrbanja, whereas the kojeg ni jedan dio Crne Gore, osim easternmost point, 20º21' E, is Sjenova najjužnijeg dijela Ulcinjskog primorja, nije mountain located east of Rozaje. The udaljen više od 90 km. geographical centre is located on the territory of the source of the river Moraca, from which no part of Montenegro is Kopnene granice Crne Gore duge su 614 distant more than 90 km, excluding the km. Najduža je granica prema Bosni i southernmost part of the Ulcinj part of the Hercegovini – 225 km, odnosno 36,6% coast. ukupne kopnene granice, a najkraća prema Land boundaries of Montenegro are 614 Hrvatskoj na zapadu – 14 km ili 2,3% km in length. The longest boundary is the ukupne kopnene granice. Na jugoistoku one with Bosnia and Herzegovina – 225 km Crna Gora se graniči sa Albanijom (172 km or 36,6% of the overall land boundary. The ili 28% ), a na sjeveroistoku i istoku sa shortest boundary is the one with Croatia Srbijom ( 203 km ili 33,1% ). Na in the west – 14 km or 2,3% of the overall jugozapadu Crna Gora dužinom od 293,5 land boundary. In the south-east km izlazi na Jadransko more. Taj priobalni Montenegro is bordered by by Albania (172 dio mora, uz međunarodne vode, čini km or 28% ), and in the north-east with granicu sa Italijom, a površina morskog Serbia ( 203 km or 33,1% ). In the south- akvatorija iznosi oko 2.540 km2. west Montenegro exits to the Adiatic sea (293,5 km). This inshore part of the sea, along with international waters, makes a boundary with Italy, and the area of the sea surface totalls app. 2.540 km2. 3
  • 13. 2.1 Geografske karakteristike 2.1. Geographical characteristics Na sjeveru države dominiraju visoke The north of the country is dominated planine, u središnjem dijelu se nalazi predio by high mountains, the middle part is karsta sa većim depresijama/ravničarskim dominated by the area of karst with larger površinama, dok se uz morsku obalu depressions/valleys, whereas in the coastal proteže priobalna ravnica širine od region there is a coastal valley of the width nekoliko stotina metara do nekoliko kilometara. from several hundreds of meters to several Najniži dio središnjeg kopnenog dijela su kilometers. The lowest middle part of the doline rijeka Zete i donjeg toka Morače koje country is the valley of the river Zeta and čine Zetsko-bjelopavlićku ravnicu sa the lower part of the Moraca river, which Skadarskim jezerom – najvećim jezerom na comprise Zetsko-bjelopavlicka valley Balkanu. Planinski lanci na sjeveru imaju 37 together with the lake Skadar.– the greatest vrhova sa visinom iznad 2.000 m. U sjevernom planinskom regionu se nalazi i lake in the Balkans. Mountain ranges in the najdublji kanjon u Evropi – kanjon rijeke north have 37 summits above 2.000 m. In Tare sa dubinom do 1.300 m. the northern mountain region, there is the deepest canyon in Europe – the canyon of 2.2. Klima the river Tara (depth: up to 1.300 m). Južni dio Crne Gore i Zetsko- 2.2. Climate bjelopavlićka ravnica su oblasti mediteranske klime, koju karakterišu duga, The Mediterrenean climate is vrela i suva ljeta i relativno blage i kišovite prevalent in the south of Montenegro and zime. Centralni i sjeverni dio zemlje imaju the Zetsko-bjelopavlicaka valley (long, hot određene karakteristike planinske klime, and dry summers, and relatively mild and ali je evidentan i uticaj Sredozemnog mora. rainy winters). The central and northern Krajnji sjever ima kontinentalni tip klime, parts of the country have certain koji osim velikih dnevnih i godišnjih characteristics of the mountain climate, but amplituda temperature karakteriše mala the influence of the Mediterranean Sea is godišnja količina padavina uz prilično obvious. In the extreme north the ravnomjernu raspodjelu po mjesecima. continental type of climate prevails (apart Prosječne godišnje temeprature vazduha from great daily and annual fluctuations in kreću se od oko 15.80 C na jugu do 4.60 C na temperature, this type of climate is Žabljaku. Godišnje trajanje grijanja sunca characterised by a small annual quantity of na primorju iznosi od 2.400 do 2.600 precipitation with a quite even distribution časova, a u planinskim krajevima od 1.600 of precipitation by months). Theaverage do 1.900 časova. Godišnja količina padavina annual air temperature ranges from app. je veoma neravnomjerna i kreće se u 15.80C in the south to 4.60C in Zabljak. The rasponu od oko 800 mm na krajnjem annual duration of the heat of the Sun in the sjeveru, do oko 5.000 mm na krajnjem coastal region ranges between 2.400 and jugozapadu. Na padinama Orjena u mjestu 2.600 hours, whereas in the mountain Crkvice (940 m nadmorske visine) u region it ranges between 1.600 and 1.900 rekordnim godinama padne i do 7.000 mm hours. The annual amount of precipitation is very uneven, and rages between 800 mm 4
  • 14. in the extreme north to app. 5.000 mm in the extreme south-west. On the slopes of the Orjen mountain, in the place called Crkvice, (altitude: 940 m) the precipitation in the record years totals up to 7.000 mm 2.3. Namjena površina 2.3. Land purpose Poljoprivredno zemljište se prostire Agricultural land covers app. 5.145 na oko 5.145 km² i čini 37% ukupne km² and makes 37% of the overall territory državne teritorije, šume obuhvataju oko of the state. Forests cover app. 6.225 km² or 6.225 km² ili 45%, dok naselja, putevi, 45%, whereas settlements, roads, water vode, kamenjar i druge kategorije areas, karst, and other land categories zauzimaju 2.442 km² ili 18% teritorije. cover 2.442 km² or 18% of the territory. 2.4. Vodni resursi 2.4. Water resources U Crnoj Gori postoje značajne razlike u Montenegro is characterised by rasprostranjenosti i izdašnosti vodnih significant differences in distribution and resursa. U cjelini posmatrano, sa abundance of water resources. Viewed as a prosječnim godišnjim oticajem od 624 whole, with an average annual flow of 624 m3/s (odnosno zapreminom od 19,67 m3/s (i.e. volume of 19,67 billion m3), the milijardi m3), crnogorska teritorija spada territory of Montenegro can be deemed as a među područja koja su bogata vodom. territory rich in water. 2.5. Šume 2.5. Forests Šumska vegetacija se prostire na oko Forest vegetation covers app. 620.000 620.000 ha ili 45% nacionalne teritorije, ha or 45% of the national territory, dok neobraslo šumsko zemljište zahvata whereas non-wooded forest land covers 123.000 ha (9%). Stepen šumovitosti je 0,9 123.000 ha (9%). Forest cover totals 0,9 ha ha po stanovniku. Ukupne drvne zalihe per capita. The total woody biomass is procjenjuju se na oko 72 miliona m3, od estimated at 72 million m3: 29.5 million m3 čega su 29.5 miliona m3 ili 41% četinari, a or 41% - conifers and 42.5 million m3 or 42.5 miliona m3 ili 59% su lišćari. 59% - broadleaves. 2.6. Obalno područje 2.6. Coastal area Obalno područje (šest primorskih The coastal area (six coastal opština) prostire se na oko 11% nacionalne municipalities) covers app. 11% of the teritorije. U okviru ovog regiona definisano national territory. Within this region there je područje posebne namjene morsko dobro is a specific-purpose area coastal koje čini uzani priobalni pojas površine od management zone comprising a narrow oko 60 km2 te unutrašnje vode i coastal belt of 60 km2 and inland waters teritorijalno more sa ukupnom površinom and territorial sea with the total area of od oko 2.540 km2. app. 2.540 km2 . 5
  • 15. 2.7. Životna sredina 2.7. Environment Značajni izvori zagađenja vazduha su The major industrial and energy glavni industrijski i energetski kompleksi complexes which use outdated technologies koji koriste stare tehnologije i po pravilu ne are an important cause of air pollution. Aa primjenjuju odgovarajuće mjere zaštite rule, they do not apply adequate measures životne sredine. Zagađenje životne sredine aimed at environmental protection. Traffic- od saobraćaja je u porastu, posebno u induced pollution is increasing, especially glavnim gradskim centrima. Kvalitet in the main cities. Air quality, assessed form vazduha, ocjenjivan sa aspekta globalnih the aspect of global indicators, is pokazatelja, je na zadovoljavajućem nivou. satisfactory. Undertaking measures to Za pojedine zagađujuće materije i na reduce pollution is necessary in order to pojedinim lokacijama neophodno je deal with certain pollutants and certain preduzimanje mjera za sprečavanje locations. zagađenja. Montenegro is rich in flora and fauna and Crna Gora ima veoma bogatu floru i faunu i various ecosystems. With app. 3.250 plant raznovrsne ekosisteme. Sa oko 3.250 biljnih species, Montenegro is deemed as one of vrsta, naša zemlja se smatra jednim od the most heterogenous territories on the floristički najraznovrsnijih područja na Balkan penninsula in terms of flora, Balkanskom poluostrvu, dok je indeks vrsta whereas the index of species and the i površine za vaskularnu floru veoma visok territory of vasucal flora is very high and i iznosi 0,837. Ukupan udio zaštićenih totals 0,837. The total percentage of područja u nacionalnoj teritoriji je 9.21% i protected areas compared to the overall uglavnom se odnosi na pet nacionalnih national territory totals 9.21% and mainly parkova. includes five national parks. Crnu Goru danas u administrativnom In terms of administrative organisation, smislu organizacije sačinjava 21 opština sa Montenegro is presently comprised of 21 različitim klimatskim, orografskim, municipalities with different climatic, pedološkim i biološkim karakteristikama. orographic, pedological, and biological Zbog izražene raznovrsnostii životne characteristics. sredine i klimatskih uslova, na ovoj A great number of plant species grows on relativno maloj površini nalazi se veliki broj this relatively small territory due to biljnih vrsta. heterogenity of environmental and climatic conditions. 6
  • 16. 3. Monitoring zdravstvenog 3. Monitoring of health stanja šuma u Crnoj Gori condition of forests in Montenegro Prije 27 godina na međunarodnom nivu ustanovljen je CLRTAP program The CLRTAP programme (Convention on (Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution) was Pollution –Konvencija o prekograničnom established at the international level 27 years prenosu vazdušnih zagađenja) sa ciljem da ago in order to reduce air pollution in Europe. se smanji stepen zagađenja vazduha With programmes such as ICP Forests, Evrope. Ova konvencija sa programima which was adopted by the majority of poput ICP-a za šume koji je usvojen od European countries, this Convention aims većine zemalja Evrope ima za osnovni cilj to reduce the deposition of sulphur and smanjenje depozicije sumpora i jedan je od offers the way to monitor the air quality načina praćenja stanja vazduha i reakcije and environmental response to pollution životne sredine na zagađenja na cijelom on the whole territory of Europe. prostoru Evrope. Monitoring of forest conditions at the Level Praćenje stanja šuma Nivoa I programa ICP I of the ICP programme primarily refers to se prvenstveno odnosi na osmatranje i observation and assessment of defoliation procjenu defolijacije i promjenu boje krune and change in tree crown colour on drveća na posmatranim parcelama unutar surveyed parcels distributed within the mreže 16x16 km, raspoređenim na grid 16 x 16km across the whole territory cjelokupnoj teritoriji Crne Gore. of Montenegro. The survey is carried out Osmatranje se vrši prema Manualu ICP za using the ICP Forests Manual. šume. Pursuant to the Montenegrin legislation, Shodno zakonskim propisima u Crnoj Gori monitoring and assessment of health praćenje i procjena zdravstvenog stanja condition of forests and sustainable šuma i održivog gazdovanja odnosno management i.e. forest monitoring is monitoring šuma vrši nadležni organ carried out by the competent uprave tj. Uprava za šume. Monitoring administrative authority – Forest zdravstvenog stanja se vrši na osnovu Administration. The monitoring of the godišnjeg programa monitoringa koji health condition is carried out based on the donosi Ministarstvo, u skladu sa annual monitoring programme adopted by strategijom razvoja šuma i šumarstva. the Ministry in accordance with the U pripremnom periodu, na praćenju strategy for developing forests and forestry. zdravstvenog stanja šuma u Crnoj Gori uspostavljeno je na 49 bioindikacijskih In the preparatory period, 49 bioindication tačaka u mreži 16 x16 km. Raspored plots were established within the 16 x 16 postavljenih bioindikacijskih tačaka po km grid in order to monitor the health pojedinim opštinama prikazan je grafički condition of forests in Montenegro. The (slika 1) . distribition of established bioindication plots by specific municipalities was presented graphically (figure 1). 7
  • 17. U okviru svih 49 tačaka obrađeno je po 24 24 trees were surveyed in each of 49 plots stabla (ukupno 1176 stabala) na (1176 trees in total): crown condition, kojima je izvršena procjena stanja kruna, chage in colour, and other parameters promjena boje i drugih parametara na based on which the degree of damage of osnovu kojih je određen stepen oštećenja surveyed species was determined. The total posmatranih vrsta. Izvršena je analiza number of surveyed trees was analysed in defolijacije i dekolorizacije ukupnog broja terms of defoliation and discolouration, and posmatranih stabala i date su analize dominant tree species were analysed with dominantnih vrsta sa detaljnim grafičkim detailed graphical overviews of prikazima uporednih analiza. Takođe je comparative analyses. Additionally, ICP uspostavljen manual ICP za šume Crne Forests Manual was developed for Gore, izrađen jedinstveni softver za unos Montenegro, as well as a unique software podataka, uspostavljena je procjena stanja for data entry, crown condition on marked kruna na markiranim bioindikacijskim bioindication plots was assessed, the tačkama, od strane Nacionalnog fokalnog National Focal Centre submitted the data to centra dostavljeni podaci u centralnu bazu the central data base in Hamburg and data podataka u Hamburgu i uneseni podaci u were entered into GIS GIS (geografski informacioni sistem). (geographicaloinformation system). The Rezultati, analize i trendovi procjene stanja results, analyses, and trends in the šuma u Crnoj Gori detaljno su prikazani u assessment of conditions of forests in narednim poglavljima. Europe are presented in detail in the subsequent chapters. 8
  • 18. Slika 1/Figure 1. Sistem praćenja stanja šuma u Crnoj Gori The system of forest condition monitoring obavlja Uprava za šume uz kordinaciju sa in Montenegro is implemented by the Nacionalnim timom koji je uspostavljen Forest Administration in coordination with rješenjem Ministra kao i jedinicom za the national team established by the monitoring i planiranje pri Ministarstvu Minister decision, as well as the Central poljoprivrede i ruralnog razvoja Crne Gore. Management and Monitoring Unit under the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development of Montenegro. 9
  • 19. Podaci sa bioindikacijskih tačaka moraju The data obtained from bioindication plots biti uniformi, te postoji čitav niz osnovnih have to be uniform. Therefore, there is a zahtjeva koji moraju biti ispunjeni uz series of basic requirements which have to kontinuirani proces monitoringa da bi se be fulfilled along with the continuing uspješno izveo proces praćenja stanja šuma process of monitoring in order to carry out i životne sredine od pripremnih radova do successfully the process of monitoring of konačnih rezultata. U tom kontekstu, nakon forest and environmental conditions from obrade rezultata, vršena je provjera preparation works until final results. In this podataka na terenu (5-10% uzornih context, once the results had been tačaka), kako bi se utvrdila vjerodostojnost processed, the data were verified in the i analiza svih prikupljenih podataka. field (5-10% sample plots) in order to Provjere je vršio koordinacioni tim u skladu determine their credibility and analyse all sa upustvima datim u Priručniku za the collected data. procjenu zdravstvenog stanja, kao i Verifications were carried out by the aneksima tog dokumenta. Podaci sa Coordination Team in compliance with terenskih opažanja su dokumentovani za instructions given in the Manual for potrebe potencijalnih domaćih i Assessment of Health Condition of Forests međunarodnih evaluacija. Profesionalni and Annexes to the Manual. The data pristup na aktivnostima vezanim za collected during the field survey have been prikupljanje i obradu ovih podataka documented for the needs of potential local zahtjevao je značajan vremenski angažman, and international evaluations. naučnu i stručnu podršku, čitav niz znanja The expert approach to activities related to iz različitih oblasti šumarstva, mnogo collection and procession of these data napora i rada od strane šumarskih implied a significant amount of time, stručnjaka da bi realizovali odgovarajuće scientific and expert support, expertise in rezultate, prijedloge i rešenja u different fields of forestry, a lot of effort and ograničenom vremenskom okviru. U tom work of forestry experts in order to cilju za potrebe obuke osoblja Uprave za accomplish the desired results, make šume sprovedena su tri kursa obuke na proposals ans solutions within a given terenu. Obuku su vršili profesori sa timeframe. Šumarskog fakulteta i Instituta za For this purpose, the staff of the Forest šumarstvo iz Beograda (slika 2,3). Administration underwent three field trainings. The trainings were delivered by Slika 2/Figure 2. the professors from the Faculty of Forestry and Forestry Institute from Belgrade (Figure 2,3). Slika 3/Figure 3. 10
  • 20. Sprovedene obuke su vršene na terenu za The trainings were delivered in the field različite vrste gdje je od strane eksperata and involved different species. The experts vršena pokazna demostracija ocjene demonstrated the assessment of attributes atributa u različitim sastojinskim uslovima. in diffrent stand conditions. In parallel, tha Uporedo sa tim vršena je i obuka staff were trained in filling in appropriate popunjavanja odgovarajućih manuala za manuals for field work. A part of the rad na terenu. Jedan dio obuke je obavljen training was delivered in the field on na terenu neposredno na bioidikacijskim bioindication plots (RU Zabljak and RU tačkama (PJ. Žabljak i PJ. Pljevlja). Na tim Pljevlja). Selection and determination, tačkama prezentovan je izbor i određivanje, materialisation, and positioning of a materijalizovanje i pozicioniranje bioindication area was demonstrated on bioindikacijske površine, rad na samoj these plots, as well as the work on the very površini, izbor i obilježavanje stabala, plot, tree selection and marcation, ocjena atributa i unos podataka u assessment of attribites, and entry of data predviđene obrasce. into the prescribed templates. Nakon izvršene obuke formirani su radni After the completion of the training, timovi koji su obezbijeđeni neophodnom working teams were appointed and opremom koja je sadržavala: supplied with necessary equipment including: kartografski materijal sa ucrtanim BIT mreže 16 x 16 km razmjere 1:25 000, Cartographic material with entered BIP kao i kartografski materijal za BIT grid 16 X 16 km scale 1:25 000, and razmjere 1:10 000 sa topografskom cartographic material for BIP grid scale podlogom i 1 : 2 500 sa ortofoto 1:10 000 with topographic map and podlogom, scale 1 : 2 500 with ortophoto map, spisak koordinata i spisak brojeva BIT, List of coordinates and list of numbers Upustva i obrasci , asscribed to BIP, Foto vodič za ocjenjivanje zdravstvenog Instructions and templates, stanja, Photo guide for assessment of health Šabloni za ispisivanje brojeva, condition, Minijum farba i četkica, Templates for entering numbers, trasirke (nemagnetne, trouglaste, Set of paints and brushes, 2m) , Poles (non-magnetic, triangular, 2m) GPS prijemnik (sa pozicionom GPS receiver (with precision 1-5 m) preciznošću 1-5 m) Compass, Kompas, Vertex and transponder, Vertex i transponder , Measuring tape (20 or 30m for pantljika/traka za mjerenje (20 ili calibration of measuring equipment, 30m za baždarenje mjerne opreme i and measuring distance) mjerenje rastojanja) 11
  • 21. Digitalni fotoaparat, Digital camera, Dvogled, Binoculars, Metalni kočići . Metal stakes. Usklađivanje i poređenje podataka Harmonisation and comparison of data has podignuto je na viši nivo upotrebom been improved by applying the stipulated propisanih procedura i standarda prilikom procedures and standards for collection of prikupljanja podataka na terenu kao i field data and their further procession and prilikom njihove dalje obrade i dostavljanja submission in final prescribed forms. u konačnim propisanim formama. 12
  • 22. 4. Politička pozadina 4. Political background 4.1. Ministarske konferencije o 4.1. Ministerial Conferences on zaštiti šuma Evrope - (MCPFE) the Protection of Forests in Europe - (MCPFE) Od Konferencije o životnoj sredini i razvoju Ujedinjenih Nacija (UNCED), Since the United Nations Conference održanoj u Rio de Žaneiru 1992. godine, on Environment and Development započeo je određen broj međunarodnih i (UNCED) held in Rio de Janeiro in 1992, a regionalnih konferencija, inicijativa i number of international and regional procesa usmjerenih na održivo korišćenje conferences, initiatives, and processes prirodnih resursa. Ovi procesi rezultirali su aimed at sustainable use of natural brojnim međunarodnim obavezama i resources has been launched. These multilateralnim dogovorima koji se odnose processes resulted in numerous na šume. Ministarska konferencija o zaštiti international commitments and šuma u Evropi (MCPFE), kao politički multilateral agreements related to forests. proces, za posljednjih 20 godina je bila For the past 20 years, the Ministerial usmjerena na bolju zaštitu šuma Conference on the Protection of Forests in promovišući njihovo održivo gazdovanje. Europe (MCPFE), as a political process, has MCPFE je uspostavila blisku i plodnu been oriented toward a better protection of saradnju između evropskih vlada i brojnih forests, promoting their sustainable interesnih strana, uključujući ekološke i management. MCPFE has established a ostale nevladine organizacije, asocijacije close and fruitful cooperation between vlasnika šuma, šumarsku industriju i European governments and numerous istraživačku zajednicu. stakeholders including environmental and Na Ministarskim konferencijama, ministri other non-governmental organizations, odgovorni za šume u Evropi donose odluke associations of forest owners, forest o zajedničkim pitanjima od najviše političke industry, and research community. važnosti za šume i šumarstvo na sve- At Ministerial conferences, ministers in evropskom nivou. charge of forests in Europe make decisions on common issues of major political Od 1990. godine na pet Ministarskih importance for forests and forestry at the konferencija (Strazbur 1990, Helsinki 1993, European level. Lisabon 1998, Beč 2003 i Varšava 2007) Since 1990, 19 Resolutions have been usvojeno je 19 rezolucija. Preuzete obaveze adopted at five Ministerial conferences raspoređene su u okviru tri stuba održivog (Strasbourg 1990, Helsinki 1993, Lisbon gazdovanja šumama (Sustainable Forest 1998, Vienna 2003, and Warsaw 2007). The Management–SFM) i njima se undertaken commitments have been nedvosmisleno odražava želja za grouped around three pillars of sustainable uspostavljanjem i održavanjem ravnoteže forest management (SFM) and they između ekonomske, socio-kulturne i unequivocally reflect the wish to establish ekološke dimenzije održivog gazdovanja and maintain the balance between šumama. economic, socio-cultural, and environmental dimension of sustainable forest management. 13
  • 23. Svaka od održanih 5 konferencija Each of the former 5 conferences proceeds predstavlja kontinuitet aktivnosti sa with the activities initiated at the previous prethodnih konferencija i definiše conference and defines work programmes programe rada za naredni period. MCPFE for the subsequent period. MCPFE is a high- predstavlja političku inicijativu na visokom level political initiative i.e. a political nivou, odnosno političku platformu za platform for the dialogue about issues dijalog o pitanjima vezanim za šume related to the forests in Europe. The Evrope. Ona se bavi opštim mogućnostima i conferences deal with general prijetnjama koje se odnose na šume i opportunities and threats to forests and šumarstvo i pomaže održivo gazdovanje forestry, and support sustainable forest šumama u Evropi. management in Europe. Neevropske zemlje i međunarodne Non-European countries and international organizacije učestvuju kao posmatrači. organisations participate as observers. Tako Konferencija obezbjeđuje, ne samo Thus the Conference ensures not only the forum za saradnju ministara odgovornih za forum for cooperation of ministers in šume, nego omogućava nevladnim i charge of forests but enables non- međuvladinim organizacijama da governmental and intergovernmental doprinesu svojim znanjem i idejama. organisations to contribute by offereing their expertise and ideas. Konferencija predstavlja dinamičan proces The conference is a dynamic process which koji vodi računa o najvažnijim zajedničkim takes account of major common concerns brigama koje se tiču šuma i šumarstva u related to forests and forestry in Europe, Evropi i okreće se predstojećim izazovima. and is oriented toward future challenges. Ovaj proces se zasniva na nizu konferencija This process is based on a series of na ministarskom nivou i mehanizmima ministerial conferences and monitoring praćenja. Ministri odgovorni za šume na mechanisms. The ministers in charge of konferencijama se bave aspektima od forestry deal with aspects of major political najvažnijeg političkog interesa. Nakon interests at such conferences. After ministarskih konferencija odluke koje su Ministerial conferences, the decisions donijeli ministri dalje se razrađuju na adopted by ministers are further ekspertskim sastancima. elaborated in expert meetings. Visoki prioritet MCPFE posvećuje temi A high priority of MCPFE is strangthening јačanja uloge šuma u ublažavanju the role of forests in mitigating climatic klimatskih promjena, posebno pitanjima changes, especially fresh water supply, snabdijevanja kvalitetnom pitkom vodom, improvement and conservation of forest potom poboljšanje i očuvanje biodiverziteta biodiversity, as well as ensurance of supply šuma kao i obezbeđivanje šumskih with forest products. proizvoda. Forests are a key factor in meeting Šume su ključni faktor za ostvarivanje environmental, protection, social, and ekoloških, zaštitnih, socijalnih i recreational needs of modern people. rekreacionih potreba savremenog čovjeka. 14
  • 24. Takođe one predstavljaju važan resurs za Additionally, they are an important razvoj države i to posebno ruralnih resource in the development of the state, područja pružajući velike mogućnosti za especially rural areas, by means of creating razvoj lokalnih zajednica kroz great opportunities for the development of iskorišćavanje primarnih i sekundarnih local communities throgh the use of proizvoda šume i kroz razvoj seoskog primary and secondary forest products and turizma. development of rural tourism. Šumarski sektor ima ulogu da doprinese The role of forestry sector is to contribute održivom razvoju u cjelini i u saradnji sa to sustainable development as a whole and, drugim sektorima učestvuje u stvaranju in cooperation with other sectors, create situacije sa ciljem da uskladi balans između conditions for establishing the balance proizvodno -ekonomske, ekološke, between production-economic, socijalne i kulturne uloge šuma u smislu environmental, social, and cultural role of održivog razvoja. Koordinacija i forests in sustainable development. partnerstvo su od ključnog značaja za Coordination and partnership play a key promociju višekorisnih funkcija šume i role in promotion of multi-purpose održivog razvoja društva. functions of forests and sustainable development of society. Drugi važni zadaci su da se razvije оkvir zа buduću saradnju sektora šumarstva i dа Other important tasks include the istraži mogućnosti za pravno оbavezujući development of framework for future sporazum о šumama u Еvropi. MCPFE је cooperation between forestry sectors and povezan sa globalnim i drugim regionalnim research into the possibilities of a legally procesima i inicijativama koje se bave binding agreement on forests in Europe. pitanjima od najvišeg političkog i MCPFE is connected with global and other društvenog značaja u vezi sa šumama. regional processes and initiatives dealing with issues of major political and social importance related to forests. Ovakvim pristupom MCPFE prati sledeće By using this approach, MCPFE observes odrednice: the following principles: - Unapređenje biološkog diverziteta u - Improve biological diversity in all svim tipovima šuma kroz podizanje forest types through increasing svijesti o značaju šuma i awareness of importance of forests konzervaciju; and conservation; - Ukazivanje na kontinuirano i - Emphasise a continuous and adekvatno održavanje, konzervaciju, adequate maintenance, prevođenje i stalno unapređenje conservation, conversion and biodiverziteta šuma, nacionalnih continuous improvement of forest šumarskih programa i drugih biodiversity, national forest politika kod ustanovljavanja mjera programmes, and other policies za ostvarivanje zajedničkog cilja i related to estabilshment of podrške ovim politikama i measures aimed at accomplishment procesima; of the joint goal and ensuring support to these policies and processes; 15
  • 25. - Pristupe raznim programima i - Provide access to different dostupnoj politici unapređenja programmes and available policy of biodiverziteta; biodiversity improvement; - Obavljanje istraživanja, analize - Conduct research, analyse informacija i procjene uticaja information, and assess the impact ilegalnih sječa šuma na ekonomski of illegal logging on economic potencijal staništa i biodiverzitet, potential of sites and biodiversity, predlaže metode sprečavanja propose the methods to combat ilegalnih sječa kroz izgradnju illegal logging through the kapaciteta profesionalnih ljudskih development of capacities of human resursa za kontrolu; resources carrying out control; - Ima ulogu razvoja regionalne - Develop regional cooperation and saradnje i veza po principu connections based on environmental ekološkog pristupa i održivog approach and sustainable razvoja gazdovanja šumama; development of forest management; - Analizira i prati dalji razvoj - Analyse and monitor further zaštićenih šumskih resursa, development of protected forest uzimajući u obzir osobenosti svake resources, taking into consideration države i postojećeg sistema, specificities of each state and the sveobuhvatnost, tip šume i existing system, comprehensiveness, efektivnost gazovanjem tom šumom; forest type, and efficiency of forest - Pruža doprinos pan – evropskoj management; strategiji za spriječavanje uticaja - Contribute to Pan-European strategy invazionih štetnih vrsta koje mogu for combatting the impact of da destabilizuju ili naruše invasive harmful species which can ekosistem; destabilise or damage an ecosystem; - Pruža novi pristup planiranju - Provide a new approach to forest gazdovanja šumama ukjučujući i management planning through planiranje predjela kroz lanscape improvement, especially unapređenje pejzaža, posebno taking into consideration the vodeći računa o održavanju, maintenance, conservation, and konzervaciji i obnovi šumskog recovery of forest biodiversity on biodiverziteta na predjelima gde se areas with dominant aesthetic ističu estetske vrijednosti prirode i properties of nature and natural prirodni procesi šuma; forest processes; - Unapređenje konzervacije šumskog - Improve conservation of forest genetskog materijala kao sastavni i genetic material as an integral and neodvojivi deo održivog gazdovanja inseparable part of sustainable šumama uz učešće u stalnom forest management by means of procesu pan – Evropske saradnje u involvement in the continuing ovoj oblasti; process of Pan-European - Dalji razvoj saradnje sa drugim cooperation in this field; Evropskim procesima „Životna - Further develop cooperation with sredina za Evropu“, programa “Okvir other European “Environment for za saradnju“, kao i međunarodnim Europe“ process, “Framework for programom saradnje na praćenju Cooperation“ programme, as well as stanja šuma“ICP za šume“. ICP on forests. 16
  • 26. Ministarske koferencije о zaštiti šuma u The Ministerial Conference on the Evropi (MCPFE), od svog uspostavljanja kao Protection of Forests in Europe (MCPFE), regionalni politički proces osmišljene sa from its establishment as a regional ulogom unapređenja zaštite šuma budućim political process, has been envisaged to jačanjem održivog gazdovanja. Njihov je improve forest protection by future zadatak da uključe što više zemalja Evrope i strengthening of sustainable forest da ih primoraju da ostvare održivi razvoj u management. Its task is to involve as many okviru svoje državne teritorije, a u interesu European countries and make them cijelog Evropskog kontinenta. accomplish sustainable development within Sistem je osmišljen da se globalni dogovori their territories, in the interest of the whole i ostvarena saradnja prenese na regionalni, Europe. nacionalni i lokalni nivo. Such a system envisages transposition of global agreements and estabished cooperation to regional, national, and local level. 17
  • 27. 5. Međunarodni 5. International Cooperative kooperacioni program za Programme on Forest praćenje stanja šuma – (ICP Condition Monitoring – (ICP Forests ) Forests ) Sa praćenjem oštećenja šumskog The monitoring of forest cover was pokrivača intenzivno se počelo u centralnoj intensively launched in the Central Europe Evropi (Njemačka) od 1970 godine i to prvo (Germany) in 1970 - first on the fir tree, na jeli koja je bila posebno osjetljiva na which was particularly sensitive to uticaj raznih stresora, a potom se program influence of different stressors, and then monitoringa proširio i na ostale vrste the monitoring programme broadened so četinara. Ovaj sistem praćenja as to include the other types of conifers. zdravstvenog stanja kasnije se razvio u This system of monitoring health condition internacionalni sistem sa ciljem da se u eri later developed into international system industrijskog razvoja stvori baza intended to create a relevant data base on relevantnih podataka o zdravstvenom health condition of forests in Europe in the stanju šuma Evrope. Politički okvir stvoren era of industrial development. Political je potpisivanjem Konvencije o framework for enabling this was created by prekograničnom prenosu vazdušnih signing the Convention on Long-range zagađenja (CLRTAP) 1979 godine. Transboundary Air Pollution (CLRTAP) in Konvencija je stupila na snagu 1983 godine 1979. The Convention became effective in kada su polazne smjernice prihvaćene od 1983, when the working group of the radne grupe Evropske komisije za European Forestry Commission (EFC) and šumarstvo (EFC) i međunarodne Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) organizacije za poljoprivredu i hranu adopted the starting guidelines in the (FAO), na skupu održanom u Ženevi u assembley held in Geneva in April 1983. aprilu 1983 godine. The conclusion of the expert group in this Zaključak ekspertske radne grupe na ovom assembley was that air pollution and its skupu bio je da se vazdušna zagađenja i impact on European and North American njihov uticaj na šume zemalja Evrope i forests had to be reduced and permanently Sjeverne Amerike moraju smanjiti i monitored. The group proposed specific permanentno pratiti i tom prilikom su solutions and measures aimed at predložena konkretna rješenja i mjere u improvement of forest conditions. cilju unapređenja stanja šuma. The basics of the present ICP manual for Konkretne osnove sadašnjeg ICP manuala harmonised and continuous monitoring of za usklađeno i kontinuirano praćenje health condition of forests were set in the zdravstvenog stanja šuma su postavljene na assembley of the European Foresty sastanku Evropske komisije za šumu u Commission held in Freiburg (Germany) in Frajburgu (Nemačka) juna mjeseca 1984 June 1984. The first report on forest godine. Prvi izvještaj o stanju šuma je condition was adopetd in 1987 in the third usvojen 1987 na trećem sastanku ICP u assembley of ICP held in Usti nad Labem gradu Usi nad Labem (Republika Češka). (Czech Republic). The report was based on Taj izvještaj je baziran na procjeni stanja assessment of crown condition of forest kruna šumskog drveća . trees. 18
  • 28. Prvi združeni izvještaj o stanju šuma The first joint report on condition of Evrope pod nazivom EU/ICP je publikovan forests in Europe entitled “EU/ICP“ was 1992 godine. Sve do 2004.godine zajednički published in 1992. Until 2004, joint reports izvještaji nisu objedinjivani kada Evropska were not published. At the time, the Komisija odlučuje da izvještaje štampa kao European Commission decided to print jedinstven dokument o stanju šuma Evrope reports as a single document on condition pod nazivom „Izvještaj o šumama“(ICP of forests in Europe entitled “ICP Forest Forest report). Report“. Monitoring i procjena kruna šumskog Monitoring and assessment of forest tree drveća širom Evrope je pod kordinacijom crowns across Europe is coordinated by ICP ICP Forest i danas i on predstavlja glavnu Forest and nowadays it is the main komponentu rada ove grupacije. Danas 42 component of work of this group. Presently, zemlje uključujući i Sjedinjene Američke 42 countries including the United States of države i Kanadu (slika 4) su aktivne u America and Canada (figure 4) take an okviru programa ICP za šume. 1994 active part within ICP Forests programme. Evropska komisija je donijela odredbu In 1994, the European Commission adopted 1991/1994 čime je postavljena osnova za the Regulation 1991/1994, thus setting the odvijanje programa Nivoa II. Danas 28 basics for implementation of the zemalja članica odvija program Nivoa II pa programme of the Level II. Nowadays, 28 čak i Nivoa III, dok ostalih 14 razvija member-states implement the Level II praćenje na osnovu Nivoa I. U Crnoj Gori se programme, even Level III, whereas the prećenje odvija na Nivou I, dodeljen joj je remaining 14 countries carry out identifikacioni broj 80, kao kod pod kojim monitoring based on the Level I. The je registrovana u ICP bazi u Hamburgu i monitoring in Montenegro is carried out at pod kojim dostavlja podatke toj instituciji. the Level I. Montenegro has been assigned identification number 80 as a code under which it has been registered in the ICP base in Hamburg and under which it submits the data to this institution. Slika 4/Figure 4. 19
  • 29. Naučni nadzor nad praćenjem Scientific supervision of monitoring of zdravstvenog stanja šuma je bio health condition of forests was carried out obezbjeđen i od strane „Naučne by the Scientific Advisory Group from 1995 savjetodavne grupe“ od 1995 do 2002 koji to 2002, ending in 2002 with the je završio sa radom 2002 sa prestankom termination of validity of EU Regulation važnosti EU odredbe 3528/68. Dobra 3528/68. A good cooperation has been saradnja uspostavljena je sa Mrežom established with Acid Deposition praćenja kisjelih depozicija istočne Azije Monitoring Network in East Asia - EANET. (Acid Deposition Monitoring Network in East The main pillars of ICP Forests are 9 Expert Asia - EANET). Panels and Working Groups, researchers Glavni nosioci ICP za šume su 9 ekspertskih from the countries which participate in the panela (Expert Panels) i radnih grupa programme, develop and upgrade the (Working Groups), istraživači zemalja koji methods which are applied. In addition, učestvuju u programu, razvijaju i they are in charge of management and nadograđuju metode koje se primenjuju. supervision of projects and projects Oni su takođe odgovorni za rukovođenje i implementation. A broad cooperation nadzor nad projektima kao i za between European countries and implementaciju projekata. Široka saradnja engagement of forestry experts from zemalja Evrope i angažovanje šumarskih member states ensures the success of this eksperata država članica je garancija programme which will have an even uspjeha ovog programa koji će u greater importance in the future. budućnosti imati još veći značaj. 5.1. Mandat, ciljevi i značaj ISP za 5.1. Mandate, objectives and šume importance of ICP Forests Svi stresori koji djeluju na šumsko drveće All stressors influencing forest trees, bilo da su biotičke ili abiotičke prirode ili whether they are biotic or abiotic or of antropogenog porijekla izazivaju određene anthropogenic origin, cause certain changes promjene na stablima. Kompleksno on trees. A complex influence of different djelovanje različitih zagađivača mijenja pollutants changes air composition and, sastav vazduha i on u različitim područijma consequently, air has different composition ima drugačije vrijednosti. Efekti in different areas. The effects of air atmosferskog zagađivanja zavise od uslova pollution vary with site conditions and staništa i konkretne sastojine a variraju u specific stands, and differ in terms of odnosu na geografsku poziciju regiona. Sa geographic position of the region. Since this obzirom da je ovo djelovanje trajno te da se influence is permanent and the presence of nivo zagađivača mijenja u toku godine pollutants changes during the year by sezonskom pojavom vazdušnih strujanja ili seasonal appearance of air currents or their se koncetracija povećava, izazivaju složene concentration increases, they complexly efekte na šumsko drveće koje se teško affect forest trees, which can be hardly može izolovati i kvantifikovati. isolated and quantified. 20
  • 30. Takođe pored ovih, postoji i čitav drugi niz In addition to these, there is a series of faktora stresa koji se međosubno stress factors which are mutually nadopunjuju, nadovezuju ili poništavaju ali complementary, linked, or annulled, but u svakom slučaju utiču na stanje šuma i anyway affect forest condition and have to moraju biti dodatno razmatrani i be additionally considered and analysed. analizirani. Having in mind these occurences, the ICP Mandat ICP za šume razvio se u odnosu na Forests mandate developed in two ove pojave u dva pravca: directions: - Posmatranje - mjerenje efekata - Survey – measurement of effects of antopogenog uticaja (zagađenost anthropogenic influence (human- vazduha proizvedena djelovanjem induced air pollution) and natural čovjeka) i prirodnih faktora, koji factors which influence the utiču na stanje i razvoj šumskih condition and development of forest ekosistema u Evropi; ecosystems in Europe; - Razumijevanje uzroka i posledica u - Understanding the causes and različitim šumskim ekosistemima u consequences in different forest cilju iskorišćavanja pozitivnih i ecosystems in order to take negativnih iskustava advantage of positive and negative experience. Ciljevi ICP za šume su sledeći: The objectives of ICP Forests are as follows: - Zahvaljujući sistematskoj mreži - Owing to the systematic grid of bioindikacijskih tačaka u cijelom bioindication plots in the whole regionu Evrope - omogućava region of Europe - ensure a periodični uvid u prostorne i periodical insight into spatial and vremenske varijabilnosti stanja time variations of forest conditions šuma u odnosu na antropogene i in respect of anthropogenic and prirodne faktore stresa na teritoriji natural stress factors on the svih zemalja članica; territory of all member states; - Doprinosi boljem razumjevanju - Contribute to better understanding odnosa izmjeđu stanja šumskih of the relation between forest ekosistema i faktora stresa, preko ecosystems condition and stress intenzivnog monitoringa u zemljama factors through intensive gde se vrši sistem praćenja Nivoa II; monitoring in countries where Level - Ima za cilj da obezbijedi dublji uvid II monitoring system is carried out; u interakcije između različitih - Ensure a better insight into komponenti šumskih ekosistema interactions between different kompilacijom dostupnih informacija components of forest ecosystems by izvršenih proučavanja; compiling available information obtained from completed research; 21
  • 31. - Cilj je da doprinese , u saradnji sa - In cooperation with ICP on ICP za modeliranje i kartiranje, development of field models and proračunima kritičnih ograničenja i maps, contribute to assessment of njihovih prekoračenja u šumama i critical constraints and their breach da saradnju sa drugim programima in forests, and establish cooperation praćenja stanja u oblasti životne with other programmes aimed at sredine u okviru i izvan CLRTAP; monitoring environmental - Na osnovu aktivnosti monitoringa conditions within and out of da doprinese svim drugim CLRTAP; aspektima od značaja za šumarsku - Based on monitoring activity, politiku na svim nivoima contribute to all other aspects (nacionalnom, regionalnom, important for forest policy at all evropskom i svjetskom) da pomogne levels (national, regional, European, da se riješe problemi vezani za and world) in order to help solve promjenu klime i uspostavi održivo problems related to climate change, gazdovanje šumama i spriječi establish sustainable forest smanjenje šumskog biodiverziteta; management, and prevent reduction - Da za potrebe javnosti obezbijedi in forest biodiversity; relevantne i precizne informacije i - Provide relevant and precise omogući donošenje značajnih odluka information to the public, and iz oblasti šumarstva, zaštite životne enable decision-making in the field sredine i očuvanja biodiverziteta. of forestry, environmental protection, and biodiversity conservation of. Da bi ciljevi ICP bili ostarivi neophodna je In order to accomplish ICP objectives, it is široka saradnja sa svim zemljama necessary to establish cooperation with all članicama uz kordiniranje i kontinuitet member states and ensure the coordination procesa, koja je postignuta dobro and continuity of the process by means of razvijenom mrežom i preciznim upustvima well developed network and precise da bi se postigli željeni rezultati. instructions on how to achieve the desired Unaprijeđenje postojećih mehanizama results. prikupljanja i obrade podataka, se postiže The improvement of the existing data djelovanjem naučnih intitucija iz oblasti collection and procession mechanisms can šumarstva kao i djelovanjem eksperata, dok be achieved by involvement of scientific se kao rezultat detaljnih analiza, brojnih institutions and experts in the field of ocjena i analiza dobija jasnija slika forestry. The result of detailed analyses and zdravstvenog stanja šuma Evrope i assessments is a clearer picture of health otkrivaju se novi načini za djelovanje protiv condition of European forests and štetnih pojava. discovered new ways of acting against adverse occurences. 22
  • 32. 5.2. Nivoi intenziteta 5.2. Monitoring intensity levels monitoringa Da bi se ostvarili ciljevi, omogućilo In order to accomplish objectives, konstantno praćenje stanja šuma u enable a constant monitoring of forest zemljama Evrope osmišljen je sistem koji condition in European countries, a system prema tehnološkom razvoju zemlje i has been designed to provide a certain raspoloživim ekonomskim i kadrovskim amount of data necessary for analysis and potencijalima omogućuje svim članicama assessment of the present condition which da obezbijede određeni nivo podataka corresponds to available economic and neophodan za analizu i procjenu trenutnog human resources potentials of all member stanja. Tako su razvijena III nivoa states. Therefore, there are 3 Levels of intenziteta monitoringa: monitoring intensity: Nivo I – podrazumijeva praćenje stanja Level I implies monitoring of forest šuma na bioindikacijskim tačkama 16x16 condition on bioindication plots of 16 x 16 km sistemske mreže – na način što se na km systematic grid by surveying and pojedinačnim parcelama obavlja analysing the following parameters on posmatranje i analiza sledećih specific parcels: crown condition paramentara: procjena stanja kruna assessment (defoliation and (defolijacija i dekolorizacija ), stanje decolorisation), land condition and forest zemljišta i ishrane šumskog drveća, trees nutrition, presence of deseases and prisutne bolesti i štetočine šumskog drveća pests etc. The data obtained at this level i dr. Podaci koji se dobiju na ovom nivou represent the widest European region. The reprezentuju najšire područje Evrope. U next table shows an overview of plots by sledećoj tabeli predstavljen je pregled member states (figure 1) and graphical tačaka po državama učesnicama (Tabela 1) overview of Level I plots along with forest i grafički prikaz tačaka Nivoa I sa tipom type (figure 5). šume (slika 5). Tabela 1/ Table 1. Forest Condition in Europe, 2011 Tehnical report ICP Forest, strana/page 19 23
  • 33. Slika 5/Figure 5. Map of Level I plots, www.icp-forests.org 24
  • 34. Crna Gora je u izvještaju od 2010 godine In 2010 Report, Montenegro was present prikazana sa 49 tačaka gde je izvršeno with 49 plots where health condition was procjenjivanje zdravstvenog stanja na 1176 assessed on 1176 trees (Table 2). stabala (tabela 2). Tabela 2/Table 2. Forest Condition in Europe, 2011 Tehnical report ICP Forest, strana 22/page 22 25
  • 35. Nivo II predstavlja intenzivni monitoring na Level II implies an intense monitoring on a određenom broju stalnih oglednih certain number of permanent sample plots. površina. Na nivou II istraživanje i praćenje At Level II, research and monitoring is je detaljnije i obrađuje se veliki broj ulaznih more detailed and a great number of inflow parametara. Do sada je postavljeno 860 parameters is processed. Up to date, 860 stanica za praćenje nivoa II. Rezultati nivoa plots have been established for monitoring II imaju detaljnije pokazatelje, ali im Level II. The Level II results are nedostaje široka rasprostranjenost nivoa I characterised by more detailed indicators pa se oni koriste u vezi sa nivom I i takvim but they lack a wide distribution of Level I. upoređivanjem i upotrebom dobijaju još Therefore, they are used in connection with više na značaju. Raspored tačaka Nivoa II Level I and by such a comparison and use na području Evrope prikazan je na (slici 6). they gain an increasing importance. The distribution of Level II plots in Europe is presented in figure 6. Slika 6/Figure 6. Map of Level II plots, www.icp-forests.org 26
  • 36. Na ovaj način preko nivoa II ostvaruje se: In this way, Level II ensures: - procjena značaja uzajamnih veza na - assessment of importance of Evropskom nivou; interconnections at the European level; - ograničavanje geografskog područja (u - limitation of a geographic area (within okviru Evrope) gdje su se ove veze Europe) where these connections turned to pokazale tačnim. be correct. Preduslov za upotrebu različitih nivoa je The precondition for applying different usaglašavanje nivoa i njihovih preklapanja. levels is to harmonise levels and determine Nivo III predstavlja najviši hijerajhijski their overlaps. intenzitet monitoringa. Na nivou III se vrši Level III implies the greatest monitoring sagledavanje i ispitivanje kompleksnih veza intensity in the hierarchy. At Level III, i uzajamnog djelovanja različitih pojava u complex connections and interaction šumskim ekosistemima, polazeći od between different occurences in forest objavljenih rezultata naučnih istraživanja i ecosystems is surveyed and researched, rezultata monitoringa dobijenih aktivnosti building on the published results of koje prevazilaze nivo II. Takođe je i kod scientific research and monitoring results nivoa III ispunjen preduslov povezanosti sa of activities surpassing Level II. Level III nižim nivoima I i II. implies the fulfillment of the precondition of establishing connection with lower levels I and II. 5.3. Aktivnosti monitoringa za 5.3. Level I monitoring activities Nivo I Na teritoriji Evrope je ustanovljena The grid of more than 7.500 je mreža sa više od 7500 bioindikacijskih bioindication plots has been established on tačaka za praćenje zdravstvenog stanja the territory of Europe in order to monitor šuma i njihove prostorne i vremenske the condition of forest health and changes promjene u toku jednogodišnjeg ciklusa. associated with space and time during a Mreža daje statistički dovoljno precizne one-year cycle. The grid provides podatke i pokriva različite šume na nivou sufficiently precise statistical data and Evrope. Pojedine zemlje u cilju dobijanja covers different forests on the territory of preciznijih podataka razvile su mrežu od Europe. In order to obtain more precise 4x4 km da bi dobili preciznije podatke o data on forest condition on their territory stanju šuma na svojoj teritoriji kao i na and at the regional level, certain countries regionalnom nivou. Mreža Nivoa I sadrži developed a 4 x 4 km grid. The Level I grid 7503 parcele monitoringa (bioindikacijskih contains 7.503 monitoring parcels tačaka) zaključno u 2010 godini, (bioindication plots), including 2010, sistematski raspoređenih u mreži 16 x 16 systematically distributed within the 16 x km širom Evrope. 16 km grid across Europe. 27