"Whakairo te whenua, Whakairo te tangata: Carve the land, Carve the People " Dr. Simon J. Lambert, Lincoln University, New Zealand, presentation with Indigenous Mapping Network at U.C. Berkeley. THANK YOU to Dr. Joshua Viers, Dept. of Environmental Science and Policy at U.C. Davis, for helping make the presentation, possible. The presentation was also sponsored by The Native American Indian Graduate Student Association and the Asian Pacific Islanders Student group at U.C. Berkeley

2. Whakairo te whenua
Whakairo te tangata
Carve the Land/Carve the People
Dr. Simon Lambert
Agribusiness and Economics Research Unit
Lincoln University
simon.lambert@lincoln.ac.nz

3. Ko Panekire te
maunga
Ko Waikaremoana te
roto
Ko Waikaretaheke
te awa
Ngati Ruapani me
Tuhoe nga iwi
Ko Te Kuha me
Waimako nga marae

4. Outline
• Geohistorical backgrounder
• Basic Maori environmental concepts
• Research projects
• Musing on Maori cultural political-economy
• The End …

5. Nga Ingoa Tawhito
An ancient cultural landscape
Te Hiku o Te Ika
!"#$ Tikitiki a Taranga
!"#$%&#&#'()*+,-./0#$12&34
Te Kauae o Te Ika
Te Tau Ihu o Te Waka
Te Upoko o te Ika
!"#!$%&$'%#(#!"#)$*$#$#+,%- Rekohu
Te Waipounamu / South Island
Te Punga o Te Waka
Rakiura / Stewart Island

8. Renaissance & Resistance

9. NZ Political-Economic Context
• Commodity exports & tourism
• Stable (…MMP… Maori Party)
• Multicultural
• Neoliberal economy of 4 million people, 1,000 miles
from Australia
• Maori comprise 15% of pop. (and still growing)
• ‘Maori’ economy growing
• Maori issues…growing!
• Employment, education, health, resource management, iwi
and runanga operations

10. Maori environmental concepts…
Whakapapa
Papatuanuku
Whanaungatanga
Kaitiakitanga

11. 1. Whakapapa
• Genealogy…‘to make layers’
• Everything has a whakapapa
– Birds, fish, animals, trees, rocks, mountains
…and Homo sapiens

12. Whakapapa
RANGINUI PAPATUANUKU
Tumatauenga Tane Mahuta Rongomatane Haumiatiketike Tangaroa Tawhirimatea
WARFARE FORESTS CULTIVATED WILD SEA, & WINDS &
HUMAN AFFAIRS BIRDS, INSECTS FOODS FOODS FISHES STORMS
Tane Hineahuone
People
•Separation, Patrons
•Tane
•Story of first woman

13. 2. Papatuanuku
• Earth Mother
• Stemming from whakapapa as a personification
of the environment
Hone Tuwhare A Biography by Janet Hunt
Papatuanuku
We are stroking, caressing the spine
of the land.
We are massaging the ricked
back of the land
With our sore but ever-loving feet.
Hell, she loves it!
Squirming, the land wriggles
in delight.
We love her.
•Ranginui
By Hone Tuwhare tears

14. Papatuanuku by Robyn Kahukiwa

15. 3. Whanaungatanga
• Relatedness, kinship, family
• We are related to all things
– Whenua = Land = Placenta
– Te u kai po = Home place = to be breastfed
• Therefore we respect the world as family
• Humans in Nature, not Humans and Nature

16. 4.. Kaitiakitanga
• The exercise of guardianship
• ‘tiaki’ = guard, look after, protect
• Kaitiaki is the person doing the guarding
• Means looking after natural resources, as
one’s own blood and bones
• We should care for a degraded habitat as we
would a sick family member

17. • These environmental concepts are also
social concepts.
• In combination they reflect our socio-
ecological resilience

18. Maori horticulture…

19. Domesticated species utilised by pre-5-3/&5/#'(-.*6#&34#-.*7*3
Origin
Crop
Aute (Broussonetia papyrifera) Japan, Taiwan
Kumara (Ipomoea batatas) South America
Hue (Lagenaria vulgaris/L. siceraria) “ “
Uwhi (Dioscoria spp.) Southeast Asia
Taro (Colocasia esculenta, C. South Central Asia
antiquorum)
Ti pore (Cordyline fruticosa) W. Polynesia/ Kermadec
Karaka (Cocynocarpus laevigata) “ “
Source: Crosby 1986; Thompson 1922; Best 1976.

22. Domesticated crop species utilized by post-5-3/&5/#'(-.*6#
ancestral origin, and earliest observation in New Zealand
Crop Origin Earliest known use
Potato (Solanum tuberosum) Andes 1769 (Du Surville)
Wheat (Triticum spp.) Mesopotamia “
Maize (Zea mays) Mesoamerica “
Cabbage (Brassica oleracea) Mediterranean 1773 Dusky Sound (Cook &
Carrot (Daucus carota) Central Asia Furneaux)
Parsley (Petroselenium crispum) Mediterranean “
Parsnip (Peucedanum sativum) “ “
Pea (Pisum sativum) Mediterranean/C. Asia “
Radish (Raphanus sativus) Mediterranean “
Turnip (Brassica. rapa, B. campestris) Mediterranean/Afghanistan “
Peach (Amygdalus persica)
Cherry (Prunus cerasus) China 1814 (Bay of Islands) early C19th
Watermelon (Citrullus vulgaris) Central Asia <1820
Pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo) Asia 1820 Motuara (Bellinghausen)
Marrow (C. ovifera) Mexico <1837
Cucumber (C. sativus) “ <1837
Grape (Vitis vinifera) India/Southeast Asia 1838 Thames
Lettuce (Lactuca sativa) Middle Asia <1840 Otago Harbour
Watercress (Nasturtium officiale) Mediterranean 1850s Canterbury
Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) Americas 1867
Source: Thompson 1922; Smartt and Simmonds 1995

24. Maori cultural political-economy?
But what of culture? In general? For Maori?
• Te Ture Whenua Maori Act (1993)
• Retention, use, development, and control.
• Maori educational and research initiatives
• wananga
• Stronger Maori presence (amidst less secure
society!)
• Greater Maori capital
– financial, natural, human, social…cultural?

25. Research projects…
Tuhoe Kiwi Project
1080 toxicity
Customary fisheries

26. Tuhoe kiwi project
• Puketukutuku Peninsula

27. Tuhoe kiwi project
• Introduced predators have had a devastating
impact on kiwi population
• Kill young
• Human help necessary
Dead Stoat Live Kiwi

28. Tuhoe kiwi project
• Predator-free
enclosure
• Kiwi kept there until
large enough to fend for
themselves (1 kg)

29. Tuhoe kiwi project
•Predators trapped

30. Tuhoe kiwi project
• Also are controlling
other species that can
impact on kiwi eggs

31. Tuhoe kiwi project
• Have a worm farm to
produce supplementary
feed for the young kiwi
inside the enclosure

32. Education is about
teaching…and
learning…

33. Uptake and
Persistence of 1080 in
Watercress

34. Aerial application of 1080
• Mainly for possum and
rabbit control
• Helicopter or fixed-wing
aircraft
• 1080 in cereal or carrot
• Public acceptability?

35. Results
63 ppb
MDL 3 ppb
1 3 7 10 17
Time (Days)
Values show maximum in plants with 1080 bait at each time point

36. Led to 1080 Database
• To aid Maori communities access to scientific
information on 1080, helping them to make
their own risk assessment
• Find, review, and summarise all existing ‘peer-
reviewed’ material on this subject
• Make all literature available (where legal)
www.lincoln.ac.nz/1080

40. Customary Fisheries Research
• National Inst. for Water & Atmospheric research
(NIWA)… “ a collaborative case study approach to assist Tangata
Whenua bring together different, yet complimentary, knowledge systems.
With this combined knowledge, Tangata Whenua will be able to: protect
their values, identify their goals and collaboratively develop culturally
appropriate, robust and practical management strategies and tools.”
• CSAFE (Otago) “Te Tiaki Mahinga Kai's vision is for sustained
enhancement of the cultural, economic, social and environmental well being
of !"%&$ and New Zealand as a whole through the application of '"()#&)*+)
and science associated with mahinga kai to modern customary fisheries
practices”
• Presaged by Cultural Health Index (CHI) work of Gail Tipa.

41. Te Tiaki Mahinga Kai

42. Musing on a Maori cultural
political-economy
• Economic geography

43. Words and Numbers…
‘recession’ • 2
‘environment’ • 12.6%
• 4%
‘environmental
management’ • 29th
‘sustainability’
‘culture’

44. “Our fate as a people is intertwined with the
economic development of New Zealand. We
believe that growth in the economy is essential. If
there is no growth we realise we will slip behind
further and that our people will be the major
sufferers. Our urgent requirement is growth in the
economy.”
(Ralph Love, Hui Taumata, 1984)

45. 15-24 25-44 45-64 Tot. 15+ Tane Wahine
Year
1986 7.9 3.2 1.9 4.1 3.6 4.8
1991 18.8 8.8 6.1 10.3 10.9 9.6
1996 11.8 5.2 3.9 6.1 6.1 6.1
2001 11.8 4.4 3.4 5.3 5.3 5.3
2006 9.6 2.9 2.1 3.8 3.5 4.1
2007 9.7 2.7 1.8 3.6 3.3 3.9
“A recession is when you haven’t got a job…
…a depression is when I haven’t.”

46. A Maori economy?
! has a higher savings rate than rest of NZ economy
(‘saving’ close to $900m in 2001 compared to non-!"#$%
being almost $1.8 billion dollars in deficit)
! is more profitable than the NZ economy (at 1.4% or
$1.150 billion in 2001, it generated 2% of New
Zealand’s operating surplus)
! !"#$%-owned commercial assets were estimated to be
worth $16.5 billion in 2005/06, which is more than
double the $7.5 billion of 2001
! !"#$% households contribute about $100m more in tax
than they receive back.

47. Farming, Forestry, Fishing
! !"%&$,-)./,0$+*$1$2)*(,
ownership interests
involving New Zealand’s
primary sector:
! 40 % of New Zealand’s seafood
industry,
! 20 % of marine aquaculture
space,
! 10 % of New Zealand’s exotic
forest estate (likely to increase as
further Treaty of Waitangi
claims are settled)
! approx. 7.5 % of pastoral
3&%4#2($%*,$0,1&%',!"%&$,%5*/4,
land.

48. ! Historic land losses and confiscations, and egislative impediments
! Huge debt was often incurred in buying back land
! Major development work to be done – often with insufficient
capital to do it quickly, and constrained by customary nature of
land title
! The large and increasing number of shareholders each
incorporation has to support.
! The large areas farmed means the sector has to be managed and
governed in a more corporate fashion.

49. Farming, Fishing, Forestry
! farm 67,89*+:7,3"'#7,;-/,1)'$<=,)<<,<$./4,)*4,
worked on the farm. I noho katoa te whanau i runga i
!"#$%&'(#)#(#&"#!"#&)*+#),-#*./+.
! >7,')-$,3"'#7,;-/,!)%&$,?*2%&3%&)($%*0,
farmed their lands well. 0#$)+#!"#&)*+#$%&'#)#,1)#
Kaporeihana Maori i o ratou whenua.

50. Te Ahuwhenua Trophy
Maori ‘Farmer of the Year’ Award
Initiated in 1932 by Apirana Ngata

51. Te Ahuwhenua Trophy
Revamped in 2003
Dominated by large incorporations

52. 4325,000km rivers & streams
3,820 lakes larger that 1hectare
200 groundwater bodies
55% of all water allocated in Canterbury (MfE, 2006)
Treaty of Waitangi & Crown-iwi relationships
Resource Management Act & Local Government Act
National Policy Statements & National Environmental Standards
Regional Policy Statements & Long-term Community Council Plans

53. Agricultural production increased by 38% on
declining area of farmland (-3%)
(OECD, 2008)
when I actually started the process, I actually thought I would sit
on the fence, because I'm an irrigator, and there is room for
irrigation. And there's room for the environment.
In the future, I don't -- there is no way -- there's not enough water
for irrigation, the way they're using it. We're round about between
800 and 1000 litres of water to produce one litre of milk - in the
Amuri Basin. And you just can't keep doing that.

54. Water is not I'm convinced with 95% of
always at the our water going out to sea,
right place at that if it's properly organised
the right time with storage… there's plenty
for everybody. There's plenty
(MfE, 2008)
for the water sports.
Per capita – estimated
demand for water 2-3 times
higher in NZ than other
OECD counties
(OECD, 2008)

56. They think dairy's the
that the dairy industry has savior. Well, dairy's going
geared itself up in terms of to be the biggest bomb
cost structures that -- in a way that's ever hit New
that reflects the current market Zealand… [it’ll go kaput]
return. And when the market within the next 12 to 18
comes off its extraordinary months.
high peak, as commodities
always have and always will,
it's going to kill a lot of dairy
farmers.

57. Whakairo te tangata,
Whakairo te whenua?
• So ‘what’ (as in where) is our geography?
• What economic model do we follow?
• How are we going to ‘shape’ the people… how
are we going to carve the land?!
• What is our vision?

58. So, what about the recession?
The most staggering phenomenon of this latest
crisis of capitalism is the lack of alternatives…
…have we failed the world?

59. Whakairo te tangata,
Whakairo te whenua?
• Whakapapa - we all contribute to the layering of this
Planet.
• Papatuanuku - Is she reduced to a metaphor?
• Whanaungatanga - Many of our families are struggling
despite growing Maori economy.
• Kaitiakitanga - Do we consign our kaitiaki role to
contractors?

60. Re-indigenising Humanity
(Dan Longboat)
• Through the re-
establishment of a
holistic interpretation of
life processes;
• Re-focusing our • Supporting like-
relationships with each minded individuals
other and our and communities, and
surroundings to bring • The practical
about this change; implementation of
what we learn.

61. Re-indigenising Humanity
Revitalising the Indigenous Mind
‘Hold up the mirror’

62. So, what now?
• Personally….fieldwork (Titiro, whakarongo,
korero) …and LitQuake
• For Lincoln…2012 Indigenous Food conference
• For Maori … huge debate, major upheaval,
hideous challenges!

63. So, what now?
• For Indigenous Peoples … fulfilment of a
role?
The End…