PREHISTORY OF AZORES (3600-1200 BC)

PREHISTORY OF THE AZORES
(North Atlantic Ocean, c.3600-1200 BC)
Dr. R.M. de Jonge ©, drsrmdejonge@hotmail.com
May, 2014
Summary
The Azores were discovered c.3600 BC (+/- 50 years). King Sahure of the Fifth Dynasty dis-
covered the sailing route from Newfoundland (c.2500 BC), and the later King Unas from Ber-
muda to the Azores (c.2380 BC). – Recently, ancient remains have been found on the islands
of Terciera, the “Triangle” and Corvo. It turns out these particular islands tell the complete
story of the discovery of America (c.2570 BC). – The Phaistos Disc of Crete gives a complete
description of the metal trade from America via the Azores to the Old World (c.2500-1458
BC). This information was used to calculate the number of ships and people visiting the Azo-
res, and to estimate the population on this archipelago (c.2500-1200 BC). At least 30 thousand
ships and 2.5 million people visited the Azores before 1200 BC. It appears its population in-
creased from at least 2,000 to 5,000 in 1458 BC, but stabilized after this date.
Introduction: early discovery
In the last two decades our knowledge about the prehistory of the Azores increased considera-
bly. Study of the Megalithic Culture of West Europe revealed the early discovery of all the is-
lands in the Atlantic. The islands of Madeira were discovered c.4200 BC. Six centuries later
sailors from Madeira discovered the nine islands of the Azores, c.3600 BC. We believe this
date is accurate within a margin of half a century, or 50 years.
The consequenses of this study are enormous. It means that all ancient remains which will be
found on the islands of this archipelago, will date from after c.3600 BC. Before this date the
islands were never visited by men. Both flora and fauna on the isolated islands developed in-
dependently, but were slowly influenced by visitors from abroad after c.3600 BC. For three
centuries, or 300 years, the Azores were the westernmost islands of the then known world
(c.3600-3300 BC).
The East Coast of Greenland was discovered c.3300 BC. Cape Farvel, the south cape of
Greenland, at 60°N, was reached half a century later, c.3250 BC. Afterwards the SW Cape, at
61°N, and the West Coast, at 62°N, were reached. However, the megalith builders gave up
crossing Davis Strait, c.3200 BC. – The Cape Verde Islands off shore West Africa were dis-
covered already c.4600 BC. So, after c.3300 BC the Cape Verde Islands, the Azores and
Greenland were the three westernmost islands of the then known world (seven centuries,
c.3300-2600 BC). (Refs.2-11)
The fifth King Menkaure (Mycerinos, c.2580-2562 BC) of the Fourth Dynasty of Egypt disco-
vered America via the Bering Sea. It was a substantial change in the situation of the Azores. It
meant the size of the Atlantic Ocean was known after this event in the Fourth Dynasty.
The second King Sahure (c.2510-2498 BC) of the Fifth Dynasty discovered the Return Route,
with the wind and the current, from Newfoundland to the Azores. The Return Route via the
island of Bermuda to the Azores was discovered by the ninth and last king Unas (c.2403-2370

BC) of this dynasty. So, the situation of the Azores changed dramatically during two centuries
(c.2600-2400 BC), but was finally completely known after c.2400 BC. (Refs.12-17)
Fig.1 Map of the Azores in the middle of the Ocean.
Geography
In antiquity geography was much more important than nowadays. The Azores consist of three
island groups: the East, Central and West Azores (Fig.1). The sailing distances between these
groups were much longer than within each group. The East Azores consist of two islands:
Santa Maria in the south, and São Miguel. The Central Azores contain five islands, and the
West Azores also consist of two islands, Flores, and Corvo in the north.
The East Azores could be reached by sailing from Madeira to Sta Maria, a sailing distance of
8 moiras, or 8° (1 Egyptian moira= 1°= 111 km). The Central Azores were reached from São
Miguel to Terceira, a sailing distance of only 1.5 moiras, or 1.5°. Finally, the West Azores
were reached from Faial to Flores, a sailing distance of 2.3 moiras, or 2.3°.
In antiquity each island group had a main island, which was more important that the others.
Sta Maria was the main island of the East Azores, because the whole archipelago could be
reached via this island. Pico was the main island of the Central Azores (as well as the whole
archipelago), because it had the highest mountain with a height of 2,350 meter (or 2 centi-
moiras). It was also the largest island of this group. Flores was the main island of the West A-
zores, because it was the largest, westernmost island of this group.
This view resulted in a simple, but important conclusion: the East Azores were located at
37°N, the Central Azores (and the whole archipelago) were situated at 37+1= 38°N, and the
West Azores were located at 37+2= 39°N. It is clear this was a simplification of reality (com-
pare Fig.1)! – Latitudes were already known c.4800 BC, as shown in the monument of Bar-
nénez, Brittany, France. (Refs.2-4)
From the start of the Fifth Dynasty (c.2500 BC) people returned from North America via Ca-
pe Race, the SE Cape of Newfoundland to the West Azores, a sailing distance of about 2 Moi-

ras, or 20°. From the end of this dynasty (c.2400 BC) people also returned via the island of
Bermuda to the West Azores, a sailing distance of 3 Moiras, or 30°. (1 Moira= 10 moiras) -
From this time period on people sometimes sailed from São Miguel (East Azores) directly to
the west coast of Iberia, a sailing distance of 12 to 13 moiras. (Refs.12-27)
The shortest sailing direction from Sta Maria (East Azores) to Flores (West Azores) equals
25° WNW, and the shortest sailing distance is 6 moiras, or 6° (Fig.1). The 2+5+2= 9 islands
of the Azores are located on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. In antiquity people realized the existence
of this feature on the bottom of the Ocean, as shown on many petroglyphs! (Refs.2-4) - The
surface areas of the islands range from São Miguel (759 km2
) in the east, to the smaller islets
of Graciosa (62 km2
) and Corvo (17 km2
) in the west, but it appears this was not a major issue
in the past.
All islands are volcanic, but the sequence of island formation was different. The eldest is-
lands of Sta Maria (8.12 Ma) and São Miguel (4.1 Ma) are in the east, and the youngest is-
lands of Pico (0.27 Ma) and Corvo (0.7 Ma) are in the west (1 Ma= 1 million years ago). The
(present) annual rainfall increases from east to west, ranging on the average from 700 to 1600
millimeters. It contributes to a slightly different climate.
Terciera Island
In 2011 the existence of many ancient remains on the Azores was announced by the Portugu-
ese archaeologist N. Ribiero. In 2012 Mrs. A. Costa wrote a survey article with the title “Ter-
ciera Island as a megalithic station”. She describes four areas on this tiny island, including the
now officially classified archaeological site of “Grota do Medo” (Mound of Stones).
The ancient structures include hypogea (sanctuaries, artificial caves, cisterns), dolmens with a
‘basin’ on top, vertical (holed) slabs, stone chairs, rows of regular slits in recumbent rocks,
(long) avenues, many stone walls, cupmarks, worn petroglyphs, and cart-ruts in the bedrock. –
It is obvious in antiquity the island of Terciera received a very high status. (Refs.1,28-32)
Discovery of America: King Menkaure
Terceira is the easternmost island of the Central Azores (Fig.1). The four western islands refer
to the 40th latitude line, which runs from coast to coast across the continent of North Ameri-
ca. It encodes the Egyptian discovery of this continent in the Fourth Dynasty.
It was accomplished by the fifth King Menkaure (Mycerinos, c.2580-2562 BC) via the south-
ern Aleutian islands, at the south side of the Bering Sea, at the complementary latitude of 90-
40= 50°N. In antiquity the use of complementary latitudes was very common. In North Ame-
rica the 40th latitude line extends over 50° of longitude, confirming it. Longitudes were used
from the beginning of the First Dynasty (c.3100 BC).
Terciera is located at 39°N. Its complementary latitude encodes the exact situation of the sou-
thern Aleutian islands, 1° higher, at 90-39= 50+1= 51°N. It is the fifth island of the Central A-
zores, confirming the fifth King.
The holy Arctic Circle, at 67°N, is the northernmost line the Sun still shines at midwinter day
(Sun religion). King Menkaure was the substitute of the SunGod Ra. So, he returned via the
Bering Strait, 1° below it, at 67-1= 66°N. He also discovered this important crossing, 66-51=
15° above the southern Aleutian islands. (Refs.13,17,21-23)

Atlantic Crossings:
King Sahure
The southern Cape Verde islands, off shore West Africa, are located at 15°N (see above). The
Nile Delta, at 30°N, corresponds to the sailing direction of the Southern Crossing of the At-
lantic, with the wind and the current, 30° SSW.
The 50th latitude line, just mentioned, encodes the point of arrival, Cape São Roque (the Holy
Rock), Brazil, at 5°S, as well as the discovery of this crossing in the Fifth Dynasty. The two
islands of the East Azores (Fig.1) refer to the sailing distance of 2 Moiras, or 20°, as well as
the second King Sahure (c.2510-2498 BC) of this dynasty, who accomplished it.
The King had to return. The four western islands of the Central Azores (Fig.1) refer to Cape
Race, the SE Cape of Newfoundland and North America, 4° below the southern Aleutian is-
lands, at 51-4= 47°N. The second King Sahure sailed with an initial sailing direction of 20°
ESE over 2 Moiras, or 20°, with the wind and the current, to the two islands of the West Azo-
res, at 39°N. The five islands of the Central Azores confirm it happened in the Fifth Dynasty.
The main island of Pico is located at 38°N. Its complementary latitude of 90-38= 52°N con-
firms the second King Sahure of the Fifth Dynasty (50+2). Pico is located 50-38= 12° below
the 50th latitude line, confirming his 12 years of reign. So, the second King Sahure discovered
the two southern crossings of the Ocean.
King Neferirkare
The Nile Delta is located at 30°N. The Northern Crossing of the Ocean proceeds from the
Shetland Islands, via the south cape of Greenland, to Cape Chidley, Canada, all three situated
at the complementary latitude of 90-30= 60°N. It was discovered by the third King Neferir-
kare (c.2498-2478 BC).
Counted from the east Terciera is the third island of the Azores, confirming it. The name of
“Terceira” means “Third Island”, confirming it, again. So, the third, northern crossing was
discovered by the third King. The two islands of the East Azores confirm his 20 years of
reign.
King Unas
Abaco Island, Northern Bahama’s, is located 3° below the Nile and Mississippi Delta’s, at 30-
3= 27°N. The second King Sahure reigned for 12 years. So, the sailing distance to the island
of Bermuda, at 30+2= 32°N, was 12 moiras, or 12°. - The holy Tropic of Cancer is located at
23°N. On midsummer day the slow northerly movement of the Sun turns into a southerly mo-
vement. So, people believe in the Egyptian SunGod Ra.
Bermuda is located 9° above the Tropic of Cancer, at 23+9= 32°N. So, the ninth and last King
Unas (c.2403-2370 BC) discovered the Return Route, with the wind and the current, via Ber-
muda to the nine islands of the Azores. The three island groups of this archipelago encode the
long sailing distance of 3 Moiras, or 30°. The third island of “Terceira” confirms it.
Terceira is the fifth island of the Central Azores, which shows it happened in the Fifth Dynas-
ty. King Unas sailed from this archipelago to Madeira, 5° below it, at 38-5= 33°N. Its latitude
encodes his 33 years of reign. He discovered the island of Bermuda in the west, at 32°N . It is
located 50-32= 18° below the 50th latitude line, encoding the 18 years of reign of King Men-
kaure (c.2580-2562 BC), who discovered America. (Refs.12-14,17-27)

“Terciera”, the third island of the Azores, is named after the three Egyptian Pharaohs of the
Old Kingdom, who discovered the crossings of the North Atlantic Ocean. - The huge Sahara
desert in North Africa is named in honor of King Sahure. It has a surface area of 9.4 million
km2
. Karelia (Russia/Finland) is named in honor of King Neferirkare. It has a surface area of
290 thousand km2
. Peru (or Perunas) is named after King Unas (House of Unas). It has a
surface area of 1.3 million km2
.
Fig.2 Mount Pico (2,350 m) on Pico Island, Central Azores.
The Triangle
The closely situated islands of São Jorge, Pico and Faial are called the “Triangle” (Fig.1). It
appears this name is very old. - They are part of the five islands of the Central Azores, which
refer to the fifth King Menkaure (c.2580-2562 BC), who discovered America via the southern
Aleutian islands, at c.50°N. Its complementary latitude of 90-50= 40°N shows it happened in
the Fourth Dynasty. – He returned via the Bering Strait near the holy Arctic Circle, at 67°N.
The two southern islands of the “Triangle” (Pico and Faial) refer to the second King Sahure,
who discovered the two southern crossings of the Ocean, from West Africa to Brazil, and
from Newfoundland to the Azores. Mount Pico has a height of 2 centimoiras (c.2220 m), con-
firming it (Fig.2). The third, northern island of the “Triangle” (São Jorge) refers to the third
King Neferirkare, who discovered the third, northern crossing of the Ocean, from the Shet-
lands via South Greenland to Cape Chidley, Canada.
The “Triangle” itself refers to the three island groups of the Azores, which consist of nine is-
lands. They show the Return Route from Abaco Island via Bermuda to the Azores was disco-
vered by the ninth King Unas. The “Triangle” is part of the Central Azores, which consist of
five islands. They show it all happened in the Fifth Dynasty. (Refs.12-14,17-27)
Corvo Island
The northern island of the West Azores has a.o. a number of hypogea (sanctuaries, artificial
caves). It appears this smallest island (17 km2
) had a relatively high status. - It is located at
c.40°N (Fig.1), referring to the discovery of America in the Fourth Dynasty. It shows the fifth
King Menkaure discovered this continent via the southern Aleutian islands, at the comple-
mentary latitude of 90-40= c.50°N. - He returned via the Bering Strait.

The two islands of the West Azores (Flores and Corvo) refer to the second King Sahure, who
discovered the two southern crossings of the Ocean, from West Africa to Brazil, and from
Newfoundland to the Azores. Corvo is the second island, confirming it.
The three island groups of the Azores refer to the third King Neferirkare, who discovered the
third, northern crossing of the Ocean, from the Shetlands via South Greenland to Cape Chid-
ley, Canada. The West Azores is the third island group, confirming it.
The Azores consist of nine islands. They show the Return Route from Abaco Island via Ber-
muda to the Azores was discovered by the ninth King Unas. Corvo is the ninth island, confir-
ming it. – In a time period without any script such contemplations appear to be highly impor-
tant! (Refs.12-14,17-27)
Phaistos Disc: metal trade
The Phaistos Disc of Crete dates from 1458 BC, which is in the Middle Bronze Age of Europe.
To make bronze, copper was usually alloyed with 10% tin. These metals were scarce in the Old
World. The Disc shows that both metals were imported from the other side of the Atlantic: 400
tons of copper per year from Upper Michigan, and 40 tons of tin per year from Bolivia. About
40% of the copper was transported via the St. Lawrence River to the east, and 60% via the Mis-
sissippi River to the south.
In total 288 thousand tons of copper were removed from North America and 28.8 thousand tons
of tin from South America (c.2500-1458 BC). Assuming a constant import volume after this time
periode, another 103 thousand tons of copper were removed and 10.3 thousand tons of tin were
taken away (c.1458-1200 BC). In these days America was a colony of Egypt, together forming
the Empire of Atlantis. All this metal was shipped via the Azores in the middle of the Ocean.
In 1458 BC 1,400 people mined the copper ore in Upper Michigan, 2,400 people extracted the
copper, and 1,900 people shipped the copper ingots across the Ocean. At the same time 1,400
people mined the tin (and other) ore in Bolivia, 1,600 people extracted the tin, and 190 people
shipped the tin ‘ingots’ (and nobel metals) to the Old World. The Standard Ingot turns out to
have a mass of 80 thousand carats, or 16 kg. (Refs.33-35)
The long distance transport was accomplished by 27 seaworthy ships, with a calculated crew of
c.78 men per ship. The round trip of each ship, with a calculated metal cargo of 13 tons on the
return route, lasted 290 days (9.5 months). About 60% of the people reached America via the
Southern Crossing, and 40% of the ships sailed along the Northern Crossing. About 60% of the
people returned via Bermuda to the Azores, and 40% took the return route via Sable Island, just
below Newfoundland, to this archipelago. (1458 BC)
In 1458 BC 60 thousand carats, or 12 kg of gold per year was imported from the mouth of the
Amazone River, in total 8.6 tons; 190 thousand carats, or 38 kg of gold per year from Bolivia, in
total 27.1 tons; and 100 thousand carats, or 20 kg of silver per year from Bolivia, in total 14.0
tons. – Until 1200 BC and assuming a constant import volume, another 3.1 tons of gold was
imported from the Amazone River, 9.8 tons of gold from Bolivia, and 5.2 tons of silver from
Bolivia. All this precious metal was shipped via the Azores.
The Empire of Atlantis existed from 2500 to 1200 BC. During this time period 24.4 million
copper ingots and 2.44 million tin ingots were shipped to the Old World, together with 58
million carats of gold from the Amazone, 184 million carats of gold from Bolivia, and 96 million

carats of silver from Bolivia. (Refs.33-46)
Fig.3 Front side of the Phaistos Disc of Crete, c.1458 BC.
Calculations: ships and visitors
The Phaistos Disc of Crete shows the yearly production of the metals slowly increased becau-
se of population growth. For an estimation of the yearly production P(t) and the overall pro-
duction OP(t) after the start of the metal transport across the Ocean, c.2500 BC, a linear in-
crease of P(t) is assumed. On this basis the following formula’s can be used (Refs.33-35):
Copper from Upper Michigan, until 1458 BC
P(t), yearly Production in tons/year; t, years of Production
Start in 2500 BC: t = 0 years, P(t) = 152 tons/y
End in 1458 BC: t =1042 years, P(t) = 400 tons/y (linear increase)
General Formula: P(t) = 0.238 x t + 152 (tons/y)
Overall Production: OP(t) = 0.5 x 0.238 x t2
+ 152 x t (tons)
End in 1458 BC: t =1042 years, OP(t) = 288,000 tons
Tin from Bolivia, until 1458 BC
P(t), yearly Production in tons/year; t, years of Production
Start in 2500 BC: t = 0 years, P(t) = 15.2 tons/y
End in 1458 BC: t =1042 years, P(t) = 40.0 tons/y (linear increase)
General Formula: P(t) = 0.0238 x t + 15.2 (tons/y)
+ 15.2 x t (tons)
End in 1458 BC: t =1042 years, OP(t) = 28,800 tons
Gold from Mouth Amazone River, until 1458 BC
P(t), yearly Production in kg/year; t, years of Production
Start in 2500 BC: t = 0 years, P(t) = 4.46 kg/y
End in 1458 BC: t =1042 years, P(t) = 12.0 kg/y (linear increase)
General Formula: P(t) = 0.00724 x t + 4.46 (kg/y)

+ 4.46 x t (kg)
End in 1458 BC: t =1042 years, OP(t) = 8.6 tons
Gold from Bolivia, until 1458 BC
+ 14.0 x t (kg)
Silver from Bolivia, until 1458 BC
+ 6.80 x t (kg)
If it is assumed the metal cargo, the duration of the round trip, and the crew remained the sa-
me during the whole time period, the number of ships from America visiting the
Azores can be estimated.
Ships from America visiting the Azores, until 1458 BC
Start in 2500 BC: t = 0 years, N(t) = 12.92 ships/y
End in 1458 BC: t =1042 years, N(t) = 34 ships/y (linear increase)
General Formula: N(t) = 0.0202 x t + 12.92 (ships/y)
Overall Number of ships: ON(t) = 0.5 x 0.0202 x t2
+ 12.92 x t (ships)
End in 1458 BC: t =1042 years, ON(t) = 24,430 ships
It turns out more than 24 thousand ships and 1.9 million people from America visited the A-
zores before 1458 BC. After this date another 7.0 thousand ships and 0.54 million people vi-
sited the Azores (1458-1200 BC).
It should be realized these calculations only deal with the metal trade from America. The na-
ture and volume of other trade as well as migration of people in this time period are unknown
to us. The same holds for the number of ships and visitors from Europe, the Mediterranean
and Africa. For this reason the total numbers of ships and people visiting the Azores may be
as much as 50% higher. (Refs.42-56)
Population
In antiquity ships were very valuable. For this reason it is likely there were port facilities on
the West Azores and on the East Azores during the whole time period (2500-1200 BC). Be-
cause of the long sailing distance between them, 6 moiras, or 6°, it is also likely there was at
least one port facility on the Central Azores.
The most probable locations for ancient settlements are Santa Cruz das Flores (West Azores),
Vila do Porto (Sta Maria, East Azores) and Angra do Heroísmo (Terceira, Central Azores). –
At the start of the metal trade c.13 ships per year visited the archipelago from America (see
above). A total population of c.2,000 men can be estimated to host these ships:

Estimated Population on the Azores, until 1458 BC
Start in 2500 BC: t = 0 years, Po(t) = 2,000 men
End in 1458 BC: t =1042 years, Po(t) = 5,230 men (linear increase)
General Formula: Po(t) = 3.1 x t + 2,000 men
It appears that because of the metal trade more than 5,000 people lived on the Azores from
1458 BC to 1200 BC. Because of other factors (see above), this figure may be as much as
50% higher. – If an average age of 30 years is assumed, more than 170 thousand people have
lived on the Azores during the whole time period. (Refs.57-64)
Fig.4 King Sahure (c.2510-2498 BC) of the Fifth Dynasty,
who discovered the sailing route from Newfoundland to the Azores.
(Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City)
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