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BASICS OF D-SLR | KEY CONTROLS | PHOTOGRAPHY GUIDE
THE PERFECT GUIDE TO HELP YOU MASTER YOUR NIKON D-SLR
FRAME IT RIGHT
1
OVERVIEW
 Introduction
 Camera Concept
 D-SLR Design
 D-SLR Mechanism
 Understanding Exposure
 Aperture, Shutter speed and
ISO
 Understanding White Balance
 Creative use of Exposure
controls
 RAW Format
 Lenses & their utility
 Focus
 Photography Guide
2
• What is Photography?
INTRODUCTION
Photography is a process of creating an image
on any photo sensitive material with the help of
natural or artificial light.
Document
memories
Fine-art Professional
3
Sharp
Properly exposed
Achieved by focusing Lens
Achieved by setting Aperture, Shutter speed & ISO
CAMERA CONCEPT
1. Image/ object should be sharp :
2. Image/ object should be properly exposed :
Perfectly focused and Exposed Image
4
D-SLR DESIGN
The Digital Single Lens Reflex ( D-SLR ) camera comprises of a body and a Lens.
The Lens contains the aperture which controls the light going inside the camera,
then the light is reflected upwards through a mirror and falls on the viewfinder
which allows us to frame the image. When the shutter button is pressed fully the
mirror goes up to lock the viewfinder thus allowing light directly to fall on the
sensor where the image is recorded.
NIKKOR Lens
Aperture
Mechanical
shutter
Pentaprism /
Pentamirror
LCD monitor
Viewfinder
Quick-return
mirror
Digital sensor
5
D-SLR Mechanism
1. Camera at normal position
2. In this position you can see through the viewfinder & Frame6
D-SLR Mechanism
3. Shutter is released , viewfinder is blocked & Light falls on sensor
4. Image is captured and the camera is again in position to capture7
EXPOSURE
ISO
SHUTTER SPEED
F-number
Exposure is the amount of light collected by the sensor in
your camera during a single picture. If the shot is exposed
too long the photograph will be Overexposed/Washed out.
If the shot is exposed too short the photograph will appear
underexposed/Dark. Proper Exposure can be achieved by
properly adjusting the Shutter speed, Aperture and ISO
together.
8
APERTURE
Aperture? Controls amount of light falling on the digital sensor.
Values
(f-number)
f/1.4, f/2, f/2.8, f/4, f/5.6, f/8, f/11, f/16, f/22, f/32
Effect Controls depth in the image.
Counter effect Higher f number increases depth (amount of scene in
focus) & smaller f results in shallow depth.
Use Landscapes, portraits with blur background etc.
f/1.4 f/5.6 f/16
Effect of different Aperture settings on the image 9
APERTURE
• The Aperture can be controlled by holding down the
Exposure Compensation ( +/- ) button placed under the
shutter button and rotating the command dial.
Aperture f/2.8
Aperture f/22
10
SHUTTERSPEED
Shutter Speed? Measure of how long the camera’s shutter is open
for.
Values (sec) 30, 20,……… 4, 2, 1, 1/2, 1/4, 1/8, 1/16, 1/32, 1/64,
1/125, 1/250 ………. 1/4000
Effect Faster shutter speed freezes the action.
Counter effect Slower the shutter speed motion blur becomes more
apparent.
Use Faster shutter speed to freeze action & slower for
motion effect.
1 sec 1/30 sec
1/200 sec 1/800 sec
11
SHUTTER SPEED – 1/125 SEC
SHUTTER SPEED – 1/15 SEC
SHUTTERSPEED
• The Shutter speed can be controlled rotating the
command dial located at the back of the camera
towards the left or right.
12
ISO
ISO? Measure of the camera’s ability to capture light.
Values 100, 200, 400, 800, 1600, 3200
Effect Higher sensitivity makes sensor more sensitive to light,
can take photos in darker conditions without the need
of flash or tripod.
Counter effect Increasing ISO comes at a cost, it also increases
digital noise in the photos.
Use Low light conditions, Dawn, Dusk, Night landscape etc.
Dark Scenes
No Flash
Low ISO sensitivity, slow shutter speed. High ISO sensitivity, fast shutter speed.
With flash on High ISO sensitivity with flash off 13
ISO 100
HIGHER ISO RESULTS IN GREATER NOISE IN THE PICTURE
ISO
ISO 6400ISO 1600
The ISO can be controlled
through dedicated buttons
on the camera or from the
MENU>SHOOTING MENU>
ISO SENSITIVITY SETTINGS.
Using higher ISO may lead to noise which will bring down the
overall quality of the image, hence using a lower ISO is
advisable.
14
WHITE BALANCE
White balance Application situation
Auto Use for normal conditions.
Incandescent Use under incandescent lighting.
Fluorescent Use under white fluorescent
lighting.
Direct sunlight Use with subjects lit by direct
sunlight.
Flash Use with the built-in Speedlight
and Nikon external Speedlight's.
Cloudy Use under daylight under
overcast skies.
Shade Use in daylight, in clear weather,
when subjects are in shade.
White balance is used to adjust colors to match the
color of the light source so that white objects appear
white.
15
WHITE BALANCE
Direct sunlight Cloudy Fluorescent
ShadeIncandescent Auto
The White Balance can be
controlled through dedicated
buttons on the camera or from the
MENU>SHOOTING MENU>
WHITE BALANCE.
16
EXPOSURE CONTROL
Mode P (Programmed Auto)
The camera automatically adjusts
aperture and shutter speed for optimal exposure, but the
photographer can choose from different combinations of aperture
and shutter speed that will produce the same exposure. This is
known as flexible program.
Mode S (Shutter-Priority Auto)
The photographer chooses the
shutter speed and the camera automatically adjusts aperture for
optimal exposure.
Mode A (Aperture-Priority Auto)
The photographer chooses the
aperture and the camera automatically adjusts shutter speed for
optimal exposure.
Mode M (Manual)
The photographer chooses both aperture and
shutter speed. Choosing the wrong combination could, however,
result in photographs that are too bright (overexposed) or too dark
(underexposed). 17
EXPOSURE METER
The Exposure meter is an instrument inside your camera
that tells you if the amount of light reaching the sensor will
be enough or too much to properly expose your image. The
light meter takes into account your Shutter Speed, ISO
setting and Aperture settings. The Meter is available in
Manual Mode.
-………………………..0…………………………+
UNDEREXPOSED OVEREXPOSED
PERFECT
18
RAW is uncompressed,
unprocessed image
It is the best output
from the camera
RAW files can be
converted again and
again without loss of
data
RAW format can be
used for specific images
which are very
important for future
storage
RAW Image Processed JPEG Image
RAW FORMAT
19
IN CAMERA RAW PROCESSING
ADVANTAGES OF RAW IMAGES :
• Image can be edited again and again without data loss.
• Wrong/Incorrect White Balance can be changed after
taking the image.
• Wrong/Incorrect Exposure can be corrected after taking
the image.
• Set Picture Control can be altered including Sharpness
/Contrast/Saturation can be altered.
The NEF ( RAW ) Processing option can be found under the
RETOUCH MENU or directly accessed by Pressing the OK Button
over the playback image.
Opening/Editing RAW files on the computer requires VIEW NX 2
software to be installed.
Lens Categories
Wide angle Normal Telephoto
Below 50mm 50mm Above 100mm
LENS CATEGORIES
Lenses are mainly categories into three parts, first being the
normal lens which is equivalent to our normal vision , anything
lesser than that is an wide angle lens and anything above
100mm is called as Telephoto lens.
Apart from these there are special purpose lenses like Fisheye,
Macro & Perspective Control.
21
WIDEANGLE NORMAL TELEPHOTO
LENS ADVANTAGES
1. These lenses
help you
capture a
vast scene or
area in one
image.
2. Wide Angle
lenses can
easily keep a
higher Depth
of field
allowing
more
subjects to
be in focus.
1. Helps
Capture
Distant
Objects
clearly
2. Easy to keep
shallow
depth of field
as high focal
length will
easily help
blur the
background.
1. Supports
Aperture
opening
like f/1.8 or
f/1.4 which
will help blur
the
background
easily.
2. These lenses
are also more
sharper than
basic zoom
lenses.
22
Focus
Manual Focus Autofocus
FOCUS
Due to the optical properties of photographic lenses,
only objects within a limited range of distances from
the camera will be reproduced clearly. The process of
adjusting this range is known as changing the camera's
focus. The two main ways of adjusting focus is :
Manual Focus means manually
rotating the focusing ring to
achieve desired focus.
In Auto focus mode the camera
will automatically detect focus
on the desired subject.
The A/M Button on the Lens and camera body
helps you switch between these mode.
23
Achieving Proper Auto Focus
1.
2.
3.
24
Portraits
Night portrait
Landscapes
Night landscape
Flowing water
Freezing action
Wildlife & Pets
Photography Guide
25
Which Mode P or A are the best modes
What settings f/4 or f/5.6
What lens settings Higher end of the zoom ( e.g. 55mm if you are
using 18 -55, or 105mm if you are using 18 –
105mm)
Tripod required Yes, if light is low, and camera selects shutter
speed slower than 1/60 s
Best lens 50 mm f/1.8 , 50 mm f/1.4 , 85 mm f/1.8
Tips for great portraits :
• Keep background as far away from your subject as possible.
• Your background colour and shade should be as different as
possible from your subject’s hair and clothing colour.
Shooting Portraits
26
Which Mode P or S are the best modes
What settings f/4 or f/5.6 , or widest aperture available
Slow shutter speeds 1/30, 1/15 or slower may
be required, Slow sync flash mode if flash is
also used
What lens settings Higher end of the zoom ( e.g. 55mm if you are
using 18 -55, or 105mm if you are using 18 –
105mm)
Tripod required Yes , if not available us e a stable surface
Best lens 50 mm f/1.8 , 50 mm f/1.4 , 85mm f/1.8
Tips for great night portraits :
• Keep background as far away from your subject as possible.
• Asking the subject to pose and stay still will ensure image is not
blurred due to slow shutter speed
Shooting Night Portraits
27
Which Mode ? P or A are the best modes
What settings ? f/11 or f/16
What lens settings
?
Wider end of the zoom ( e.g. 18mm if
you are using 18 -55, or 18 – 105mm)
OR as per your composition
Tripod required ? Yes, if light is low, and camera selects
shutter speed slower than 1/60 s
Best lens ? 10-24mm , 20 mm , 18-300 mm
Tips for great landscapes :
Try to include foreground elements to guide the eyes through
the frame
Under-expose your shots by 1 – 2 stops to get darker skies and
correct textures
Shooting Landscapes
28
Tips for great night landscapes :
• You may have to focus manually. Adjust focus while looking at a
tree or a building in the landscape. Adjust till you get a sharp
silhouette of this feature
Which Mode ? P or A are the best modes
What settings ? f/8 or f/11
What lens settings ? Wider end of the zoom ( e.g. 18mm if
you are using 18 -55, or 18 – 105mm) OR
as per your composition
Tripod required ? Absolutely
Best lenses ? 28mm f/1.8, 10-24mm, 24mm f/1.4
Shooting Night Landscapes
29
Which Mode ? S or M
What settings ? 250, 500, 1000
What lens settings ? Depends on composition and framing
Recommended lens
?
Lens with wide aperture like f/2.8 or
wider
ISO To support fast shutter speeds, higher
ISOs like 800 or 1600 may be required.
Tips for great action shots :
• Use continuous servo focus AF-C and continuous shooting mode
• set a manual pre-focus at the spot where you expect the action
to occur
Freezing Actions
30
Which Mode ? S or M
What settings ? 1” (to show flow) and faster to show
drops
What lens settings ? Depends on composition and framing
Tripod required ? Absolutely
Tips for great waterfall shots :
• Try to include the surrounding foliage to compliment the
beauty of the waterfall
• A slightly low angle will make the shot look dramatic
Shooting Flowing Water
31
Which Mode ? P or S
What settings ? 125 or faster , for posing pets use wide
aperture like f/4 or f/2.8
What lens settings ? Preferably 200mm or higher
Metering ? Matrix or center weighted
Tips for great wildlife shots :
• Try to camp or wait instead of looking for animals. Let them
come to you
• Doing some research on the wildlife of the region is very helpful
Shooting Wildlife & Pets
32
Visit us at :
www.Nikonschool.in 33

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THE PERFECT GUIDE TO HELP YOU MASTER YOUR NIKON D-SLR

  • 1. BASICS OF D-SLR | KEY CONTROLS | PHOTOGRAPHY GUIDE THE PERFECT GUIDE TO HELP YOU MASTER YOUR NIKON D-SLR FRAME IT RIGHT 1
  • 2. OVERVIEW  Introduction  Camera Concept  D-SLR Design  D-SLR Mechanism  Understanding Exposure  Aperture, Shutter speed and ISO  Understanding White Balance  Creative use of Exposure controls  RAW Format  Lenses & their utility  Focus  Photography Guide 2
  • 3. • What is Photography? INTRODUCTION Photography is a process of creating an image on any photo sensitive material with the help of natural or artificial light. Document memories Fine-art Professional 3
  • 4. Sharp Properly exposed Achieved by focusing Lens Achieved by setting Aperture, Shutter speed & ISO CAMERA CONCEPT 1. Image/ object should be sharp : 2. Image/ object should be properly exposed : Perfectly focused and Exposed Image 4
  • 5. D-SLR DESIGN The Digital Single Lens Reflex ( D-SLR ) camera comprises of a body and a Lens. The Lens contains the aperture which controls the light going inside the camera, then the light is reflected upwards through a mirror and falls on the viewfinder which allows us to frame the image. When the shutter button is pressed fully the mirror goes up to lock the viewfinder thus allowing light directly to fall on the sensor where the image is recorded. NIKKOR Lens Aperture Mechanical shutter Pentaprism / Pentamirror LCD monitor Viewfinder Quick-return mirror Digital sensor 5
  • 6. D-SLR Mechanism 1. Camera at normal position 2. In this position you can see through the viewfinder & Frame6
  • 7. D-SLR Mechanism 3. Shutter is released , viewfinder is blocked & Light falls on sensor 4. Image is captured and the camera is again in position to capture7
  • 8. EXPOSURE ISO SHUTTER SPEED F-number Exposure is the amount of light collected by the sensor in your camera during a single picture. If the shot is exposed too long the photograph will be Overexposed/Washed out. If the shot is exposed too short the photograph will appear underexposed/Dark. Proper Exposure can be achieved by properly adjusting the Shutter speed, Aperture and ISO together. 8
  • 9. APERTURE Aperture? Controls amount of light falling on the digital sensor. Values (f-number) f/1.4, f/2, f/2.8, f/4, f/5.6, f/8, f/11, f/16, f/22, f/32 Effect Controls depth in the image. Counter effect Higher f number increases depth (amount of scene in focus) & smaller f results in shallow depth. Use Landscapes, portraits with blur background etc. f/1.4 f/5.6 f/16 Effect of different Aperture settings on the image 9
  • 10. APERTURE • The Aperture can be controlled by holding down the Exposure Compensation ( +/- ) button placed under the shutter button and rotating the command dial. Aperture f/2.8 Aperture f/22 10
  • 11. SHUTTERSPEED Shutter Speed? Measure of how long the camera’s shutter is open for. Values (sec) 30, 20,……… 4, 2, 1, 1/2, 1/4, 1/8, 1/16, 1/32, 1/64, 1/125, 1/250 ………. 1/4000 Effect Faster shutter speed freezes the action. Counter effect Slower the shutter speed motion blur becomes more apparent. Use Faster shutter speed to freeze action & slower for motion effect. 1 sec 1/30 sec 1/200 sec 1/800 sec 11
  • 12. SHUTTER SPEED – 1/125 SEC SHUTTER SPEED – 1/15 SEC SHUTTERSPEED • The Shutter speed can be controlled rotating the command dial located at the back of the camera towards the left or right. 12
  • 13. ISO ISO? Measure of the camera’s ability to capture light. Values 100, 200, 400, 800, 1600, 3200 Effect Higher sensitivity makes sensor more sensitive to light, can take photos in darker conditions without the need of flash or tripod. Counter effect Increasing ISO comes at a cost, it also increases digital noise in the photos. Use Low light conditions, Dawn, Dusk, Night landscape etc. Dark Scenes No Flash Low ISO sensitivity, slow shutter speed. High ISO sensitivity, fast shutter speed. With flash on High ISO sensitivity with flash off 13
  • 14. ISO 100 HIGHER ISO RESULTS IN GREATER NOISE IN THE PICTURE ISO ISO 6400ISO 1600 The ISO can be controlled through dedicated buttons on the camera or from the MENU>SHOOTING MENU> ISO SENSITIVITY SETTINGS. Using higher ISO may lead to noise which will bring down the overall quality of the image, hence using a lower ISO is advisable. 14
  • 15. WHITE BALANCE White balance Application situation Auto Use for normal conditions. Incandescent Use under incandescent lighting. Fluorescent Use under white fluorescent lighting. Direct sunlight Use with subjects lit by direct sunlight. Flash Use with the built-in Speedlight and Nikon external Speedlight's. Cloudy Use under daylight under overcast skies. Shade Use in daylight, in clear weather, when subjects are in shade. White balance is used to adjust colors to match the color of the light source so that white objects appear white. 15
  • 16. WHITE BALANCE Direct sunlight Cloudy Fluorescent ShadeIncandescent Auto The White Balance can be controlled through dedicated buttons on the camera or from the MENU>SHOOTING MENU> WHITE BALANCE. 16
  • 17. EXPOSURE CONTROL Mode P (Programmed Auto)
The camera automatically adjusts aperture and shutter speed for optimal exposure, but the photographer can choose from different combinations of aperture and shutter speed that will produce the same exposure. This is known as flexible program. Mode S (Shutter-Priority Auto)
The photographer chooses the shutter speed and the camera automatically adjusts aperture for optimal exposure. Mode A (Aperture-Priority Auto)
The photographer chooses the aperture and the camera automatically adjusts shutter speed for optimal exposure. Mode M (Manual)
The photographer chooses both aperture and shutter speed. Choosing the wrong combination could, however, result in photographs that are too bright (overexposed) or too dark (underexposed). 17
  • 18. EXPOSURE METER The Exposure meter is an instrument inside your camera that tells you if the amount of light reaching the sensor will be enough or too much to properly expose your image. The light meter takes into account your Shutter Speed, ISO setting and Aperture settings. The Meter is available in Manual Mode. -………………………..0…………………………+ UNDEREXPOSED OVEREXPOSED PERFECT 18
  • 19. RAW is uncompressed, unprocessed image It is the best output from the camera RAW files can be converted again and again without loss of data RAW format can be used for specific images which are very important for future storage RAW Image Processed JPEG Image RAW FORMAT 19
  • 20. IN CAMERA RAW PROCESSING ADVANTAGES OF RAW IMAGES : • Image can be edited again and again without data loss. • Wrong/Incorrect White Balance can be changed after taking the image. • Wrong/Incorrect Exposure can be corrected after taking the image. • Set Picture Control can be altered including Sharpness /Contrast/Saturation can be altered. The NEF ( RAW ) Processing option can be found under the RETOUCH MENU or directly accessed by Pressing the OK Button over the playback image. Opening/Editing RAW files on the computer requires VIEW NX 2 software to be installed.
  • 21. Lens Categories Wide angle Normal Telephoto Below 50mm 50mm Above 100mm LENS CATEGORIES Lenses are mainly categories into three parts, first being the normal lens which is equivalent to our normal vision , anything lesser than that is an wide angle lens and anything above 100mm is called as Telephoto lens. Apart from these there are special purpose lenses like Fisheye, Macro & Perspective Control. 21
  • 22. WIDEANGLE NORMAL TELEPHOTO LENS ADVANTAGES 1. These lenses help you capture a vast scene or area in one image. 2. Wide Angle lenses can easily keep a higher Depth of field allowing more subjects to be in focus. 1. Helps Capture Distant Objects clearly 2. Easy to keep shallow depth of field as high focal length will easily help blur the background. 1. Supports Aperture opening like f/1.8 or f/1.4 which will help blur the background easily. 2. These lenses are also more sharper than basic zoom lenses. 22
  • 23. Focus Manual Focus Autofocus FOCUS Due to the optical properties of photographic lenses, only objects within a limited range of distances from the camera will be reproduced clearly. The process of adjusting this range is known as changing the camera's focus. The two main ways of adjusting focus is : Manual Focus means manually rotating the focusing ring to achieve desired focus. In Auto focus mode the camera will automatically detect focus on the desired subject. The A/M Button on the Lens and camera body helps you switch between these mode. 23
  • 24. Achieving Proper Auto Focus 1. 2. 3. 24
  • 25. Portraits Night portrait Landscapes Night landscape Flowing water Freezing action Wildlife & Pets Photography Guide 25
  • 26. Which Mode P or A are the best modes What settings f/4 or f/5.6 What lens settings Higher end of the zoom ( e.g. 55mm if you are using 18 -55, or 105mm if you are using 18 – 105mm) Tripod required Yes, if light is low, and camera selects shutter speed slower than 1/60 s Best lens 50 mm f/1.8 , 50 mm f/1.4 , 85 mm f/1.8 Tips for great portraits : • Keep background as far away from your subject as possible. • Your background colour and shade should be as different as possible from your subject’s hair and clothing colour. Shooting Portraits 26
  • 27. Which Mode P or S are the best modes What settings f/4 or f/5.6 , or widest aperture available Slow shutter speeds 1/30, 1/15 or slower may be required, Slow sync flash mode if flash is also used What lens settings Higher end of the zoom ( e.g. 55mm if you are using 18 -55, or 105mm if you are using 18 – 105mm) Tripod required Yes , if not available us e a stable surface Best lens 50 mm f/1.8 , 50 mm f/1.4 , 85mm f/1.8 Tips for great night portraits : • Keep background as far away from your subject as possible. • Asking the subject to pose and stay still will ensure image is not blurred due to slow shutter speed Shooting Night Portraits 27
  • 28. Which Mode ? P or A are the best modes What settings ? f/11 or f/16 What lens settings ? Wider end of the zoom ( e.g. 18mm if you are using 18 -55, or 18 – 105mm) OR as per your composition Tripod required ? Yes, if light is low, and camera selects shutter speed slower than 1/60 s Best lens ? 10-24mm , 20 mm , 18-300 mm Tips for great landscapes : Try to include foreground elements to guide the eyes through the frame Under-expose your shots by 1 – 2 stops to get darker skies and correct textures Shooting Landscapes 28
  • 29. Tips for great night landscapes : • You may have to focus manually. Adjust focus while looking at a tree or a building in the landscape. Adjust till you get a sharp silhouette of this feature Which Mode ? P or A are the best modes What settings ? f/8 or f/11 What lens settings ? Wider end of the zoom ( e.g. 18mm if you are using 18 -55, or 18 – 105mm) OR as per your composition Tripod required ? Absolutely Best lenses ? 28mm f/1.8, 10-24mm, 24mm f/1.4 Shooting Night Landscapes 29
  • 30. Which Mode ? S or M What settings ? 250, 500, 1000 What lens settings ? Depends on composition and framing Recommended lens ? Lens with wide aperture like f/2.8 or wider ISO To support fast shutter speeds, higher ISOs like 800 or 1600 may be required. Tips for great action shots : • Use continuous servo focus AF-C and continuous shooting mode • set a manual pre-focus at the spot where you expect the action to occur Freezing Actions 30
  • 31. Which Mode ? S or M What settings ? 1” (to show flow) and faster to show drops What lens settings ? Depends on composition and framing Tripod required ? Absolutely Tips for great waterfall shots : • Try to include the surrounding foliage to compliment the beauty of the waterfall • A slightly low angle will make the shot look dramatic Shooting Flowing Water 31
  • 32. Which Mode ? P or S What settings ? 125 or faster , for posing pets use wide aperture like f/4 or f/2.8 What lens settings ? Preferably 200mm or higher Metering ? Matrix or center weighted Tips for great wildlife shots : • Try to camp or wait instead of looking for animals. Let them come to you • Doing some research on the wildlife of the region is very helpful Shooting Wildlife & Pets 32
  • 33. Visit us at : www.Nikonschool.in 33