Marketing 2 Price And Place The Bizface On Line Mba

Dr. Stephanie J. Morgan Marketing Mix 2 - Price and Place Marketing Principles and Practice Download at www.bizface.co.uk

Objectives

Formulate a pricing strategy and discuss the issues involved.

Formulate a distribution strategy and explain the importance of channel management.

Pricing in the Marketing Mix

Only aspect of the mix that makes you money.

May be special issues with services due to calculating costs, making up on inseparability and perishability.

Price in services may aid customer evaluation more – perceived quality; may also be more important for segmenting and targeting clearly.

For non-profit organizations may still be some aspects you need to price, may help you understand your suppliers and how they price things to you, may help you understand your own value.

Cost-oriented Pricing Direct Costs (per unit) £2 Fixed Costs £200,000 Expected Sales 100,000 Costs per Unit Direct Costs £2 Fixed Costs (200K/100K) £2 Full Costs £4 Mark-up (10%) £0.4 Price (costs + mark-up) £4.4 Costs are taken into account only when they are directly attributable to the production of a particular product. Fixed costs or overheads are not included in the marginal cost. Marginal cost for the example: Fixed Costs £200,000 Expected Sales 100,000 Marginal Cost £2 Mark-up (10%) £0.2 Marginal Price £2.2 Full Cost Pricing Direct (Marginal) Cost Pricing 4 D Jobber, Principles and Practice of Marketing, © 2001 McGraw-Hill

Determining the break even point Losses Break even point Fixed costs Total revenue Total variable costs Total cost Profits Units of Production Money (£) 5 D Jobber, Principles and Practice of Marketing, © 2001 McGraw-Hill

Competitor-oriented Pricing Going-rate Pricing : With no product differentiation producers are forced to accept the going rate. In reality there is almost no situation in which no differentiation occurs. Competitive bidding : The supplier will price according to a specification drawn up by the purchaser. Usually the supplier will choose the lowest (most competitive) price tendered. Statistical modelling has resulted in the following basis for calculating expected profits. Expected profit = Profit X Probability of winning 6 D Jobber, Principles and Practice of Marketing, © 2001 McGraw-Hill

7 D Jobber, Principles and Practice of Marketing, © 2001 McGraw-Hill Marketing-orientated pricing Effect on distributors/ retailers Negotiating margins Costs Political factors Product line pricing Competition Price-quality relationships Explicability Marketing strategy Value to customer Marketing-oriented pricing

Characteristics of high price market segments

Product provides high value

Customers have high ability to pay

Customer and bill payer are different

Lack of competition

High pressure to buy

Conditions for charging low prices

Only feasible alternative

Market presence or domination

Experience curve effect

Make money later

Make money elsewhere

Barrier to entry

Predation

13 D Jobber, Principles and Practice of Marketing, © 2001 McGraw-Hill Pricing using EVC analysis (Industrial/Organizational Markets) Life-cycle cost Purchase price Start-up costs Post-purchase costs 200 000 200 000 40 000 Added value Reference product New product X New product Y 50 000 30 000 120 000 100 000 20 000 80 000 EVC = 90 000 120 000 30 000

14 D Jobber, Principles and Practice of Marketing, © 2001 McGraw-Hill Layers of competition Tertiary competitors Different products solving or eliminating the problem in a different way Different products solving the same problem in a different way Secondary competitors Immediate competitors Technically similar products

Tactics and Reacting to Competitive Price Moves

Circumstances to consider price raise (rising costs, higher perceived value, excess demand, decision to harvest)

Circumstances to consider price drop (high compared to customer value, falling costs e.g. from experience curve, competitive potential entry, decision for a build objective – but beware price wars)

Tactics – price jump/fall, staged pricing, escalator pricing – e.g. linked to inflation, price unbundling/bundling, raise/lower discounts, changing discount terms.

Reaction to Competitors? (e.g. follow drop if falling costs or excess supply, ignore if increase yet incompatible with image or with build objective etc. Consider quick or slow reaction best?

Using Market Oriented Pricing

Taking into account ten factors, can judge where to set price in a more informed manner than just cost or competition alone.

But – will depend on type of product – is more complex than alternatives.

Only a tool, is an art not a science, often based on guesswork, be aware of weaknesses.

Pricing is often dynamic, needs continual attention in some companies.

Pricing strongly linked to positioning and the rest of the marketing mix.

Ethical Issues in Pricing

Price fixing

Predatory pricing

Deceptive pricing

Price discrimination

Product dumping

‘Place’ in the Marketing Mix

Need products to be available in sufficient quantity, in convenient locations, at times when customers want to buy.

Need therefore to consider strategy for and needs of channel intermediaries.

In services, less likely to be concerned with stock and transport, more concerned with location, process and people, in some markets use of Agents or Franchises.

How a channel intermediary increases distribution efficiency 3 D Jobber, Principles and Practice of Marketing, © 2001 McGraw-Hill Direct distribution P = Producer C = Customer Number of Contacts = Number of Producers X Number of Customers P P P C C C 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

How a channel intermediary increases distribution efficiency 4 D Jobber, Principles and Practice of Marketing, © 2001 McGraw-Hill Distribution using a channel intermediary P = Producer C = Customer I = Channel intermediary Number of Contacts = Number of Producers + Number of Customers P P P C C C I 1 2 3

Distribution channels for consumer goods 5 D Jobber, Principles and Practice of Marketing, © 2001 McGraw-Hill Wholesaler Retailer Consumer Agent Producer Wholesaler Retailer Consumer Producer Retailer Consumer Producer Consumer Producer

Impact of Internet on Distribution

Direct to customer, e.g. Amazon, ToysRUs

Alternatives, e.g. Tesco Direct, Acado.com

Digital Download of software

Consider issues of delivery, stock etc.

Consumer price checking made easy?

Distribution channels for industrial goods 7 D Jobber, Principles and Practice of Marketing, © 2001 McGraw-Hill Producer Producer Producer Producer Industrial Consumer Industrial Consumer Industrial Consumer Industrial Consumer Distributor Agent Distributor Agent

Distribution channels for services 8 D Jobber, Principles and Practice of Marketing, © 2001 McGraw-Hill Service provider Agent Consumer or industrial customer Service provider Consumer or industrial customer

Channel strategy 9 D Jobber, Principles and Practice of Marketing, © 2001 McGraw-Hill Market Factors Producer, product and Competitive factors. Intensive Selective Exclusive Conventional Franchise, Vertical/ownership Channel strategy Distribution intensity Channel selection Channel integration

Components of the physical distribution system 12 D Jobber, Principles and Practice of Marketing, © 2001 McGraw-Hill Physical distribution system Warehousing Materials handling Transportation Inventory control Order processing Customer service

Inventory control Lead Time Inventory level Inventory Maximum Inventory Order point Safety stock level Time Order placed Order received 13 D Jobber, Principles and Practice of Marketing, © 2001 McGraw-Hill

Determining the economic order quantity Order processing cost Cost per unit Order quantity Economic order quantity 14 D Jobber, Principles and Practice of Marketing, © 2001 McGraw-Hill Inventory cost Total costs

Channel management 11 Acceptance? Financial sup. Exclusivity Relations Internal Competencies? Retain? Develop? Power Rels. Partnership, Positioning Performance Channel management Managing conflict Motivation Selection Evaluation Training

Ethical Issues in Managing Channels

Poor support

Slotting Allowances (rent)

Restricting Supply

Exclusive Dealing

Uneven pricing

Favouritism

Over-promising

Ignoring grey-markets

Objectives

Formulate a pricing strategy and discuss the issues involved.

Formulate a distribution strategy and explain the importance of channel management

Case Study – Cafe Direct

Objectives:

Use a relationship map to determine priority relationships.

Discuss strategies for developing relationships in situations similar to the case study.

Explain the links between product features, distribution and pricing.

Cafe Direct – Relationship Networks

Draw a relationship map, marking priorities.

How should café direct develop relationships further to build on the initial success?

What does the case study tell us about the links between pricing and distribution?

What factors external to café direct influenced sales?

Context is Important

BACKGROUND

café direct is a unique brand. It has achieved widespread success although it operates within a highly competitive market. The organisation has little experience of marketing. It operates without economies of scale, using limited marketing and business development funds and has high raw material costs.

THE MAIN RELATIONSHIPS IN THE CAFEDIRECT NETWORK

Twin trading equal-exchange forms the axis of the value creation process. Both act as boundary management in the key external relationships.

PRIORITY RELATIONSHIPS FOR CAFEDIRECT:

Supermarket relationships are critical since new relationships will further build distribution and widen availability to consumers whilst closer relationships with existing stockists could lead to own label possibilities.

Pricing and Distribution