33 part 2-earthsoft-water - pollution-issues

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About us

• Water cycle
• What is pollution
• Form of Pollution
• Types of Pollution
• Causes
• Effect
• Prevention
• Ground water
• Water quality
• Diseases
• Solutions
Index

Universal solvent

Cycle
It spreads pollutants introduced by human activity
all around the planet.
The Earth’s water cycle is
continuous

Cycle

Sources of Water pollution

State of water
Natural Water has,
• Physical attributes (Temperature, Smell, Colour)
• Chemical attributes – pH, DO, ions
• Biological attributes – microorganisms
Organisms & users will adapt to water with
physical, chemical and biological attributes
• Salty sea
• Fresh Water
Water Pollution
• Alteration of the water features/attributes are
detriment to its inhabitants and users

Pollution

What is Pollution?
• Pollution is the contamination of harmful
substances into natural environment say air or
water causing harm to nature
• Pollution is anything which harms the
environment in any way.
• Pollution causes instability, disorder, harm or
discomfort to the ecosystem i.e. physical
systems or living organisms.
• It makes those unfit for usage

Causes
• Pollutants, the elements of pollution, can be
foreign substances or energies, or naturally
occurring.
• When naturally occurring, they are considered
contaminants when they exceed natural levels.
• These can be chemical substances, or energy,
such as noise, heat, or light.
• Pollution is caused by man’s growth and
improper disposal of waste materials generated
• Industrialisation has had a great impact on the
type and volume of pollutants released.

Harmful Water Pollution
• One thing that can be especially & most harmful
to the Earth, animals, plant life and human
beings is water pollution.
• Water Quality - The degree of pollution from
view of organisms living in or using the water
• If a water source becomes contaminated, it can
devastate entire ecosystems.
• Becoming more educated on water pollution
facts can help prevent this destruction.

Types of Pollution
• Air Pollution
• Water Pollution
• Soil Pollution
• Noise Pollution

AIR
WATER EARTH
Types of Pollution

Types of Pollution

Air Pollution

Water Pollution

Pollution and Society
• Pollution in our world effects two essential
aspects of our planet: air and water.
• Air pollution is emitted though the exhaust of
motor vehicles, chimney, combustion of fossil
fuels, etc
• Water pollution is the result of industrial waste
and environmental accidents.

Pollution and Society
• Pollution is harmful and a serious problem for
Earth but generally people don’t care.
• Everyone needs to contribute to prevention and
pay attention to government control norms
• Industry contributes a good share of the waste
polluting our planet
• Government to define norms, regulate toxins,
build waste systems, to protect air and waters

Introduction
• Comprising over 70% of the Earths surface,
water is undoubtedly the most precious natural
resource that exists on our planet; since only
2.6% water is usable
• Without the seemingly invaluable compound
comprised of hydrogen and oxygen, life on
Earth would be non-existent.

Water Pollution
1. Industrial pollution
2. Surface pollution
3. Groundwater contamination
4. Sewage pollution
5. Oil pollution
6. Thermal pollution

Water Stress
Every item needs water
for production
Domestic
bathing, flushing,
washing, cooking,
drinking…
Agriculture
People require
food to eat
Industry
Increase demand
for goods
Increase in
Population
Power
water evaporation from
reservoirs of large hydro
power projects

Pollution types
• Thermal Pollution (Heated factory water or
cooler water from another basin)
• Warmer …less dissolved Oxygen
• Cooler …more dissolved Oxygen
• Suspended solids (Silts, Clay, living organisms,
dead organic Matter).
• Dissolved solids (chemicals)
• Acid rain water (Nox and sox) Leaching effects
• Trace elements (Heavy Metals)

Water Pollution
• "Water pollution" is defined as the addition of
harmful or objectionable material causing an
alteration of water quality i.e. physical, chemical
and biological property of water
• It affects plants, organisms & users
• It is damaging to individual species, populations
and nature biological communities.
• Water pollution are natural and man made.
• It occurs when pollutants are discharged directly
or indirectly into water bodies without adequate
treatment to remove harmful constituents

Water Pollution
•Uncontaminated water does not
occur in nature
•Less serious → Natural-N2, Co2,
H2S Rain fall←
•Serious → Sewage, Industrial
waste, Agricultural waste,
radioactive sub. Urbanization &←
industrialization

Water Pollution
• Water pollution is the contamination of water
bodies such as lakes, rivers, oceans, and
groundwater.
• Contamination of water resources by harmful
substances. Also affects drinking water
• Point source- derived from discrete location
( pipe or drain) and non-point source- no single
point of origin, contaminants are spread over a
larger area. ( leaching of fertilizer)

Water Pollution
Water pollution is divided into:
• Natural, derived from impurities contained in the
surface waters and groundwater’s
Artificial associated with human activity:
a) biological, due to the presence of pathogenic
microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses,
algae, fungi, protozoa and their toxins
b) chemical, refer to changes in chemical
composition and pH.
• E.g. oil, petrol, grease, oil, detergents, fertilizers,
pesticides,aromatic hydrocarbons, heavy metal
salts, strong acids, alkalis, phenols and cresols.

Water pollution
Run off from
agricultural fields
Air pollutants
dissolve in
rainwater
Untreated
Industrial wastes
Tourism and
religion
Soaps, Detergent,
Chemical
Soaps, Detergent,
Chemical
Pesticides
Fertilizers
Pesticides
Fertilizers
Chemicals
SMOKE
Chemicals
SMOKE
SMOKE from
exhaust
SMOKE from
exhaust
Sewage Industrial
waste
Acid
Water

Natural impurities
• Natural impurities derived from the atmosphere,
catchment area and soil but in such a low
concentration that they do not pollute the water
normally.
• Rather their presence is some time essential for
maintaining the portability and other useful
property of water.

Effect
• All water pollution affects organisms and plants
that live in these water bodies and in almost all
cases the effect is damaging either to individual
species and populations but also to the natural
biological communities.
• The effect is damaging not only to
individual species and populations, but also to
the natural biological communities.
• It affects plants animals and organisms living in
water bodies

Industrial Water Pollution
• Industries discharge a variety of pollutants in
their wastewater including heavy metals , resin
pellets, organic toxins, oils, nutrients, and solids.

Industrial waste
Industrial waste has severe detrimental effects on
water quality

Water Pollution
• It is chemical, physical or biological change in
the quality of water that has a harmful effect on
any living thing that drinks or uses or lives in it

Ground Water Pollution
Pollution of aquifers
• Non-point and Point sources
• Pollutants slow to break down in cold & dark

Water Pollution
Inorganic plant nutrients
(fertilizers)
• From agriculture, lawns &
gardens
• Eutrophication
• Natural process
• Accelerated by excess
nutrient input
• Algae die, sink, become
oxygen-demanding waste

Water Pollution
In streams, rivers
• Higher flow rate, dilution effect
• Turbulent
• Well mixed
• Well oxygenated
• Long riverbanks, contact with land
• Subject to non-point source pollutants
• Often flow near cities

Water Pollution
In lakes, reservoirs
• Low flow rate, long residence time
• Deep, stratification
• Pollutants can accumulate, concentrate

Water Pollution
• Water pollution is the pollution in the water and
that can cause many problems and diseases to
humans and animals.
• Water pollution is a very harmful pollution.

Water Pollution
Pollutants discharged
• Directly
• From land
• Poisonous

Water Pollution
• It is a large set of adverse effects upon water
bodies such as lakes, rivers, oceans, and
groundwater caused by human activities
• Irrigation
• Clear cutting of forests
• Watershed disturbance
• Loss of minerals through runoff
• Desertification

Water Pollution
• Harmful or objectionable material in
sufficient quantity in water to measurably
degrade water quality

Water Pollution
Non-point and Point sources

Polluted River

Pollution of Lakes
Eutrophication

Agricultural runoffs
The stuff not dissolved / suspends is bad for us

Open well

Polluted water

PURE WATER!!
Do we have

Dumping of solid wastes

Pumping of sludge

Industrial effluents

Human interaction

Sand mining

More food required to feed the growing millions'
Increase in Population
Converting forests into croplands
Fewer Forests
Water Pollution
Fertilizers and
pesticides
Chain

Topsoil washed out into freshwater sources &
reduced recharge of water into the ground
Fewer Forests

Fertilizers and pesticides easily dissolve in
water. They enter surface water sources
through rainwater and irrigation runoff and also
percolate into the ground to contaminate
groundwater sources.
World agricultural
area under irrigation
Global fertilizer
consumption
Agriculture

Overgrazing – soil washed out into
freshwater sources
Animal bathing in freshwater sources
Animal faeces pollutes water and soil
Water pollution caused by
food processing industries
Increased demand for animal products

Clothes we wear – dyes and bleaches
Paper, paper, paper everywhere
Leather bags and shoes
Batteries
Metal plating
Paints
Plastics
Pharmaceuticals
Let’s look around us …..
Increase demand
for goods
Increase in
Population
More Industrialisation
All these industries are highly water polluting
Increased industrialization

The Damodar river travels through
6 coal fields,
183 coal mines,
28 iron ore mines,
33 limestone mines,
5 copper ore mines,
84 mica mines and
Numerous graphite, silver
and uranium extracting units.
‘ Water in this river is polluted beyond repair ’
Mining is a highly polluting industry
Increased mining

Lifestyle changes
Use and throw culture
Higher aspirations
Change in packaging
Disregard for natural resources
Inadequate waste management systems
Solid waste generation

• Waste dumped in surface water bodies
• Waste dumped in open landfills – toxic materials
leach into soil and groundwater
• Waste burnt – air pollutants dissolve in
rainwater and pollute surface water sources or
seep into ground water aquifers
Solid waste generation

• Lakes, tanks and ponds being destroyed. Land
filled for construction purposes.
• Unsustainable extraction of groundwater in
urban areas, affecting groundwater quality.
• Receive sewage that cannot be handled by
sewage treatment plants.
• Disposal of solid and liquid wastes above or
into groundwater aquifers.
Additional water stress

• Hotels
• Laundry – detergents, bleach, hot water
• Landscaping – fertilizers, pesticides
• Cleaning and washing
• Waste generation
• Kitchen
• Travelers
• Sanitation
• Bathing in rivers
• Waste generation (use and throw)
Most tourism is close to water sources and
areas of rich biodiversity
Most tourism is close to water sources and
areas of rich biodiversity
Tourism & water pollution

Bathing in holy rivers
More than10 million people
bathe in the Ganga daily!
During the annual Kumbh
Mela, more than a million
people take a dip in
Allahabad alone!
Dead bodies
Prayer materials
Idol immersion
Paints contain many
heavy metals
Religion & water pollution

Not just Fresh Water, We are polluting our
Oceans too
Ocean & water pollution

Ocean pollution

Water Pollution: Many Forms
• Synthetic Organic Compounds
• Organic chemicals
• Inorganic chemicals & Mineral Substances such
as Acids, Inorganic plant nutrients, etc.
• Oxygen-demanding wastes
• Plant Nutrients
• Thermal Discharges
• Pathogens, parasites
• Sediments
• Radioactive material
• Heat (thermal pollution)
• Usually from sewage, feedlots, slaughterhouses

Water Pollution
Viruses - Bacteria (cholera, ...)
• Coliform bacteria usually not pathogenic,
• Used as indicators of pollution
• Protozoan parasites (Giardia, Cryptosporidium)
• Organic materials from sewage,
slaughterhouses, etc.
• Decomposed by bacteria
• Bacteria require, consume dissolved oxygen
• “Biological Oxygen Demand” (BOD)
• Measure of water quality
• Low in pristine water

Water Pollution
Inorganic chemicals
• Mostly from industry
• Heavy metals
• Lead, arsenic, mercury, copper ions, etc.
• Ammonia
• Acids
• Sulfuric acid, nitric acid from acid deposition
• Also from industry
• Bases (caustic alkalines)

Water Pollution
Inorganic plant nutrients (fertilizers)
• From agriculture, lawns & gardens
• Leaching into groundwater
• Run-off into surface waters
• Stimulate growth of algae (algal blooms),
eutrophication
• Algae die, sink, become oxygen-demanding
waste

Water Pollution
Organic chemicals
• from industry, restaurants, cars, households,
farms
• Gasoline, oil
• Engine coolant (ethylene glycol)
• Solvents
• Detergents
• Pesticides
• insecticides, herbicides, fungicides
• Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs)

Water Pollution
Sediments
• Erosion from construction sites, streets & roads,
farms, sewage
• Dense sediments sink, accumulate
• Sedimentation in reservoirs
• Less dense sediments may stay in water
• Reduce clarity (increase turbidity)
• Reduce light penetration & photosynthesis

Water Pollution
Radioactive material
• From spills, waste from atomic weapons
production
• Hanford, Washington
• Savannah River Plant, South Carolina
• From nuclear power plants (minor)
• Closely regulated
Heat (“thermal pollution”)
• Heated water from cooling of electrical
generating equipment
• Alters ecosystem of river, lake

Manmade pollutants of water
• Pesticides and biocides.
• Radioactive substances from nuclear weapon
test.
• Domestic sewage (bathing, washing, cooking)
water waste.
• Plastics.
• Industrial waste (toxic agents ranging from
metal salts to complex synthetic organic
chemicals).
• Thermal pollution.
• Agricultural pollutants (fertilizers, pesticides).
• Physical pollutants (thermal pollution,
radioactive substances).

Natural impurities of water
• Dissolved gases (nitrogen,CO2, H2S etc. which
may be picked up during rainfall)
• Dissolved minerals like: Salts of Calcium,
Magnesium, Sodium etc. from the soil of
catchment areas.
• Suspended impurities (Clay, silt, sand and
mud).
• Microrganisms – mainly the enteric bacteria,
viruses etc.

Causes & effect
• When harmful components are added to
water sources such as Chemicals , fertilizer,
insecticides, pesticides etc.
Causes:-
• Untreated water from factories , Excessive use
of fertilizers and insecticides, Sewage disposal,
Oil leakage etc.
Effects:-
• Diseases, unfit drinking water, aquatic plants
and animals also die due to polluted water.

Effect
• It effects on the Health of man and animals
• About four million children die yearly in India
• Biological water-borne disease (cholera,
dysentery, gastro enteritis, diarrhea, jaundice,
typhoid, hepatitis and guinea pig disease).
• Chemical borne diseases (heavy metal disease
like minamata disease, bone softening disease)
• Increase concentration of floride cause damage
to dental enamel.
• High nitrite content –cyanosis in infants.
• High arsenic content in endemic areas cause
arsenic poisoning.

Effect
• Water is polluted by infectious bacteria,
inorganic, organic chemicals & excess heat.
• Water pollution is any chemical, biological, or
physical change in water quality that has a
harmful effect on living organisms.
• The WHO estimates that 3.4 million people die
prematurely each year from waterborne
diseases.
• In the U.S., an estimated 1.5 million people a
year become ill from infectious agents.

Effects of polluted water
• Improvement of water quality - Removal of
organic matter thru aerobic decomposition;
chlorination to remove bacteria, suspended
solids; precipitation of salts, desalination etc
during water treatment is expensive for polluted
water
• Increased salinization and salt runoff leading to
salinization of major rivers
• Heavy metals cause unpleasant taste and odour
to drinking water;
• Suspended particles cause unpleasant taste &
discoloration to drinking water;

• Hard water with usually high levels of calcium
and magnesium can cause a build-up of
minerals in pipelines/boiler scales and cause
erosion and blockage problems. Water
softeners and conditioners can be used in the
water to reduce limescale but can be expensive.

• 1. Effects on Agriculture:-use of wastewater and
polluted surface and groundwater which
contaminate crops and transmit disease to
consumers and farm workers; Depositions of
deleterious chemicals in soil leading to loss of
soil fertility
• 2. Effects on Environment/ecosystems:-pungent
smell, discolourisation; increased temps;
contamination; change the pH; decreased
oxygen; detergents that create a mass of white
foam in the river waters

• 3. Enrichment of groundwater with salts,
nutrients from irrigated lands; eutrophication /
algal blooms - what is the effect on recreational
activities, water treatment plants/water
providers; loss of aesthetic value; Algae clogs
our waterways
• 4. Domestic effects;-toxic substances such as
lead, mercury, cadmium, and chromium
or cyanide, which may affect the use of the
receiving water for domestic use or aquatic life.

• 5. Effects on industry; boiler scales, Heavy
metals cause unpleasant taste and odour to
drinking water; Suspended particles cause
unpleasant taste & discoloration to drinking
water
• 6. Economy
• Unsightly color, reduced clarity, and obnoxious
odor of the receiving waters also make it unfit
for recreation and other productive uses;
• Adverse effects of water pollution lead to
economic losses in terms of reduced health,
agricultural productivity, and low-quality tourism.

• There is also economic losses to family income
due to the desire for safe bottled water which is
more expensive than unbottled water.
• When water is polluted, fish and other aquatic
resources can perish, which leads to a decline
in fisheries production.
• Erosion from degraded uplands and pollution
from silt and sedimentation, as well as untreated
sewerage, cause productivity losses in fisheries.
Silt and sedimentation are major causes for
losses in fishery production.
• High levels of turbidity leads to economic losses

• 7. Leisure
• Swimming pool water can become
contaminated with a number of different
pollutants and may cause changes in water
colour and odour, some pollutants may also be
harmful to human health.
• Discolouration of the swimming pool water could
be due to a number of reasons. It may be dirty
and cause the water to change a milky colour if
the filter is inadequate or blocked.
• Algae contamination can also cause
discolouration, black algae cause black spots to

• Other forms of algae contaminate pools when
chlorine levels are too low, these often turn the
water a green colour.
• Chlorine is used in many swimming pools to
keep them clean. There are detergents and
some forms of make-up, that don’t mix well with
chlorine. These can cause adverse effects to
human health such as skin and throat irritations.
• Pond water can also become polluted with
different chemicals or microbes. This can make
the pond less attractive and can be harmful to
aquatic life within the pond.

• An overgrowth of algae and accumulation of leaf
debris are often the main problems with ponds
in the home; UV filters are efficient at reducing
algae levels in ponds and also remove decaying
vegetation. These are useful for long term
maintenance of your pond.

• 8. Effects on human health;
• Increased incidence of tumours, ulcers due to
nitrate pollution; skin disorders due to contact
with pollutants; constipation, diarrhea, and
infections to intestine; Dangerous effects on
growing foetus in pregnant women;
Concentration of pollutants due to
bioaccumulative pesticides through secondary
and tertiary food chains in case of non-
vegeterians;

• Still births, abortions, and birth of deformed
children; Blue baby disease caused by
methaneglobinema-which results in asphyxia
(reduced oxygen supply);
• Reduced activity of immune system; Loss of
memory power and reduced mental sharpness;
Water borne diseases like jaundice, hepatitis,
gasteroenteritis, will be more prevalent due to
water pollution; Reduced bone development
and muscular development; Reduced male
fertility; Shifts in physiological cycles of human
body.

• 9. Effects on animal health;
• Large scale death of aquatic and terrestrial
animals; Reduced reproduction rate; Increased
disease incidences; Imbalances created in
secondary foodchains; Accumulation of
bioaccumulative and nonbiodegraddable
pollutants in animal bodies; Bioaccumulation eg
of organochlorine pesticides; Biomagnification;
Cause health hazards like impotence,
cancerous tumours etc

Types of water pollution

Water pollutants come from?
• Point Sources – A single definable source of the
pollution, Contaminants enter a waterway at a
discrete point
• e.g. a factory, a sewage plant, etc. Point-source
pollution is usually monitored and regulated.
• Non-point sources – No one single source, but a
wide range of sources, e.g. runoff from urban
areas, or farmland.
• Contamination gathered by water over a large
area
• Non-point sources are much more difficult to
monitor and control.

Point and Nonpoint Sources

Point and Nonpoint Sources
Urban streets
Suburban
development
Wastewater
treatment
plant
Rural homes
Cropland
Factory
Animal feedlot
Point
sources

Sources of water pollution

• The leading sources of water pollution are
agriculture, industries, and mining.
• Agricultural activities from erosion, overgrazing,
fertilizers and pesticides, and excess salt from
irrigated soils.
• Industrial facilities & mining are another large
source of water pollution

• Non-biodegradable waste
• Insecticides, pesticides leaching into
groundwater
• Oil spill
• Hot water from industries
• Untreated waste and nutrient accumulation
• Toxic chemicals

• Throwing trashes in water
• Throwing low batteries in water, lakes, rivers,etc
• The chemicals from factories that might flow to
rivers

Point sources
• Single large source
• Can localize it to one spot
• Industrial Plants
• - Sewage pipes

Point sources
• LUST - Leaky Underground Storage Tanks

Point sources
• Clearing of land can lead to erosion of soil into
the river.
• Sewage generated by industry can get into the
water supply, introducing large organic
pollutants into the ecosystem.
• Factories, including oil refineries, pulp and
paper mills, and chemical, electronics and
automobile manufacturers, typically discharge
one or more pollutants in their discharged
waters (called effluents).

Point sources
• Point source pollution refers to contaminants
that enter a waterway through a discrete
conveyance, such as a pipe or ditch.

Point sources
• Various types of point-source pollutants found in
water are as varied as the types of business,
industry, and urban sources that produce them.

Point sources
• Thermal pollution is the rise or fall in the
temperature of a natural body of water caused
by human influence. A common cause of
thermal pollution is the use of water as
a coolant by power plants and industrial
manufacturers & being discharged at a source

Point sources

Point sources
• Thermal pollution kills fish outright, block fish
migrations, grow the nuisance species, and
create series of other problems as well.

Non-point sources
• Non-point source (NPS) pollution refers to
diffuse contamination that does not originate
from a single discrete source.
• NPS pollution is often the cumulative effect of
small amount of contaminants gathered from a
large area
• Example:- The leaching out of nitrogen
compounds from agricultural land which has
been fertilized is a typical example

Non-point sources
• Agriculture, including commercial livestock and
poultry farming, is the source of many organic
and inorganic pollutants in surface waters and
groundwater.
• These contaminants include both sediment from
erosion cropland and compounds of phosphorus
and nitrogen that partly originate in animal
wastes and commercial fertilizers.

Non-point sources
• Diffuse source or many smaller point sources
• Automobiles
• Fertilizer on fields

Non-point sources

Non-point sources
• Nutrient runoff in storm water from "sheet flow"
over an agricultural field or a forest

Non-point sources
• Contaminated storm water washed off
of parking lots, roads and highways,
called urban runoff

Non-point sources
• The run offs due to rain, from places like parking
lots and garages may contain pollutants.
• The pollutants in runoff can be quite harmful.

Non-point sources
• Mining operations can generate significant
amounts of non-point source pollution.
• Abandoned mining operations can leach iron
and other chemicals such as copper, lead and
mercury into nearby water bodies

Non-point sources
• Garbage dumps get washed away due to heavy
rains and floods and get stagnated in the nearby
water bodies

Ground water
• 95% of all fresh water on earth is ground water.
Ground water is found in natural rock
formations. These formations called aquifers,
are vital natural resource with many uses.
• Ground water is one of the pure forms of water
stored in the aquifers (space between rocks).
• Nationally 53% of the population relies on
ground water as a source of drinking water. In
rural areas this figure is even higher.
• Eighty one percent of community water is
dependent on ground water.

Ground water
• Although the 1992 Section 305(b) State Water
Quality Reports indicate that, overall, the
Nations ground water quality is good to
excellent, many local areas have experienced
significant ground water contamination
• Ground water pollution refers to the
contamination of the ground water present in
the aquifers.
• Some examples are leaking underground
storage tanks and municipal landfills

Ground water pollution
• Experts rate groundwater pollution as a low-risk
ecological problem; however it is rated as a
high-risk health problem
• The extent of groundwater contamination is
generally unknown
• Prevention is the most effective and affordable
way to protect groundwater from pollutants.

146
Coal strip
mine runoff
Pumping
well
Waste
lagoon
Accidental
spills
Groundwater
flow
Confined aquifer
Discharge
Leakage from
faulty casing
Hazardous waste
injection wellPesticides
Gasoline
station
Buried gasoline
and solvent tank
Sewer
Cesspool
septic tank
De-icing
road salt
Unconfined freshwater aquifer
Confined freshwater aquifer
Water
pumping
wellLandfill
• Low flow rates
• Low oxygen
• Few bacteria
• Cold temperatures

• >70,000 chemicals are used; effects of many
are not known
• Each year additional 700-800 new chemicals
are produced
• 55 million tons of hazardous chemical wastes
are produced in the US each year
• The 20 most abundant compounds in
groundwater at industrial waste disposal sites
include TCE, benzene, vinyl chloride…all are
carcinogens, and also affect liver, brain, and
nervous system

• Fertilizers and pesticides
applied to crops reach
underlying aquifers, if the
aquifer is shallow and not
"protected" by an
overlying layer clay, of
low permeability material
• Drinking-water wells
located close to cropland
may contaminated by
agricultural chemicals.

• Aquifers in industrialized areas are at significant
risk of being contaminated by chemicals and
petroleum products.
• E.g. contamination of ground water by
petroleum leaks while extraction and also due to
leakage of chlorinated chemicals.

• The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA) has recorded that there have been over
400,000 confirmed releases of petroleum-based
fuels from leaking underground storage tanks.

A special case: Groundwater
• What forms of pollution can affect groundwater?
• All of them except thermal pollution!
• Renewal time of groundwater is important
• Rivers: 12-20 days
• Soil Moisture: 280 days
• Groundwater: 300 years

Molgora Warta
pH source
pH course
pH tap
Temperature source
Temperature course
Temperature tap
Water hardness source
Water hardness course
Water hardness tap
Properties

Can you name things
that dissolve in water?
Know any 2 that can be
called ‘pollutants’ –
those dangerous to
life?
Can you name things
that dissolve in water?
Know any 2 that can be
called ‘pollutants’ –
those dangerous to
life?
Dissolution
• Arsenic
• Nitrate
• Fluoride
• Heavy metal

Is water polluted?
Sometimes it stinks……
but not always
Sometimes polluted water changes
colour…..but not always
Sometimes it tastes different
……..but not always

Is water polluted?
• Water pollution can be confirmed only by testing
it in a lab

Water can get polluted naturallyWater can get polluted naturally
When water seeps into the ground, it absorbs
different substances depending on the type of
soil and rock that it flows through.
Natural way

Water can get polluted naturallyWater can get polluted naturally
Some of these substances (arsenic, iron, fluoride
etc) can be harmful to health
Natural pollution is a non-point source of
Natural way

Arsenic
Fluoride
Natural pollution can introduce chemicals that
collect in our bodies. This can cause chronic
problems and even life – threatening diseases
Natural pollution can introduce chemicals that
collect in our bodies. This can cause chronic
problems and even life – threatening diseases
In groundwater
In groundwater
Pollution way

Does Man Pollute Water?
“ If you had a bottle of life-
preserving fluid, would you
pour into it all in sewage along
with other poisonous
chemicals? And yet, that is
exactly what we are doing to
our water supply – all over the
world.”
This is what a people have to sayThis is what a people have to say

The various ways
Untreated municipal sewage
Yamuna, when it leaves Delhi, resembles
a sewer full of the city’s wastes.
Downstream is Agra, where this ‘sewer’ is
the main municipal drinking water source.
An example of Point source of pollution
The various ways in which man pollutes water 

Reaches ground water bodies
Untreated sewage seeps in and contaminates
groundwater aquifers, Such aquifers show a
higher than acceptable level of nitrate content
The various ways

The various ways
When garbage is dumped in a landfill, toxic
chemicals leach into the soil and groundwater.
Dumping garbage in surface water bodies

The various ways
Over 10 million people bathe in the Ganga daily!
Washing and bathing introduces detergent,
phosphates and other chemicals into water

The various ways
Agriculture is a major source
of groundwater contamination.
Agriculture - An
example of Non-
Point source of
pollution
dissolve in irrigation water or rainwater.
They contaminate surface water and
groundwater with pollutants like nitrates,
phosphates and non degradable synthetic
organic pollutants

The various ways
• Wastes of Agro industries have
high concentration of dissolved
organic matter
• E.g. Sugar, food processing
• Waste of Chemical Industries are
not treated properly, the chemicals
destroy soil and water resources
• E.g. Pulp and paper, distilleries
• Water used in the process in
Petroleum refining needs to be
separated from all the oil before
releasing it into nature

The various ways
• Thermal power plants – water is needed to cool
the process.
• The water gets hot and when it’s released into a
larger water body, it upsets the ecology by
modifying the delicate temperature balance.
• This is called ‘Thermal pollution’

Effluent treatment plants
• Liquid wastes from an industry are treated in
effluent treatment plants.
• Large industries would have in-house effluent
treatment plants
• It’s expensive for small industries
• A group of small industries have a common
effluent treatment plant.

Eutrophication
• When wastes with high organic
content (such as sewage wastes)
are dumped into a water body like a
lake or pond, eutrophication can
occur, killing all life in the water body.
• Organic wastes are rich in nutrients
(nitrates and phosphates)
• They stimulate excessive plant
growth – especially weedy species

Eutrophication
• On dying, the plants add organic waste in water
• Microorganisms decomposes organic material
in water, a lot of dissolved oxygen is used
• This depletes the available oxygen in the water
and upsets ecological balance, since species
like fish perish without adequate oxygen.
• Eventually all the oxygen is used up.

Eutrophication

Eutrophication
• Anaerobic organisms then attack the organic
wastes, releasing gases such as methane and
hydrogen sulphide.
• The result is a foul smelling, waste filled body of
water, quite like many of the lakes in India.
• These water bodies are also natural
groundwater recharge system and their
contamination leads to groundwater pollution

Eutrophication
• An increase in the concentration of nutrient
content to an extent that increases the primary
productivity of the water body.
• It is the "bloom" or great increase
of phytoplankton in a water body.
• Organic wastes such as sewage impose high
oxygen demands on the receiving water leading
to oxygen depletion.
• Increases in nutrient loading
may lead to eutrophication

Effects of eutrophication
• Increased biomass of phytoplankton
• Toxic or inedible phytoplankton species
• Increases in blooms of gelatinous zooplankton
• Decreased biomass of benthic and
epiphytic algae
• Changes in macrophyte species composition
and biomass
• Decreases in water transparency
(increased turbidity)

Effects of Eutrophication
• Dissolved oxygen depletion
• Loss of desirable fish species
• Reductions in harvestable fish and shellfish
• Decreases in perceived aesthetic value of the
water body
• Colour, smell, and water treatment problems

Minamata disease
• Industrial wastewater from Chisso corporation
(manufacturing fertilizers and other chemicals)
was released into the Minamata Bay in Japan
• The waste water was rich in methyl mercury
• Mercury content in shellfish increased
• People ate the shellfish and the cats ate the
leftovers

Did you know?
One mercury thermometer can
contaminate up to 95,000 litres of
water to beyond the drinking
water standard.
Mercury

Mercury
• Strange things started to happen – cats had
convulsions and died, crows fell from the sky,
dead fish floated..
• Young children had convulsions and difficulty in
walking and speaking
• People died
• Investigation showed organic mercury poisoning
affecting the nervous system
• First discovered in 1956
• Lawsuits and claims continue till today

Critical elements of Pollution
Causes of Water Pollution

Activities that contribute
• Overgrazing
• Poor agricultural land management
• Removal of riparian vegetation
• Sewage, industrial, and domestic discharges
• Construction, Mining
• Release of gases and aerosols to the
atmosphere
• Mismanagement of reservoirs
• Accidental spills

Causes
Main Causes of Water Quality Degradation
• Pollution due to Domestic Wastewaters:
• Environmental problems are water supply,
wastewater generation and its collection,
treatment and disposal.

Causes
• The causes of water pollution
• Marine dumping
• Dumping of litter in the sea can cause huge
problems. Litter items such as 6-pack
ring packaging can get caught in marine
animals and may result in death

Causes
• The substances that pollute water are called
water pollutants
• Types of water pollutants:-
• Sediments
• Organic wastes
• Organic compound
• Inorganic nutrients
• Inorganic chemicals

Causes
• Garbage
• Oil spills
• Harmful chemicals released by factories
• Sewage water released in water bodies
• Defection in open

Causes
• The sewers of the city
• They contain large amounts of
human excrement and should
be purified.
• Sludges can contain
microorganisms that cause
diseases (cholera,
salmonellosis, etc.), and can be
very dangerous for human.

Causes
• Agriculture
• Pesticides used in agriculture remain on the
ground and plants, so when it rains the water
enters in the ground and it becomes polluted.
• Then water reaches water-bearing stratums
where nitrates and phosphates, which are in it
because of fertilizers used in agriculture, are
released and then they spread.

Causes
• Sewage is the term used for wastewater that
often contains urine and laundry waste.
• Untreated sewage water in such areas can
contaminate the environment and cause
diseases such as diarrhoea.
• Sewage is treated in water treatment plants and
the waste is often disposed into the sea.

Causes
• Unfortunately, the everyday products we use,
such as household cleaning products, personal
hygiene products and pharmaceutical
medications are some of the most significant
causes of water pollution. .

Causes

Water Pollution & Cleanup

Water Pollution - Waste
General causes:
• Release of sewage
• Industrial waste
Response
• Sewage treatment plants
• However, some substances are non-
biodegradable

Forms of Pollution – Details
• Inorganic – acids, salts, toxic metals
• One gram of lead in 20,000 liters of water
makes it unfit for drinking. Lead is often found
in the pipes of older homes
• - What is the safe drinking water limit for
arsenic?
• - For lead? How much does UA water supply
have?
• - How much does OU’s water have?

Oxygen and Water
• Biochemical Oxygen Demand – What does this
mean?
• Anything in the water that bacteria can break
down.
• Bacteria will use up oxygen in the water
• Other aerobic organisms will die
What else can affect the amount of O2 in the
water?
• Temperature
• Speed of water flow
• Roughness of surface
• Over which water flows

Succession in Aquatic Habitats
Lake
Sediments &
Nutrients Accumulate
Oligotrophic Eutrophic
Low in nutrients High in nutrients
Can sometimes see Methane gas bubbling up
From sediments – process of decomposition

Marine dumping
• Cardboard – Takes 2 weeks to degrade.
• Newspaper – 6 weeks
• Photodegradable packaging – 6 weeks
• Foam – 50 years
• Styrofoam – 80 years
• Aluminum – 200 years.
• Plastic packaging –400 years
• Glass – It takes so long to degrade that we don’t
know the exact time.

Industrial waste
• Many industrial facilities use freshwater to carry
away waste from the plant and into rivers, lakes
and oceans.

0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Volume,mld
Value of wastewater Generated from
Different Industries in India (Total 10,215
mld)
Series1
1.Distilleries
2.Pulp& Paper
3.Fertilizer plants
4. Steel Industries
5.Sugar industries
6.Textiles (Cotton)
7.Engineering
8. Organic
Chemicals
9. Others
Industrial waste

Comparison of pollution load generation
from domestic and industrial sources
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
1 2 3
Industrial
Domestic
Wastewater Generation (mld)
BOD Generation ( t/ d)
BOD Reduction ( t / d )
Comparison

Microbial contamination
• Microbial contamination of water
• Over 1 billion people lack access to safe water
supplies, while 2.6 billion people lack adequate
sanitation. This has led to widespread microbial
contamination of drinking water.
• Water-associated infectious diseases claim up
to 3.2 million lives each year, approximately 6%
of all deaths globally.

Drought
• Drought causes more damage and suffering
than any other natural disaster.
• 80 countries experience droughts lasting more
than 1 year.
• According to the UN, almost 500 million people,
in 31 countries experience chronic water
shortages today.

Flooding: oversupply
• Water Logged Soil
• Nutrient Leakage
• Topsoil Erosion

Acid rain
• Acid rain is formed when moisture in the clouds
mixes with sulfur or nitrogen in the air.
• Acid rain includes rain, sleet or snow with a pH
level that falls below 5.6 (normal rainwater).
• The sulfur and nitrogen get into the air by the
burning of fossil fuels such as coal and
gasoline.
• The average pH of rainfall is 4.3.

Acid Rain

Acid participation
• When Air Pollution Becomes Water Pollution

Acid Rain Effects
• Acid preparation - When the pH drops below 6.0
species start to die off.
• When a species dies, others dependent also die

Acid Neutralization
• How does this work?
• Cation Exchange on clay minerals
• Role of chemical weathering

Mobilizing metals
• How does acid kill the fish?
One reason is mobilizing metals
• When all base cations are striped from soils
• Acid now reacts with metals e.g. aluminum
• Normally aluminum is immobile
• below pH 5 - mobile aluminum
• Fish breath in the water
• Aluminum comes out of solution
• Clogs gills - suffocate

River pollution
• Asian rivers are the most polluted in the world.
• Three times as many bacteria from human
waste as the global average
• 20 times more lead than rivers in industrialized
countries.

Mass fish killing

Plastic waste in water
• Each year, plastic waste in water and coastal
areas kills up to:
• 100,000 marine mammals
• 1 million sea birds, and
• Countless fish

Non-biodegradable waste
• Covers surfaces or obstructs current pathways
preventing or poisoning organisms.
• Clogs waterways restricting movement of
aquatic organisms

Hot water
• Derived from industrial sources where water is
used for cooling.
• Can kill organisms due to high temperatures
and also change the abiotic conditions of
habitat.
• Solution - Cooling of water before release

Freshwater Streams
• Streams can recover from moderate levels of
degradable water pollutants if the flows are not
reduced.
• A combination of dilution and biodegradation
can allow recovery of stream pollution
• The breakdown of pollutants by bacteria creates
an oxygen sag curve. Organisms that have a
high oxygen demand can’t survive in the curve.
• Volume of the stream, volume of wastes
entering, flow rate, temperature, and pH levels
all affect how great a sag curve is produced.

216
Oxygen Sag Curve

Pollution of Rivers
• Developed countries have reduced point source
pollution, but toxic chemicals and pollution from
non-point sources are still problems.
• Stream pollution in most developing countries is
a serious and growing problem. Half of the
world’s 500 major rivers are heavily polluted
which run through developing countries. Waste
treatment is minimal or not existing
• For example: Religious beliefs, cultural
traditions, poverty, little economic development,
and a large population interact to cause severe
pollution of the Ganges River in India.

Pollution of Lakes

Cold water pollution
• In many areas fish and other river organisms
are adapted to relatively warm water.
• Building a dam results in very cold water
release downstream killing organisms and
changing species

Oil spill- Causes of Water Pollution

Oil pollution
• Oil spills make up about 12% of the oil that
enters the ocean. The rest come from
shipping travel, drains and dumping.
• A huge quantity of oil being spilt & is a severe
problem
• Oil cannot dissolve in water and forms a thick
sludge in the water. This suffocates fish,
gets caught in the feathers of marine birds
stopping them from flying and blocks light from
photosynthetic aquatic plants.

Oil pollution
• Most of the seas are polluted by oil, because its
water is renewed very slowly (80-100 years).
• Some oil tankers wash their tanks with sea
water
• There are also a lot of accidents in sea. Million
tons of oil is discharged into the oceans.
• The oil forms a thick, surface layer, called "black
tide", which prevents oxygenation of water and
sunlight penetration.
• Organisms cannot live without oxygen &
sunlight so damages to the environment are
irreparable.

Oil pollution
• Often, people pour motor oil down the drain
after performing an oil change. This can
certainly pollute local water supplies. Instead,
make sure to recycle any motor oil you want to
get rid of.

Oil pollution
• Both Point and Nonpoint Sources
• Largest source is pipeline leaks and runoff
• Sources: offshore wells, tankers, pipelines and
storage tanks
• Effects: death of organisms, loss of animal
insulation and buoyancy, smothering
• Significant economic impacts
• Mechanical cleanup methods: skimmers and
blotters
• Chemical cleanup methods: coagulants and
dispersing agents

Oil pollution
• Oil Pollution Act of 1990
• Only about 15% of an oil spill can now be
recovered
• Crude oil—3 years
• Refined oil– 10-20 years

Forms of Pollution – Details
• Organic: sewage, pesticides, plastics, etc.
• One drop of oil can render up to 25 liters of
water unfit for drinking
• One gram of 2,4 D can contaminate 10 million
liters of drinking water!
• One gram of PCBs can make 1 billion liters of
water unsuitable for freshwater aquatic life!

Pollutant forms: Oil
• Both Point and Nonpoint Sources
• Largest source of oil pollution is pipeline leaks
and runoff
• 61% ocean oil pollution river & urban runoff
• 30% intentional discharges from tankers
• 5% accidental spills from tankers

Oil Well Drilling & Groundwater

Oil Drilling Protocols
• Well must be cased from surface to below
freshwater zone
• Casing must be for 150 feet above pay zone
• Logging apparatus must be retrieved

Oil Drilling Protocols
• Drilling fluids must be disposed of properly –
e.g. no Midnight Haulers
• Any spills must be reported and cleaned
immediately
• Area will be subject to remediation efforts

Protest Drilling

Oil Spill Clean-up

Oil pollution

Ocean Pollution

Coastal Water Pollution
Prevention
• Reduce input of toxic pollutants
• Separate sewage and storm lines
• Ban dumping of wastes and sewage by
maritime and cruise ships in coastal waters
• Ban ocean dumping of sludge and hazardous
dredged material
• Protect sensitive areas from development, oil
drilling, and oil shipping
• Regulate coastal development
• Recycle used oil
• Require double hulls for oil tankers

Coastal Water Pollution
Cleanup
• Improve oil-spill cleanup capabilities
• Sprinkle nanoparticles over an oil or sewage
spill to dissolve the oil or sewage without
creating harmful byproducts
• (still under development)
• Require at least secondary treatment of coastal
sewage
• Use wetlands, solar-aquatic, or other methods
to treat sewage

Effect

Effects

Diseases due to water Pollution

Health

Diseases
• If we drink polluted water, we can get sick

80% of all illness in
developing countries is
caused by water related
diseases.
90% of wastewater in
discharged directly into
rivers and streams
without treatment.
80% of all illness in
caused by water related
diseases.
90% of wastewater in
discharged directly into
rivers and streams
without treatment.
Diseases

Major water related diseases
Type Diseases Cause Effects Prevention
1 Water borne
(Disease
causing
vector carried
in water)
Cholera
Typhoid
Diarrhoea
Dysentery
Drinking
contaminated
water
Eating
contaminated
food
Dehydration Use clean water for
drinking
Keep flies away from
food & water
Avoid unprotected
water sources
2 Water
washed
Due to lack of
water or
improper use
Scabies
Eye
infections
Diarrhoea
Not washing
Lack of enough
water for
washing
Itchy lashes
Sore eyes
Blindness
Fever from
lice diseases
Increase water
availability for
washing
Improve personal
hygiene
3 Water Based
(Vector lives
in water)
Bilharzias Worms from the
snails enter
through the skin
in infected water
Blood in stool
Pain in
stomach
Reduce contact with
infected snails
Control snails
4 Insect vector
related
Malaria
River
blindness
Mosquitoes
bites
Semolina worm
Fever
Aches
Blindness
Removal potential
larvae breeding sites
Use mosquito netting
Introduce fish in
ponds river water

.Diseases
• Diseases spread through water pollution
• Diseases spread this way include: Cholera
• typhoid fever
• e-coli infections
• PSA infections
• diphtheria
• enteric fever
• dengue
• Diseases also result from heavy metals
(mercury, lead, arsenic) and organic
contamination (benzene, phenol, PCB) of the
water

Effects of water pollution
• Because of polluted water the sea creatures die
and when the people who are non-vegetarian
eat them they get diseases.
• When we drink the bad water or bath with it we
get harmful diseases.
• Water pollution also affects the marine food
chain.
• Extincsion of species

Effects on health
• High blood pressure
• Sleep disturbance
• Color blindness
• Aquatic animals
Effect on human organs
• Cancer
• Kidney stone formation
• Organ Failure
• Nervous Damage
• Tooth Decay

Effects on health
• Skin Irritation
• Infection
• Birth Defects and Fertility Problems (Male and
Female)
• Susceptibility to H1N1 (Swine Flu)
• Diseases caused by the ingestion of water
contaminated with pathogenic bacteria, viruses,
or parasites include:
• cholera
• typhoid
• schistosomiasis
• dysentery and other diarrheal diseases

Disease from water pollution
• Water-associated infectious diseases claim up
to 3.2 million lives each year, approximately 6%
of all deaths globally.
• The burden of disease from inadequate water,
sanitation, and hygiene totals 1.8 million deaths
and the loss of greater than 75 million healthy
life years.

Disease from water pollution
• Disease: In developing nations, 80% of
diseases are water-related.
• Synthetic Organic Compounds
• Inorganic Compounds & Mineral Substances
such as Acids, etc.
• Radioactive substances
• Plant Nutrients
• Sediments
• Thermal Discharges

Effects of water pollution
• The food chain is damaged.
• Diseases can spread via polluted water.
• Acid rain.
• Pollutants in the water will alter the overall
chemistry of water.
• Marine food sources are contaminated.
• Altered water temperatures can kill marine life.

Water Quality

• Water quality is closely linked to water use and
to the state of economic development.
• In industrialized countries, bacterial
contamination of surface water caused serious
health problems in major cities throughout the
mid 1800?s.
• By the turn of the century, cities in Europe and
North America began building sewer networks
to route domestic wastes downstream of water
intakes

Water quality
• Scientists monitor water quality by using
bacterial counts, chemical analysis, and
indicator organisms.
• It is measuring the number of colonies of fecal
coliform bacteria present in a water sample.
• Drinking water should not contain any
colonies/100 milliliters,
• Chemical analysis includes checking inorganic
and organic chemicals present, sediment
content, and turbidity of water.
• Indicator species are living organisms that are
monitored to determine levels of pollution.

Water quality
• Improvement since 1970
• Surface waters no longer regarded as open
sewers
• More and better sewage treatment systems
• Less dumping of industrial waste
• Clean Water Act of 1972, 1977
• Make all surface waters “fishable and
swimmable”

Water quality
• Water Act, 1974
• ‘Water Use Map’ of the country was prepared
based on the ‘Designated Best Use’
• ‘Water Quality Map’ of India and ‘Water Use
Map’ of India will be super imposed, so as to
identify water bodies which are in need of
improvement (restoration)

Dissolved oxygen
• Only a few fish species can survive in water less
than 4ppm at 20°C.

# Parameters Inland
Surface
waters
On land
for
irrigation
Marine
disposal
1 pH (mg/L) 5.5 - 9.0 5.5 - 9.0 5.5 - 9.0
2 TSS (mg/L) 100 200 100
3 B.O.D (mg/L) 30 100 100
4 C.O.D (mg/L) 100 - 250
5 Hexavalent
Cr. (mg/L)
0.1 0.1 1.0
Disposal of Treated Effluents
• Indian Standards

Monitoring Water Quality
• Number of colonies of fecal coliform bacteria
• Bacterial source tracking (BST)
• Measure biological oxygen demand (BOD)
• Chemical analysis
• Indicator species
• Genetic development of indicator organisms

Drinking Water Quality
• Purification of urban drinking water
• Protection from terrorism
• Purification of rural drinking water
• Safe Drinking Water Act
• Maximum contaminant levels (MCLs)
• Bottled water

• Development of LEDC’s and NIC’s has lead to a
general decline in water quality
• Manufacturing chemical waste often untreated
and deposited into rivers only to be used further
downstream for irrigation, cleaning and drinking
water (R. Citarum West Java)
• 40% of world’s agriculture comes from irrigated
land – this has salinity issues

• Free of pollutants
• Tastes good
• Sodium Bicarbonate and Calcium Sulfate in
same concentrations as found in saliva10 oC
• As little chlorination as possible
• Calcium & magnesium account for most water
hardness, death rates (cardiovascular disease)
higher in areas soft water than in hard water
• Copper needed to absorb & metabolism iron,
but >1mg/liter makes water unpalatable
• Does taste correlate with presence of toxic
compounds?

Approach
• For maintaining quality of water in the river, it is
necessary to limit entry of pollutants into the
river both in quality and quantity.
• Treatment of effluent to the required degree
before disposal is needed.
• The industrial and domestic effluents may be
considered for reuse for Irrigation, Industries,
etc after necessary treatment.
• Recharging of ground water after treatment of
sewage should be considered.

A recap
• Water can be polluted naturally
• Water can be polluted by man
• Sewage in our water bodies
• Garbage dumps
• Washing and bathing
• Pesticides and fertilizers
• Industries

References
• www.wikipedia.org; www.google.com, www.slideshare.net
• Gannon; Osmond, , Humenik, Gale, Spooner, Agricultural Water Quality Water resource
• U.S.A. Environmental protection agency, washington, dc (usa)
• MacKenzie, SH The Ecosystem ISLAND PRESS, CA (USA), 1996, 240
• Water pollution and society ByDavid Krantz and Brad Kifferstein
• Water pollution, By Mahesh & Ram, By Shohail Motahir Choudhury, Prasen Raptan,Executive
Director,Jankalyana
• Living in the Environment, By G. Tyler Miller’s
• Authors Arnone Matteo,Belingheri Omar,Fasce Federico,Migliorino Lorenzo,Ernest Kyć,
• Michał Stolarski,Adam Chłąd,Kamil Tratkiewicz
• Water Pollution by Dr. B. Victor
• Refresher course on sewage treatment plant design by PAUL
• Trends and Scenarios in Agricultural Development by COLIN CHARTRES; International Water Management
Institute
• Diamond Energy Water. The close relationship between Water & Our Body. 19 April 2008
• <http://www.be-with-you.com/dew/WaterAndOurBody.html>.
• We Rise. Water Facts. Allabout_facts. 15 May 2008 <www.werise.us/allabout_facts.html>
• “Olympic Science: The Hydration Rate.” Popular Mechanics. August 2008. 68.
• Water Security: Leadership and Commitment by Shuichi Hirayama
• Environmental Pollutants By Dr.Rathnakar U.P.MD.DIH.PGDHM (K.M.C. Mangalore)
• Water Pollution By DiGiT
• Water Pollution & Cleanup By Andrew J Penniman
• Water Pollution by Home
• Air, Water and Soil pollution - By B.Tungalagtuya
• John Rodgers - Lecture 8: Water Pollution
• pppst.com
• kangenforall.com

33 part 2-earthsoft-water - pollution-issues

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