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IPv4 and IPv6 -
addressing Internet
infrastructure
Vesna Manojlovic, trainer

EuroDIG, Belgrade, 30-31.5.2011




                                  1
RIPE / RIPE NCC

RIPE (’89)
 Operators community
 Develops addressing policies
 Industry self-regulation
 Working group mailing lists
 Meetings/conferences twice a year



RIPE NCC (‘92)
 Located in Amsterdam
 Not for profit membership organisation
 One of five RIRs - distributes IP & ASN
 Supports RIPE community

                                     2

                                         2
Topics:
•   IPv4 Exhaustion:
     -   IANA is out of IPv4 addresses since February 2011
•   Polices for getting last chunks of IPv4
•   Getting IPv6
•   Transition from IPv4 to IPv6: statistics
     -   IPv6 RIPEness in SEE region
•   World IPv6 Day: 8. June 2011
•   “Diving with Sharks”: IPv6 @ RIPE NCC
      Regional Meeting in Dubrovnik, 6-9.9.2011
                                                             3

                                                                 3
IPv4 addresses in the global pool

  40%   38%
                36%
                        34%
                                32%
                                        30%
  30%
                                                26%

                                                        22%

  20%
                                                                17%

                                                                        13%

  10%                                                                           9%

                                                                                       5%


                                                                                              0%

    2000      2001    2002    2003    2004    2005    2006    2007    2008    2009   2010   2011


                                                                                                   4

                                                                                                       4
Reaching the next level
•   The Internet has around 1.6 billion users
•   They consumed 3.5 billion addresses
•   Growing in all directions
     - More users join up
     - More connections become ‘always on’

     - More devices become ‘Internet aware’



•   IPv4 can no longer sustain this growth


                                                5

                                                    5
IPv4 exhaustion phases


                IPv4 still available.
                                                Final /8 policy           RIPE NCC can only
               RIPE NCC continues
                                                  triggered                 distribute IPv6
                 normal operation



         now                                                                                  time



IANA pool                           RIPE NCC                      RIPE NCC
exhausted                            reaches                         pool
                                      final /8                     exhausted
  Each of
the 5 RIRs
 received
   a /8




                                                                                                 6

                                                                                                     6
Current policy: “Run Out Fairly”
•   Gradually reduced allocation and assignment
      periods
•   Needs for “Entire Period” of up to...
     - 12 months (January 2010)
     - 9 months (July 2010)

     - 6 months (January 2011)

     - 3 months (July 2011)

•   50% has to be used up by half-period


                                                  7

                                                      7
Transfer of IPv4 allocations
•   LIRs can transfer IPv4 address blocks:
     - To another LIR
     - Only when the block is not in use

     - Meets minimum allocation size (/21)




•   Requests are evaluated by the RIPE NCC
     -   Justified need
•   Registered in the RIPE Database


                                             8

                                                 8
Business as usual
•   As long as there are IPv4 addresses left, the
      RIPE NCC will keep on distributing them,
      based on justified need
•   Same allocation and assignment policies still
      apply (RIPE-509)
•   Until the final /8 is reached




                                                    9

                                                        9
Final /8 policy
•   Each LIR will be able to get one /22 allocation
     - 1024 IPv4 addresses
     - New and existing members

     - As long as supplies will last

•   You must meet the criteria for an (additional)
      allocation
•   Only when you already have IPv6 addresses




                                                      10

                                                       10
Getting IPv6




               11
Where do all the addresses come from?
                      IETF




                      IANA




   AfriNIC   ARIN   RIPE NCC    APNIC   LACNIC




                    7500 LIRs




                    End Users




                                                 12

                                                  12
Policy process: decision making
                                              Standards
                          IETF




                          IANA




   AfriNIC   ARIN       RIPE NCC      APNIC         LACNIC




                    RIPE Community:
                                              Operations
                        Open to
                       everyone



                                                             13

                                                              13
Governing principles of addressing policy
•   Registration (in RIR whois databases)
     - to ensure uniqueness of Internet number resources
     - to provide contact information for users of resources

•   Aggregation
     - introduction of Classless Inter Domain Routing (CIDR)
     - to provide scalable routing solution for Internet

•   Conservation
     - prudent stewardship of scarce resources
     - policies to ensure fair usage

     - number resources are distributed based on need

                                                               14

                                                                14
IPv6 address basics
•   IPv6 uses 128 bit addresses
    – Hexadecimal   notation, numbers between 0 and f
    – Separated   by colons
    – 2001:db8:3042:2:5a55:cafe:fef6:babe

•   Every subnet should be a /64
        -  (2^64 hosts)
     - End-site assignment of /48 has 65,536 subnets of /64

     - Allocation of /32 has 65,536 assignments of /48s




                                                              15

                                                               15
IPv6 Address Distribution
                              /3                             IANA




                        /12                                   RIR




          /32                                                 LIR




   /48          /56                   /48                   End User


   Allocation         PA Assignment         PI Assignment

                                                                    16

                                                                       16
Getting an IPv6 allocation
•   To qualify, an organisation must:
     - Be an LIR
     - Have a plan for making assignments within two years



•   Minimum allocation size /32


•   Allocation size is based on customer numbers
       and growth


                                                             17

                                                              17
What does the first IPv6 allocation cost?


  - for all
  - pending General Meeting decision



                             or:



   -   for approximately 97% of the LIRs
       -   more points, but not higher category!


                                                   18

                                                    18
Getting IPv6 PI address space
•   To qualify, an organisation must:
     - Demonstrate it will multihome
     - Meet the contractual requirements

       for provider independent resources
     - Standard yearly fee for independent resources applies

         (50 Euro yearly)


•   Minimum assignment size /48
•   PI space can not be used for sub-assignment

                                                               19

                                                                19
IPv6 statistics




                  20
IPv6 Ripeness
•   1* = IPv6 allocation or PI assignment
•   More stars:
     - visible in RIS
     - route6 object

     - reverse DNS

•   All 4* = IPv6 “ripe”
•   Zero stars - no IPv6
•   Total number of LIRs per conutry
     -   in brackets next to country name on X axes

                                                      21

                                                       21
IPv6 RIPEness: 7491 LIRs (24 May 2011)

     1 star   2 stars    3 stars             4 stars             No IPv6



                                                       1 star


               No IPv6
                                                          2 stars



                                                       3 stars



                                   4 stars

                                                                           22

                                                                            22
0
                               20
                                    40
                                         60
                                              80


          Slovenia (42 LIRs)




                 Serbia (68)
                                               1star




               Croatia (23)
                                               2star




                Bosnia (28)




            Macedonia (19)
                                               3star




            Montenegro (8)




              Romania (35)
                                               4star




          Portugal (36 LIRs)




               Bulgaria (76)
                                                       IPv6 RIPEness – countries (24 May 2011)
                                               0star




     23

23
0%
                                25%
                                      50%
                                            75%
                                                  100%


          Slovenia (42 LIRs)



                 Serbia (68)
                                                     1star




               Croatia (23)



                Bosnia (28)
                                                     2star




            Macedonia (19)



            Montenegro (8)
                                                     3star




              Romania (35)



          Portugal (36 LIRs)
                                                     4star




               Bulgaria (76)
                                                             IPv6 RIPEness – relative (24 May 2011)




                  All (7491)
                                                     0star




     24

24
IPv6 enabled ASes in global routing


            http://v6ASNs.ripe.net




                                      25

                                       25
Top-5 IPv6
deployment
challenges




             26
Top-5 IPv6 deployment challenges
1. IPv4 and IPv6 are incompatible

2. The equipment is not IPv6 ready

3. There is no customer demand yet

4. There is no IPv6 content yet

5. There is still time to wait and do it later...


                                                    27

                                                     27
Problem: IPv4 and IPv6 are incompatible
•   Solutions:

•   While you can, build dual-stack networks

•   Many translation and tunneling mechanisms exist
    – NAT64    / NAT-PT
    – 6in4,   6to4, Teredo, 6RD, TSP, A+P, 4RD...




                                                      28

                                                       28
Problem: The equipment is not IPv6 ready
•   Solutions:
     -   demand IPv6 feature-parity from your vendors

     -   Requirements For IPv6 in ICT Equipment: RIPE-501

     -   list & review of home-routers that support IPv6:
           -   https://labs.ripe.net/Members/mirjam/ipv6-cpe-surveys/


     -   “IPv6 Ready” program: http://www.ipv6ready.org/



                                                                        29

                                                                         29
Problems: no customers / no content
•   Solutions:
     - customer education
     - killer-app?




•   Use “World IPv6 Day” for testing!




                                        30

                                         30
There is still time to wait and do it later...
•   Problems:
     - There is no business case
     - It costs money to implement changes




•   Temporary solutions:
     -   “We will use more NAT”: CGN, LSN, NAT444...


•   Solution: think ahead! Make future-proof decisions!


                                                       31

                                                        31
World IPv6 Day




                 32
World IPv6 Day
•   8 June 2011
•   Initiated by ISOC
•   0:00 GMT - 23:59 GMT
•   Top 500 websites
        -   Google, Facebook, Yahoo...
        -   and you?
•   Great test opportunity



                                         33

                                          33
RIPE NCC and World IPv6 Day
•   RIPE NCC Measurements
     - Measuring connectivity to World IPv6 Day participants
     - Testing connectivity and performance using TTM

     - Monitor performance of 6to4 versus native IPv6

     - http://ipv6eyechart.ripe.net

•   Coordinated events
     - Amsterdam
     - Moscow

•   Live reports on http://www.ripe.net/worldipv6day

                                                               34

                                                                34
Useful IPv6 links
    Websites:
•   http://IPv6ActNow.org
•   http://www.getipv6.info
•   http://datatracker.ietf.org/wg/v6ops/
•   http://www.ripe.net/ripe/docs/ripe-501.html


    Mailing lists:
•   http://lists.cluenet.de/mailman/listinfo/ipv6-ops
•   http://www.ripe.net/mailman/listinfo/ipv6-wg

                                                        35

                                                         35
Implications of IPv4 /
IPv6 transition for
Internet Governance




                         36
IPv4, IPv6 & Internet Governance?
•   IPv4 addresses trading?
•   Creating a new digital divide?
•   Governments and regulators involvement in
     encouraging / demanding IPv6 deployment?
•   Consumer choice?
•   RPKI / SIDR: resource certification & secure
     routing
•   Please, take part in RIPE Policy Development
      Process and IETF standards development!
                                                  37

                                                   37
IPv4/IPv6 in S.E.E. region: 6-9.9. Dubrovnik
•   RIPE NCC Regional Meeting:
     -   http://ripe.net/dubrovnik-2011
•   Tutorials & hands-on workshops, presentations...
     - IPv4/IPv6 Transition Mechanisms
     - IPv6 in Microsoft Environment

     - Basic & advanced BGP routing for IPv6

     - IPv6 basics

•   Hosted by CarNET
•   Free of charge!

                                                       38

                                                        38

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IPv4 and IPv6 - addressing Internet infrastructure

  • 1. IPv4 and IPv6 - addressing Internet infrastructure Vesna Manojlovic, trainer EuroDIG, Belgrade, 30-31.5.2011 1
  • 2. RIPE / RIPE NCC RIPE (’89) Operators community Develops addressing policies Industry self-regulation Working group mailing lists Meetings/conferences twice a year RIPE NCC (‘92) Located in Amsterdam Not for profit membership organisation One of five RIRs - distributes IP & ASN Supports RIPE community 2 2
  • 3. Topics: • IPv4 Exhaustion: - IANA is out of IPv4 addresses since February 2011 • Polices for getting last chunks of IPv4 • Getting IPv6 • Transition from IPv4 to IPv6: statistics - IPv6 RIPEness in SEE region • World IPv6 Day: 8. June 2011 • “Diving with Sharks”: IPv6 @ RIPE NCC Regional Meeting in Dubrovnik, 6-9.9.2011 3 3
  • 4. IPv4 addresses in the global pool 40% 38% 36% 34% 32% 30% 30% 26% 22% 20% 17% 13% 10% 9% 5% 0% 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 4 4
  • 5. Reaching the next level • The Internet has around 1.6 billion users • They consumed 3.5 billion addresses • Growing in all directions - More users join up - More connections become ‘always on’ - More devices become ‘Internet aware’ • IPv4 can no longer sustain this growth 5 5
  • 6. IPv4 exhaustion phases IPv4 still available. Final /8 policy RIPE NCC can only RIPE NCC continues triggered distribute IPv6 normal operation now time IANA pool RIPE NCC RIPE NCC exhausted reaches pool final /8 exhausted Each of the 5 RIRs received a /8 6 6
  • 7. Current policy: “Run Out Fairly” • Gradually reduced allocation and assignment periods • Needs for “Entire Period” of up to... - 12 months (January 2010) - 9 months (July 2010) - 6 months (January 2011) - 3 months (July 2011) • 50% has to be used up by half-period 7 7
  • 8. Transfer of IPv4 allocations • LIRs can transfer IPv4 address blocks: - To another LIR - Only when the block is not in use - Meets minimum allocation size (/21) • Requests are evaluated by the RIPE NCC - Justified need • Registered in the RIPE Database 8 8
  • 9. Business as usual • As long as there are IPv4 addresses left, the RIPE NCC will keep on distributing them, based on justified need • Same allocation and assignment policies still apply (RIPE-509) • Until the final /8 is reached 9 9
  • 10. Final /8 policy • Each LIR will be able to get one /22 allocation - 1024 IPv4 addresses - New and existing members - As long as supplies will last • You must meet the criteria for an (additional) allocation • Only when you already have IPv6 addresses 10 10
  • 12. Where do all the addresses come from? IETF IANA AfriNIC ARIN RIPE NCC APNIC LACNIC 7500 LIRs End Users 12 12
  • 13. Policy process: decision making Standards IETF IANA AfriNIC ARIN RIPE NCC APNIC LACNIC RIPE Community: Operations Open to everyone 13 13
  • 14. Governing principles of addressing policy • Registration (in RIR whois databases) - to ensure uniqueness of Internet number resources - to provide contact information for users of resources • Aggregation - introduction of Classless Inter Domain Routing (CIDR) - to provide scalable routing solution for Internet • Conservation - prudent stewardship of scarce resources - policies to ensure fair usage - number resources are distributed based on need 14 14
  • 15. IPv6 address basics • IPv6 uses 128 bit addresses – Hexadecimal notation, numbers between 0 and f – Separated by colons – 2001:db8:3042:2:5a55:cafe:fef6:babe • Every subnet should be a /64 - (2^64 hosts) - End-site assignment of /48 has 65,536 subnets of /64 - Allocation of /32 has 65,536 assignments of /48s 15 15
  • 16. IPv6 Address Distribution /3 IANA /12 RIR /32 LIR /48 /56 /48 End User Allocation PA Assignment PI Assignment 16 16
  • 17. Getting an IPv6 allocation • To qualify, an organisation must: - Be an LIR - Have a plan for making assignments within two years • Minimum allocation size /32 • Allocation size is based on customer numbers and growth 17 17
  • 18. What does the first IPv6 allocation cost? - for all - pending General Meeting decision or: - for approximately 97% of the LIRs - more points, but not higher category! 18 18
  • 19. Getting IPv6 PI address space • To qualify, an organisation must: - Demonstrate it will multihome - Meet the contractual requirements for provider independent resources - Standard yearly fee for independent resources applies (50 Euro yearly) • Minimum assignment size /48 • PI space can not be used for sub-assignment 19 19
  • 21. IPv6 Ripeness • 1* = IPv6 allocation or PI assignment • More stars: - visible in RIS - route6 object - reverse DNS • All 4* = IPv6 “ripe” • Zero stars - no IPv6 • Total number of LIRs per conutry - in brackets next to country name on X axes 21 21
  • 22. IPv6 RIPEness: 7491 LIRs (24 May 2011) 1 star 2 stars 3 stars 4 stars No IPv6 1 star No IPv6 2 stars 3 stars 4 stars 22 22
  • 23. 0 20 40 60 80 Slovenia (42 LIRs) Serbia (68) 1star Croatia (23) 2star Bosnia (28) Macedonia (19) 3star Montenegro (8) Romania (35) 4star Portugal (36 LIRs) Bulgaria (76) IPv6 RIPEness – countries (24 May 2011) 0star 23 23
  • 24. 0% 25% 50% 75% 100% Slovenia (42 LIRs) Serbia (68) 1star Croatia (23) Bosnia (28) 2star Macedonia (19) Montenegro (8) 3star Romania (35) Portugal (36 LIRs) 4star Bulgaria (76) IPv6 RIPEness – relative (24 May 2011) All (7491) 0star 24 24
  • 25. IPv6 enabled ASes in global routing http://v6ASNs.ripe.net 25 25
  • 27. Top-5 IPv6 deployment challenges 1. IPv4 and IPv6 are incompatible 2. The equipment is not IPv6 ready 3. There is no customer demand yet 4. There is no IPv6 content yet 5. There is still time to wait and do it later... 27 27
  • 28. Problem: IPv4 and IPv6 are incompatible • Solutions: • While you can, build dual-stack networks • Many translation and tunneling mechanisms exist – NAT64 / NAT-PT – 6in4, 6to4, Teredo, 6RD, TSP, A+P, 4RD... 28 28
  • 29. Problem: The equipment is not IPv6 ready • Solutions: - demand IPv6 feature-parity from your vendors - Requirements For IPv6 in ICT Equipment: RIPE-501 - list & review of home-routers that support IPv6: - https://labs.ripe.net/Members/mirjam/ipv6-cpe-surveys/ - “IPv6 Ready” program: http://www.ipv6ready.org/ 29 29
  • 30. Problems: no customers / no content • Solutions: - customer education - killer-app? • Use “World IPv6 Day” for testing! 30 30
  • 31. There is still time to wait and do it later... • Problems: - There is no business case - It costs money to implement changes • Temporary solutions: - “We will use more NAT”: CGN, LSN, NAT444... • Solution: think ahead! Make future-proof decisions! 31 31
  • 33. World IPv6 Day • 8 June 2011 • Initiated by ISOC • 0:00 GMT - 23:59 GMT • Top 500 websites - Google, Facebook, Yahoo... - and you? • Great test opportunity 33 33
  • 34. RIPE NCC and World IPv6 Day • RIPE NCC Measurements - Measuring connectivity to World IPv6 Day participants - Testing connectivity and performance using TTM - Monitor performance of 6to4 versus native IPv6 - http://ipv6eyechart.ripe.net • Coordinated events - Amsterdam - Moscow • Live reports on http://www.ripe.net/worldipv6day 34 34
  • 35. Useful IPv6 links Websites: • http://IPv6ActNow.org • http://www.getipv6.info • http://datatracker.ietf.org/wg/v6ops/ • http://www.ripe.net/ripe/docs/ripe-501.html Mailing lists: • http://lists.cluenet.de/mailman/listinfo/ipv6-ops • http://www.ripe.net/mailman/listinfo/ipv6-wg 35 35
  • 36. Implications of IPv4 / IPv6 transition for Internet Governance 36
  • 37. IPv4, IPv6 & Internet Governance? • IPv4 addresses trading? • Creating a new digital divide? • Governments and regulators involvement in encouraging / demanding IPv6 deployment? • Consumer choice? • RPKI / SIDR: resource certification & secure routing • Please, take part in RIPE Policy Development Process and IETF standards development! 37 37
  • 38. IPv4/IPv6 in S.E.E. region: 6-9.9. Dubrovnik • RIPE NCC Regional Meeting: - http://ripe.net/dubrovnik-2011 • Tutorials & hands-on workshops, presentations... - IPv4/IPv6 Transition Mechanisms - IPv6 in Microsoft Environment - Basic & advanced BGP routing for IPv6 - IPv6 basics • Hosted by CarNET • Free of charge! 38 38