This is a continuous theme of invasion after invasion. There are intermittent periods when actual Egyptians are in control but mostly it is about occupation. If covers the occupation of Canaan and battles talked about in the Bible. The lecture describes conditions in Egypt under Persian rule.

1. Joe Boisvert
Adjunct Professor – Gulf Coast
State College - Encore

2. How do the Egyptian
people live?
Some people live in
villages of mud-brick
houses and work as
farmers.
Others live in cities
in apartments in
buildings of
steel, stone and glass
Some live on
farms, where they
grow
barley, beans, fruit, c
otton and lentils.
Rice and sugar cane
are grown too. Farm
animals include
buffaloes, cattle, goat
s and sheep.
Many people earn
their living catching

3.  Egyptian Religion
Egyptian History  Isis
 Periods of Egyptian History  Horus
 Osiris
 Stone Age  Anubis
 Old Kingdom
 Amon
 First Intermediate Period
 Middle Kingdom  Bes
 Second Intermediate  Mut
Period  Ra
 New Kingdom
 Set
 Third Intermediate Period
 Persian Egypt  Thoth
 Ptolemaic Egypt  Mummies
 Cleopatra  Canopic Jars
 Roman Egypt  Weighing of Souls
 Islamic Egypt
 African Religion

4. Abu Simbel Temple of Ramses II

5. Third Intermediate Period
 After the death of the last Ramses in 1085 BC, Egypt
fell apart. We don't know exactly why, but there may
have been a serious drought.
Ramses III
defeating
the Sea
Peoples

6. Where is Egypt?
Egypt is in northern
Africa. The
Mediterranean Sea
forms one of its
borders. The Red
Sea, Libya and
Sudan are on other
borders.
How many people
live there?
There are about 69
million people in
Egypt. The main
language is Arabic.
The main religion is
Islam, and there are
some Christians.

7. Third Intermediate Period
 Egypt lost its control over Israel and Lebanon (this is the
story of Moses) and was again ruled by different kings in
the north and the south.
 Nubia got back its independence altogether, and had its
own kings, and so did the Egyptian territories in Israel
and Syria (this is the time of King David and King
Solomon in the Bible).
 The north became richer than the south, and cities
developed for the first time.
 But Egypt was weaker than usual, and the Libyans
invaded several times, and ruled the north for a while.
In the south, at Thebes, the priests of Amun continued
to be very powerful

8. Israel King David
Bible contends that King
Solomon held a fortune
that dwarfed any and
every person that lived
before him.

9. Egypt Defeated the “Sea People”
 The Hittite and Mycenaean cultures
collapsed at the same time, and various
people from that area invaded
Egypt, where they were called the Sea
Peoples - the Philistines, the
Lycians, and the Achaeans, among
others (possibly the Trojans). Egypt
beat these Sea Peoples off, but Egypt
collapsed soon afterward anyway.

10. From the Bible
 In that day there will be a highway from
Egypt to Assyria. The Assyrians will go
to Egypt and the Egyptians to Assyria.
The Egyptians and Assyrians will
worship together. 24 In that day Israel
will be the third, along with Egypt and
Assyria, a blessing on the earth. 25 The
LORD Almighty will bless
them, saying, “Blessed be Egypt my
people, Assyria my handiwork, and
Israel my inheritance (Isaiah 19: 23-25)

11. Bible Gateway they shall speak the
language of Canaan-
Isaiah 19:23-25
Language of Canaan-
New International Version
 Still God has mercy in  Five cities in Egypt shall
store for Egypt, and he will speak this language; so
show it, not so much by many Jews shall come to
reviving their trade and reside in Egypt, and they
replenishing their river shall so multiply
again as by bringing the there, that they shall soon
true religion among replenish five cities, one of
them, calling them to, and which shall be the city of
accepting them in, the Heres, or of the
worship of the one only sun, Heliopolis, where the
living and true God; sun was worshipped

12. Egypt was a Battle Ground
 Egypt was the battleground between Nubia
and Assyria. A brutal Assyrian invasion in
663 B.C. finally ended Nubian control of the
country. The last pharaoh of Dynasty
25, Tanutamani (664–653 B.C.), retreated to
Napata. There, in relative isolation, he and
his descendants continued to rule
Nubia, eventually becoming the Meroitic
civilization, which flourished in Nubia until
the fourth century

13. Assyrians Occupation Moderate
 In order to consolidate their hold over
Egypt, the Assyrians were moderate in the
implementation of the occupation
compared to their policies in other
provinces, respecting local traditions as far
as possible. They showed special interest for
Egyptian experts, such as
physicians, artisans and military specialists
who were often deported to Assyria. The
acquisition of horses was of major
importance

15. Fall of Assyria
 After the fall of Assyria in 612 B.C., the major
foreign threat to Egypt came from the
Babylonians. Although Babylonia had
invaded Egypt in 568 B.C. during a brief
civil war, both countries formed a mutual
alliance in 547 B.C. against the rising threat
of a third power, the Persian empire—but to
no avail. The Persians conquered Babylonia
in 539 B.C. and Egypt in 525 B.C., bringing
an end to the Saite dynasty and native
control of Egypt.

16. Formation of Persia
 The Scythians, the Medes and the
Persians were nomadic people. They
travelled around Central Asia with their
horses and their cattle, and grazed the
cattle and the horses on the great fields
of grass there. Usually they lived well
enough this way.
 They eventually settled in Modern Day
Iran.

17. Last Rule by Native Egyptians
 The Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt (also
written Dynasty XXVI or Dynasty 26) was
the last native dynasty to rule Egypt before
the Persian conquest in 525 BC (although
others followed). The Dynasty's reign (c.
685-525 BC) is also called the Saite Period
after the city of Sais, where its pharaohs had
their capital, and marks the beginning of
the Late Period of ancient Egypt.

18. Persian Period, or Dynasty 27
(525–404 B.C.)
 Egypt's new Persian overlords adopted the
traditional title of Pharaoh, but unlike the
Libyans and Nubians
 They ruled as foreigners rather than
Egyptians. For the first time in its 2,500-year
history as a nation,
 Egypt was no longer independent. Though
recognized as an Egyptian dynasty, Dynasty
27, the Persians ruled through a resident
governor, called a satrap, helped by local
native chiefs

19. The Conquest of Egypt
 The most important According to
event during legend,
Cambyses‘ (Persian) Pythagoras left his
reign was the country and
conquest of Egypt. studied with the
 Human suffering wise men of
must have been Egypt, but was
immense. taken captive when
Probably, every the Persian king
soldier in the Cambyses invaded Pythagoras
Persian army was the country of the
rewarded with an Nile (525).
Egyptian slave ??

20. Persian Expansion

21. Persian Domination
 Persian domination actually benefited Egypt
under Darius I (521–486 B.C.), who built temples
and public works, reformed the legal system, and
strengthened the economy.
 The military defeat of Persia by the Greeks at
Marathon in 490 B.C., however, inspired
resistance in Egypt; and for nearly a century
thereafter
 Persian control was challenged by a series of local
Egyptian kings, primarily in the Delta.

22. Persian King Darius

23. Greek victory at Marathon Over
Persians
 The Persians ruled Egypt from 525
BC, successfully fighting off the Libyans. After the
Greek victory at Marathon in 490 BC, the
Egyptians revolted (in 484 and again in 460 BC)
with the help of the Athenians, but
unsuccessfully.
 In 404 BC Egypt succeeded in becoming
independent, thanks to Persian weakness, and
established Dynasties 28, 29 and 30. Dynasty 28
was very short (only one Pharaoh!).

24. Late Period of Ancient Egypt
 The Late Period of Ancient Egypt
refers to the last flowering of native
Egyptian rulers after the Third
Intermediate Period from the 26th
Saite Dynasty into Persian conquests
and ended with the conquest by
Alexander the Great. It ran from 664
BC until 332 BC.

25. Near East - Persians
 A vague name used to describe the countries to
the northeast of the Egyptian border. This area
includes the Levant and land directly to the east
of it. The Levant is the name used to describe
an area of the Middle East covering the modern
states of: Israel, Jordan, Lebanon and Syria.
 The Persians came from the Near East. They
conquered Egypt in 525 B.C. and controlled the
country until 332 B.C..

26. Greeks Involved
 In Dynasty 29, the Egyptians made an
alliance with Sparta where Sparta would
help Egypt against the Persians in exchange
for a lot of wheat, but unfortunately the
Persians captured the Egyptian wheat ships
on their way to Sparta, so that didn't work
out very well. (The Egyptians were dealing
with the Spartans now instead of the
Athenians because Athens was weaker after
the Peloponnesian War).

27. Rivals Persia vs. Egypt

28. Pharaohs of Dynasty 30
 The Pharaohs of Dynasty 30 tried to re-
establish Egypt as an independent country.
They fought off Persian invasions. One
time, the Persians had to go home because
the Nile flooded when they were trying to
invade. Like the other Pharaohs, they made
alliances with Sparta and Athens and other
Greek cities to try to keep off the Persians.
Some of them even tried to put the New
Kingdom back together by invading Syria.

29. The End of Class Four
 Persia in Ancient times:
 Iran (Persia) has always remained a major power in the
region, with its populations dating back as far as 4,000 BCE.
Despite invasions and occupations by the Greeks, Arabs, Turks
and Mongols, the nation has always asserted its national
identity and political heritage.[1]
 Since the sixth millennium BCE, many dynasties have ruled
the nation of Iran – known historically as Persia.
 The Achaeminids (559-330 BCE), founded by Cyrus the
Great and led by King Xerxes (486-465 BCE), who possibly
was King Ahashverosh from the Purim story
 The Greeks (330-250 BCE), led by Alexander the Great
 The Parthians (250 BCE-226 CE)
 Sassanids (226 – 651)