This document summarizes key aspects of human anatomy and physiology related to hematology. It discusses the composition and functions of blood, the formation of blood cells through hematopoiesis in the bone marrow, and the roles of the three main types of blood cells - red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. It also describes the blood clotting process and fibrinolysis that helps control bleeding and maintain blood flow.

1. ANATOMI FISIOLOGI MANUSIAHEMATOLOGI Oleh: NADIA FARHANAH SYAFHAN M.Si, Apt

3. Blood separates into two main parts: plasma and formed elements. Plasma accounts for 55% and formed elements 45% of blood volume. Plasma contains mostly water (90–92%) and plasma proteins (7–8%), but it also contains nutrients and wastes. BLOOD

4. BLOOD 8% total body weight  5 L pada wanita dan 5,5 L pada pria 3 Tipe elemen sel : eritrosit, leukosit, platelet Albumin is a large plasma protein that transports bilirubin; globulins are plasma proteins that transport lipoproteins.

5. Composition of blood

8. Blood constituents and its functions

9. Blood constituents and its functions

10. HEMOPOESIS Hemopoesis atau hematopoesis ialah proses pembentukan darah. Pranatal di hati dan limpa Pascanatal  terbatas di sumsum tulang Untuk kelangsungan hemopoesis diperlukan sel induk hemopoetik (hematopoetic stem cell). A stem cell is capable of dividing into new cells that differentiate into particular cell types.

11. HEMOPOESIS Sel induk yang paling primitif disebut sebagai pluripotent stem cell. Sel induk pluripotent mempunyai sifat (Bakta IM, 2006): self renewal: kemampuan memperbarui diri sendiri sehingga tidak akan pernah habis meskipun terus membelah; proliferatif: kemampuan membelah atau memperbanyak diri; diferensiatif: kemampuan untuk mematangkan diri menjadi sel-sel dengan fungsi tertentu.

12. HEMOPOESIS Sel induk  sel progenitor yang semakin terspesialisasi  sel matur perifer : - sel darah merah, - granulosit, - monosit, - trombosit dan limfosit (Mehta AB dan Hoffbrand V, 2006)

13. Blood cell formation in red bone marrow

14. Hemopoesis

16. The Red Blood Cells Normally there are 4 to 6 million RBCs per mm3 of whole blood. Red blood cells contain the pigment hemoglobin for oxygen transport; hemogobin contains heme, a complex iron-containing group that transports oxygen in the blood.

19. Physiology of red blood cells

24. Red blood cells(erythrocytes or RBCs) are made in the red bone marrow of the skull, ribs, vertebrae, and the ends of long bones. The kidneys produce the hormone erythropoietin to increase blood cell production when oxygen levels are low. The Red Blood Cells

25. (4). Epo is in bone marrow, surrounded by millions of cells including stem cells Epo enters bone marrow through blood vessel

27. The Red Blood Cells The air pollutant carbon monoxide combines more readily with hemoglobin than does oxygen, resulting in oxygen deprivation and possible death. Red blood cells lack a nucleus and have a 120 day life span.

29. When worn out, the red blood cells are dismantled in the liver and spleen. Iron is reused by the red bone marrow where stem cells continually produce more red blood cells; the remainder of the heme portion undergoes chemical degradation and is excreted as bile pigments into the bile. Lack of enough hemoglobin results in anemia. The Red Blood Cells

32. The White Blood Cells White blood cells (leukocytes) have nucleiand defend against disease. Leukocytes are divided into granular andagranular based on appearance. Granular leukocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils) contain enzymes and proteins that defend the body against microbes. The agranular leukocytes (monocytes and lymphocytes) have a spherical or kidney-shaped nucleus.

33. White Blood Cellular Elements

34. Monocytes can differentiate into macrophages that phagocytize microbes and stimulate other cells to defend the body. Lymphocytes are involved in immunity. An excessive number of white blood cells may indicate an infection or leukemia; HIV infection drastically reduces the number of lymphocytes. The White Blood Cells

36. Memproses dan menyajikan antigen ke sel limfoid (antigen presenting cell) yang bereaksi dengan sel T dalam kelenjar limfe, limpa, timus, sumsum tulang dan jaringan.

38. Macrophage engulfing bacteria

39. The Platelets and Blood Clotting Red bone marrow produces large cells called megakaryocytes that fragment into platelets at a rate of 200 billion per day.

40. Trombosit

41. HEMOSTASIS Tujuan: Mempertahankan darah tetap cair Berada di dalam pembuluh darah Membeku darah saat keluar pembuluh darah Koordinasi : Pembuluh darah Trombosit Faktor-faktor pembekuan Natural inhibitor (penghambat alamiah) Protein fibrinolitik

42. Hemostasis Hemostasis normal membutuhkan 3 tanggapan: Tanggapan normal pembuluh darah Pembentukan sumbat trombosit Pembentukan sumbat fibrin yang insoluble Selanjutnya, sistem fibrinolisis berperan : Mengontrol trombosis Mengontrol fibrinolisis & inflamasi Menghancurkan dan menyingkirkan kelebihan fibrin

43. Pembuluh darah Peran utama -> mencegah perdaraha  Vasokostriksi Endotel utuh -> trombosit & eritrosit terpisah sekresi zat yg mencegah pembekuan Trauma -> trombosit menggumpal -> proses pembekuan dimulai -> Disebut mekanisme hemostatik primer Mekanisme hemostatik sekunder -> mengontrol pembentukan bekuan fibrin. Mekanisme hemostatik primer dan sekunder berjalan simultan.

44. Trombosit Segera setelah jejas, trombosit menggumpal dan mencegah perdarahan lebih lanjut. Adesi Agregasi Membentuk fibrin Sekresi prokoagulan

52. TERIMA KASIH