6. Bangladesh… at a Glance
Name: People’s Republic of Bangladesh
Area: 147,570 sq. km.
Capital: Dhaka
Government System: Parliamentary
Population: 150 million
Currency: Taka (৳)
Main Export: Garments Product
Official Language: English
9. Modern Bangladesh
Bangladesh present 2nd position the
Garment Industries in the world
Parliament House * designed by
Louis I. Kahn
Jamuna Bridge * 11th
bridge in the whole world
longest
10. Honor…The Nobel Peace Prize 2006
Dr. Muhammad Yunus (Banker for the poor) and Grameen Bank
11. Objective
1. What we have learned about input-output
2.
3.
analysis
One example of the usefulness of inputoutput analysis
The possible ways to improve the inputoutput model
12. Input-Output Analysis
•Wassily Leontief
b. 1905
•Nobel Prize, 1973
x = (I-A)-1 y
…for the development of the input
output method and for its
application to important economic
problems.
Leontief passed away on Friday February 6th, 1999
Professor deals with this particular question: "What level of output should each of the n industries in an
economy produce, in order that it will just be sufficient to satisfy the total demand for that product?"
13. Examples of Interrelationships Between Sectors
Sectors
Sectors
Sectors
Sectors
Sectors
Sectors
purchase from other sectors
sell to other sectors
sell outside the local economy
buy outside the local economy
pay their employees
pay taxes
Input-Output analysis creates a picture of a
regional economy describing flows to and
from industries and institutions.
14. Overview of Community Economic System
Inputs
$
$
Products
Basic
Industry
Labor
$
$
Inputs
Goods &
Services
Households
$
$
Services
$
15. What Input-Output Analysis Can Do?
Input-Output Analysis is an accounting framework
(Physical or in Monetary terms)
Input-Output analysis can be used to predict changes
in overall economic activity as a result of some
change in the local economy
16. Uses of Input-Output Analysis
Provides a description of a local economy
Predictive model to estimate impacts
17. Input-Output Table
Producers listed on the left
Purchasers listed across the top
From the column point of view, these show each sector’s
inputs; from the row point of view the figures are each
sector’s outputs; hence the name input–output table. These
figures are the core of input–output analysis.
18. “competitive” and “noncompetitive”
Competitive imports are goods that have a
domestic counterpart (that is, are also produced
in the Bangladesh).
Non-competitive
counterpart.
imports
have
no
domestic
20. Input-Output Models
An input/output table quantifies the transactions
between sectors in an economy.
It’s a “snap-shot” of the economy for a one-year period.
By understanding these linkages, we are able to predict
how a change in one sector will affect the other sectors.
Multipliers can be estimated.
22. Input-Output Models
Three basic components of Input-Output
Models
Transactions Table
Direct Requirements Table
Total Requirements Table
23. Transactions Table
A transactions table shows the monetary flows of
goods and services in a local economy
Represents monetary flows for a given time period,
usually one year
24. Transactions Table Flows
Total outlays = Total output
Intermediate purchases are goods and services
purchased and used in the local production process
Final demands are purchases for final consumption
Final payments are payments for factors or inputs
outside intermediate production process
25. Direct Requirements Table
Direct requirements are the purchases of resources
(inputs) by a sector from all sectors to produce one
dollar of output
Creates a production recipe
26. The Transaction Table and Direct Reqs. Tables
The Transactions Table
(in thousands of units)
Intermediate Purchasers
--Agriculture --Manufacturing
Intermediate Suppliers
--Agriculture
--Manufacturing
Primary Suppliers
--Households
Total Purchases (inputs)
Final Purchasers
--Households
Total
Sales (outputs)
10
5
30
10
60
35
100
50
85
10
15
110
100
50
110
260
Direct Requirements Table
(in thousands of units)
Purchasers
--Agriculture --Manufacturing
Intermediate Suppliers
--Agriculture
--Manufacturing
Primary Suppliers
--Households
Total Purchases (inputs)
0.10
0.05
0.60
0.20
0.85
0.20
1.00
1.00
Every unit of output
requires inputs of a certain
amount from other areas
of the economy.
27. The First Round of Economic Impacts
Direct Requirements Table
(in thousands of units)
Intermediate Purchasers
--Agriculture
--Manu
Intermediate Suppliers
--Agriculture
0.10
0.60
--Manufacturing
0.05
0.20
Primary Suppliers
--Households
0.85
0.20
Total Purchases (inputs)
1.00
1.00
Total Requirements Calculation (First Round)
(in thousands of units)
Sales to
Sales as Direct Inputs
Final Purch.
To Agr
To Manu Total
By Agriculture
200
20
60
80
By Manufacturing
100
10
20
30
By Households
0
170
20
190
Total indirect rounds
By All Supliers
300
300
To
Rd. 2
28. The Second-Fourth Rounds of Econ. Impacts
Total Requirements Calculation (Second Round)
(in thousands of units)
Sales to
Sales as Direct Inputs
Final Purch. To Agr
To Manu Total
By Agriculture
80
8.0
18.0
26.0
By Manufacturing
30
4.0
6.0
10.0
By Households
0
68.0
6.0
74.0
Total indirect rounds
110.0
Total Requirements Calculation (Third Round)
(in thousands of units)
Sales to
Sales as Direct Inputs
Final Purch. To Agr
To Manu Total
By Agriculture
26
2.6
6.0
8.6
By Manufacturing
10
1.3
2.0
3.3
By Households
0
22.1
2.0
24.1
Total indirect rounds
36.0
Total Requirements Calculation (Fourth Round)
(in thousands of units)
Sales to
Sales as Direct Inputs
Final Purch. To Agr
To Manu Total
By Agriculture
8.6
0.9
2.0
2.8
By Manufacturing
3.3
0.4
0.7
1.1
By Households
0
7.3
0.7
8.0
Total indirect rounds
11.9
and so on
until the mult.
effect ends
29. The Total Requirements Results
Total Direct and Indirect Requirements Calculation
(in thousands of units)
Sales to Final
Total
Total
Purchasers
Direct Sales
Indirect Sales
Agriculture
200.0
80.0
38.7
Manufacturing
100.0
30.0
14.9
Households
-190.0
109.6
Total
300.0
300.0
163.1
Total
Sales
318.7
144.9
299.6
763.1
When:
1) there are “Final Sales” of Agriculture = 200 and “Final Sales” of
Manufacturing = 100
2) we see a Total Economic Impact = 763.1, with that impact broken down
as:
1) 300.0 in Initial Sales to Final Purchasers
2) 300.0 in Total Direct Sales
3) 163.1 in Total Indirect Sales
The 300 units in Final Sales generate an additional 463.1 units of
economic activity. This illustrates the multiplier effect captured by IO
models.
30. The Total Requirements Table
Total Requirements Table
Requires Total Sales by
Agriculture
Manufacturing
Households
Total
Every Unit in Final Demand of…
Agriculture
Manufacturing
1.15
0.86
0.07
1.29
1.00
1.00
2.22
3.15
For Agriculture
1.00 Sales to Final Purchasers
1.00 Sales by Primary Suppliers
0.22 Interindustry transactions
Similar to our Base Multiplier in Econ Base Theory
A 1.0 unit increase in demand for agriculture leads to
a total of 2.22 of sales.
For Manufacturing
1.00 Sales to Final Purchasers
1.00 Sales by Primary Suppliers
1.15 Interindustry transactions
Similar to our Base Multiplier in Econ Base Theory
A 1.0 unit increase in demand for manufacturing leads to
a total of 3.15 of sales.
31. Example Transactions Table
Purchasing Sectors ($ million)
Agriculture Health
Selling Sectors
($ million)
Agriculture
Services Final
Total
Demands Output
10
6
2
18
36
Health
4
4
3
26
37
Services
6
2
1
35
44
Final
Payments
16
25
38
0
79
Total Input
36
37
44
79
196
32. Predictive Use of Input-Output Analysis
Impacts are tracked throughout the economy
The multipliers are derived from regional economic
accounts
Only local transactions are used to create the
multiplier effect
33. Direct Requirements Table
Purchasing Sectors
Agriculture
Health
Services
Selling Sectors
Agriculture
0.278
0.162
0.045
Health
0.111
0.108
0.068
Services
0.167
0.054
0.023
Final Payments
0.444
0.676
0.864
Total
1.000
1.000
1.000
34. Total Requirements Table
Purchasing Sectors ($ million)
AgricultureHealth
Services
Selling Sectors
($ million)
Agriculture
1.446
0.268
0.085
Health
0.199
1.163
0.090
Services
0.258
0.110
1.043
Total
1.903
1.541
1.218
35. What are Multipliers?
Multipliers measure total change throughout the
economy from one unit change for a given sector.
Three Types of Multipliers are calculated from Model
1. Output
2. Employment
3. Income
36. Three levels of Multipliers
Type I Multipliers
Type II Multipliers
Type III Multipliers
37. Type I Multipliers
Include direct or initial spending
Include indirect spending or businesses buying and
selling to each other
The multiplier is direct plus indirect effect divided by
direct effect
38. Type II Multipliers
Includes Type I Multiplier effects
Plus household spending based on the income earned
from the direct and indirect effects – the induced
effects
39. TYPE III MULTIPLIERS
Type III Multipliers are modified Type II multipliers.
Therefore, Type III Multipliers also include the direct,
indirect, and induced effects.
Type III Multipliers adjust Type II Multipliers based on
spending patterns amongst different income groups.
40. Caution When Using Multipliers
Multiplier values include direct effects
Do not aggregate sector multipliers to derive an
aggregate multiplier
Be cautious of large multipliers
Be cautious in using a multiplier from another study
area
41. The Economic Base Theoretical Model
The EB model assumes that the basic sector is the
primary cause of local economic growth; that is, it is the
economic
base
of
the
local
economy.
Non-Local $$$’s
Basic Sector
Employment
Local
$$$’s
Non-Basic Sector
Employment
The Local Economy
42. How can we use I-O Model?
Example: The effect of fuel tax on Bangladesh economy.
Fuel tax
Demand system
Weight
Income (GDP)
Final demand
I-O Model
Output
Emissions
EIO Model
GDP
43. Basic Input-Output Problem
The main problem of input-output analysis is the following:
Consider an economy with several industries. Each
industry has a demand for products from other
instructress (internal demand). Because each industry has
homogenous, and only one, production function. There are
also external demands from the outside. Find a production
level for the industries that will meet both internal and
external demands.
44. Example to show the usefulness of input-output analysis
IO tables serve primarily statistical purposes and provide an
integrated framework for checking consistency and completeness of
national accounts data.
IO tables provide the main macroeconomic aggregates such as GDP,
components of value added and output by industry, import, final
consumption, gross capital formation and export.
IO table describes the supply of goods and services, which are either
produced in the domestic industry or imported.
47. Input-Output
A product by product input-output gtable shows how
much of each product is being used as input for the
production of another product. Similarly, it also shows
how much of each product is consumed by different
user categories (production, households, government,
non-profit institutions serving households, investment
and foreign trade)