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ARCHITECTING DATABASES FOR SCALABILITY & AVAILABILITY IN THE CLOUD: HOW RIGHTSCALE DOES IT
•Josep Blanquer, Chief Architect, RightScale 
•Raphael Simon, Senior Systems Architect, RightScale 
•Ali Khajeh-Hosseini, Director of Development, RightScale 
Q&A 
•Ben Ingalls, Sales Development Representative, RightScale 
Please use the “Questions” window to ask questions at any time 
Your Panel Today 
2
•Main Technologies Used 
•Data Storage and Design for: 
•Cloud Management 
•Self Service 
•Cloud Analytics 
•Conclusions 
•Q&A 
Agenda 
3
•RightScale uses a mix of RDBMS and NoSQL technologies: 
•MySQL , Cassandra, MongoDB, Redshift and S3 
•The choice for each of them is commonly due to features such as: 
•Transactionality 
•Availability 
•Sharding 
•Queryiability 
•Raw performance 
•Etc… 
Intro: Tools and Technologies
•Strong ACID properties 
•Availability through async replication (for “HA” and DR) 
•Read scalability through multiple slaves 
•Powerful SQL “queryiability” 
•Examples of data from our Cloud Management product: 
•Users, Plans, Settings 
•Published marketplace assets 
•Local assets like: 
•ServerTemplates, Scripts 
•Deployments and server configurations 
•Alert definitions 
Strong Points: MySQL
•High-availability properties 
•Distributed, master-less 
•Easy to horizontally scale (automatic data sharding and rebalancing) 
•Tunable replication (including multi-DC) 
•Tunable consistency 
•TTL (Time To Live) in data elements 
•Examples from our Cloud Management product: 
•Events 
•Audits 
•Across-cloud message routing 
•Session data 
•Tags 
Strong Points: Cassandra
•Mostly offline data retrieval 
•Large scale and availability 
•Large amounts of data 
•When no querying is necessary 
•Examples from our Cloud Management product 
•Archived audits (encrypted) 
•Scraped git repositories 
•Archived monitoring data 
Strong Points: S3
•Document oriented storage 
•Built-in replication support 
•Built-in sharding support 
•Test and set query 
•Examples from our Self Service product 
•Cloud Application Templates (CATs) 
•Catalog Applications 
•Running Applications 
Strong Points: MongoDB
•Simple to get started and manage 
•Scales to handle up to a petabyte of data 
•Powerful SQL “queryiability”: we can explore the data easily 
•Examples from our Cloud Analytics product 
•Storing years of usage, cost and pricing data, e.g.: 
•Instance-id-1 with x, y, z params, launched on T1 and terminated at T2 
•Price of instance-type-X with x, y, z params at T1 was $0.01 
Strong Points: Redshift
•Let’s take a peek at: 
•How the data storage architecture is designed 
•How some of these these technologies are deployed 
•With examples in each of our three main products: 
•Cloud Management 
•Self Service 
•Cloud Analytics 
Storage Architecture and Deployment 
10
Streamline Operations 
Streamline operations 
RightScale Cloud Management 
•Unify management of compute, storage, and network 
•Design portable, multi- cloud service configurations 
•Orchestrate large globally distributed systems 
•Control access across clouds, data centers, and tenants 
11
For a single account 
Global, to all accounts 
Data Accessibility and Scope 
Users 
Instances 
Data required by
Users 
Instances 
Account 
X-Account
Users 
Instances 
Account 
X-Account 
global 
Custom replication 
Why custom? More control 
•Multiple sources 
•Individual columns 
•Apply transformations 
•Smart re-sync features 
Global: MySQL 
•ACID semantics 
•Master-Slave replication
Users 
Instances 
Account 
X-Account 
global 
dash 
S3 
events 
tags 
audit 
Dashboard: MySQL 
•ACID semantics 
•Master-SlaveN replication 
•Slave reads 
•Rows tagged by account 
Other systems: Cassandra 
•Simpler Key-Value access 
•Great scalability 
•Great replica control 
•High write availability 
•Time-to-live expiration as cache 
•Rows tagged by account 
Data archive: S3 
•Low read rate 
•Globally accessible
Users 
Instances 
Account 
X-Account 
global 
dash 
S3 
events 
tags 
audit 
dash 
events 
tags 
audit 
So we can horizontally scale our dashboard by partitioning objects based on account groups: Clusters
Users 
Account 
Cluster 1 
dash 
S3 
events 
tags 
audit 
Cluster N 
dash 
S3 
events 
tags 
audit 
Account Set 1 
Account Set 2 
RightScale Accounts 
Cluster 3 
dash 
S3 
events 
tags 
audit 
… 
Features: 
•1 cluster: N accounts 
•1 account: 1 home 
•Migratable accounts Benefits: 
•Great horizontal growth 
•Better failure isolation 
•Independent scale 
•Load rebalancing 
•Versionable code 
•Differentiated service
Users 
Instances 
Account 
X-Account 
dash 
events 
tags 
audit 
global 
dash 
S3 
events 
tags 
audit 
routing 
polling 
monitor
Users 
Instances 
Account 
X-Account 
dash 
events 
tags 
audit 
global 
dash 
S3 
events 
tags 
audit 
routing 
polling 
monitor 
routing 
polling 
monitor 
And partition our cloud objects based on the cloud the instances of an account run on: Islands
Instances 
Account 
Cloud 1 
Cloud 2 
Cloud N 
Services co-located 
with resources 
Services co-located 
with resources 
Services co-located 
with resources 
routing 
polling 
monitor 
routing 
polling 
monitor 
routing 
polling 
monitor 
Island 1 
Island 2 
Island N 
Polling Clouds: MySQL 
•Master-Slave replication 
•Can port to NoSQL easily 
•Mostly a resource cache 
•But cloud partitionable 
Monitoring: Custom 
•Replicated files 
•Backup to S3 
•Archive to S3 
Routing: Cassandra 
•Simpler Key-Value access 
•Very high availability 
•Great scalability 
•Great replica control 
•Plus cross DC replication*
Users 
Instances 
Account 
Cluster 1 
dash 
S3 
events 
tags 
audit 
Cluster N 
dash 
S3 
events 
tags 
audit 
Cluster 3 
dash 
S3 
events 
tags 
audit 
… 
routing 
polling 
monitor 
routing 
polling 
monitor 
routing 
polling 
monitor 
Island 1 
Island 2 
Island N 
Different Geographies 
Different Clouds 
What if the cloud 
where the cluster 
is deployed on… 
Fails?
22 
Users 
Instances 
Account 
Cluster 1 
dash 
S3 
events 
tags 
audit 
Cluster N 
dash 
S3 
events 
tags 
audit 
Cluster 3 
dash 
S3 
events 
tags 
audit 
… 
routing 
polling 
monitor 
routing 
polling 
monitor 
routing 
polling 
monitor 
Island 1 
Island 2 
Island N 
Sister Clusters 
Full replica 
Features: 
•Each master has an extra remote slave 
•Each cluster in a pair is a DC replica of the other’s localring At Disaster Recovery time: 
•Apps are told to start serving an extra shard 
•No need to provision more infrastructure to recover (try to avoid since everybody is on the same boat) 
•New resources can be allocated over time to help offload existing ones
Increase innovation 
•Reduce development cycles and increase agility 
•Eliminate manual work with automation and orchestration 
•Drive down spend with built-in cost controls 
•Reduce risks with policy- based governance 
RightScale Self-Service 
23
•Self-Service deals with documents (CATs) 
•AngularJS application built on top of REST API 
•JSON compatibility 
•High availability and good scalability with “test and set” building block query 
•No built-in join but not needed 
•Use case allows for heavy use of denormalization 
•praxis-mapper for efficient client side joins 
Why MongoDB? 
24
•3 nodes MongoDB replica set per shard 
•Each replica in its own AZ 
•Security groups for access control 
•Write concern of 2 
•Apps read from master (need consistency) 
•BI, internal tools read from slaves 
Self-Service HA (today) 
25
•Hidden replica in different region (application does not send requests to hidden replicas) 
•Deployments in VPC 
•VPN between regions 
Self-Service DR (EOY) 
26
Optimize Cloud Spend 
•Optimize cloud spend 
RightScale Cloud Analytics 
•Visualize all your cloud costs 
•Forecast, budget, and optimize cloud costs 
•Optimize your spend and reduce waste 
•Implement chargeback and showback with automated reports 
27
Cloud Analytics and Redshift 
28 
Data sources 
Data sources 
Data sources 
Data fetching jobs 
CSV files on S3 
Redshift cluster 1 
Redshift cluster 2 
Redshift cluster N 
Servers that read and process data 
Data load jobs 
Write to all clusters 
Randomly pick one 
cluster and read from it 
Servers that read and process data 
Servers that read and process data
•Each Redshift clusters is deployed in one availability zone, what if that AZ has issues, or if the cluster goes offline? 
•Our architecture makes it easy to have replicas as there is a single “data stream” of changes, which can be written to all clusters 
•Sacrificed consistency across clusters for increased availability and scalability 
•If one AZ has issues: 
•Writes to clusters get delayed until the AZ is online or we take the affected cluster offline 
•Reads from clusters continue to work as servers can connect to another cluster 
•We run a “create replica” rake task that stops all the writes, takes a snapshot from a working cluster, and creates a new cluster on a different AZ 
Redshift HA 
29
•Redshift supports a “copy snapshot to different region” functionality 
•A new cluster can be created from a snapshot 
•Cluster configs are not stored in the snapshot and need to be configured 
•EC2 instances connect to Redshift using security groups, but the instances and the cluster must be in the same region for the security groups to work 
•We use Cloud Management’s monitoring system to monitor health and other metrics of clusters, and alert on them 
Redshift DR 
30
“Shown how RightScale uses several database technologies” 
•For well-known relational data: MySQL (with high replication) 
•For archiving and blob storage we use S3 
•For very High-Availability and geo-replication we use Cassandra 
•For TTL support and fast writes we also use Cassandra 
•For JSON documents we use Mongo (with sharding and replica-sets) 
•For large data analytics we use AWS Redshift 
Conclusions 
31
•Start a Free Trial of RightScale Today 
https://www.rightscale.com/free-trial 
•Get the White Paper “Designing Private & Hybrid Clouds” 
http://www.rightscale.com/lp/designing-private-hybrid-clouds-white-paper 
Thank You and Q&A 
32
THANK YOU. 
33

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[RightScale Webinar] Architecting Databases in the cloud: How RightScale Does It

  • 1. ARCHITECTING DATABASES FOR SCALABILITY & AVAILABILITY IN THE CLOUD: HOW RIGHTSCALE DOES IT
  • 2. •Josep Blanquer, Chief Architect, RightScale •Raphael Simon, Senior Systems Architect, RightScale •Ali Khajeh-Hosseini, Director of Development, RightScale Q&A •Ben Ingalls, Sales Development Representative, RightScale Please use the “Questions” window to ask questions at any time Your Panel Today 2
  • 3. •Main Technologies Used •Data Storage and Design for: •Cloud Management •Self Service •Cloud Analytics •Conclusions •Q&A Agenda 3
  • 4. •RightScale uses a mix of RDBMS and NoSQL technologies: •MySQL , Cassandra, MongoDB, Redshift and S3 •The choice for each of them is commonly due to features such as: •Transactionality •Availability •Sharding •Queryiability •Raw performance •Etc… Intro: Tools and Technologies
  • 5. •Strong ACID properties •Availability through async replication (for “HA” and DR) •Read scalability through multiple slaves •Powerful SQL “queryiability” •Examples of data from our Cloud Management product: •Users, Plans, Settings •Published marketplace assets •Local assets like: •ServerTemplates, Scripts •Deployments and server configurations •Alert definitions Strong Points: MySQL
  • 6. •High-availability properties •Distributed, master-less •Easy to horizontally scale (automatic data sharding and rebalancing) •Tunable replication (including multi-DC) •Tunable consistency •TTL (Time To Live) in data elements •Examples from our Cloud Management product: •Events •Audits •Across-cloud message routing •Session data •Tags Strong Points: Cassandra
  • 7. •Mostly offline data retrieval •Large scale and availability •Large amounts of data •When no querying is necessary •Examples from our Cloud Management product •Archived audits (encrypted) •Scraped git repositories •Archived monitoring data Strong Points: S3
  • 8. •Document oriented storage •Built-in replication support •Built-in sharding support •Test and set query •Examples from our Self Service product •Cloud Application Templates (CATs) •Catalog Applications •Running Applications Strong Points: MongoDB
  • 9. •Simple to get started and manage •Scales to handle up to a petabyte of data •Powerful SQL “queryiability”: we can explore the data easily •Examples from our Cloud Analytics product •Storing years of usage, cost and pricing data, e.g.: •Instance-id-1 with x, y, z params, launched on T1 and terminated at T2 •Price of instance-type-X with x, y, z params at T1 was $0.01 Strong Points: Redshift
  • 10. •Let’s take a peek at: •How the data storage architecture is designed •How some of these these technologies are deployed •With examples in each of our three main products: •Cloud Management •Self Service •Cloud Analytics Storage Architecture and Deployment 10
  • 11. Streamline Operations Streamline operations RightScale Cloud Management •Unify management of compute, storage, and network •Design portable, multi- cloud service configurations •Orchestrate large globally distributed systems •Control access across clouds, data centers, and tenants 11
  • 12. For a single account Global, to all accounts Data Accessibility and Scope Users Instances Data required by
  • 14. Users Instances Account X-Account global Custom replication Why custom? More control •Multiple sources •Individual columns •Apply transformations •Smart re-sync features Global: MySQL •ACID semantics •Master-Slave replication
  • 15. Users Instances Account X-Account global dash S3 events tags audit Dashboard: MySQL •ACID semantics •Master-SlaveN replication •Slave reads •Rows tagged by account Other systems: Cassandra •Simpler Key-Value access •Great scalability •Great replica control •High write availability •Time-to-live expiration as cache •Rows tagged by account Data archive: S3 •Low read rate •Globally accessible
  • 16. Users Instances Account X-Account global dash S3 events tags audit dash events tags audit So we can horizontally scale our dashboard by partitioning objects based on account groups: Clusters
  • 17. Users Account Cluster 1 dash S3 events tags audit Cluster N dash S3 events tags audit Account Set 1 Account Set 2 RightScale Accounts Cluster 3 dash S3 events tags audit … Features: •1 cluster: N accounts •1 account: 1 home •Migratable accounts Benefits: •Great horizontal growth •Better failure isolation •Independent scale •Load rebalancing •Versionable code •Differentiated service
  • 18. Users Instances Account X-Account dash events tags audit global dash S3 events tags audit routing polling monitor
  • 19. Users Instances Account X-Account dash events tags audit global dash S3 events tags audit routing polling monitor routing polling monitor And partition our cloud objects based on the cloud the instances of an account run on: Islands
  • 20. Instances Account Cloud 1 Cloud 2 Cloud N Services co-located with resources Services co-located with resources Services co-located with resources routing polling monitor routing polling monitor routing polling monitor Island 1 Island 2 Island N Polling Clouds: MySQL •Master-Slave replication •Can port to NoSQL easily •Mostly a resource cache •But cloud partitionable Monitoring: Custom •Replicated files •Backup to S3 •Archive to S3 Routing: Cassandra •Simpler Key-Value access •Very high availability •Great scalability •Great replica control •Plus cross DC replication*
  • 21. Users Instances Account Cluster 1 dash S3 events tags audit Cluster N dash S3 events tags audit Cluster 3 dash S3 events tags audit … routing polling monitor routing polling monitor routing polling monitor Island 1 Island 2 Island N Different Geographies Different Clouds What if the cloud where the cluster is deployed on… Fails?
  • 22. 22 Users Instances Account Cluster 1 dash S3 events tags audit Cluster N dash S3 events tags audit Cluster 3 dash S3 events tags audit … routing polling monitor routing polling monitor routing polling monitor Island 1 Island 2 Island N Sister Clusters Full replica Features: •Each master has an extra remote slave •Each cluster in a pair is a DC replica of the other’s localring At Disaster Recovery time: •Apps are told to start serving an extra shard •No need to provision more infrastructure to recover (try to avoid since everybody is on the same boat) •New resources can be allocated over time to help offload existing ones
  • 23. Increase innovation •Reduce development cycles and increase agility •Eliminate manual work with automation and orchestration •Drive down spend with built-in cost controls •Reduce risks with policy- based governance RightScale Self-Service 23
  • 24. •Self-Service deals with documents (CATs) •AngularJS application built on top of REST API •JSON compatibility •High availability and good scalability with “test and set” building block query •No built-in join but not needed •Use case allows for heavy use of denormalization •praxis-mapper for efficient client side joins Why MongoDB? 24
  • 25. •3 nodes MongoDB replica set per shard •Each replica in its own AZ •Security groups for access control •Write concern of 2 •Apps read from master (need consistency) •BI, internal tools read from slaves Self-Service HA (today) 25
  • 26. •Hidden replica in different region (application does not send requests to hidden replicas) •Deployments in VPC •VPN between regions Self-Service DR (EOY) 26
  • 27. Optimize Cloud Spend •Optimize cloud spend RightScale Cloud Analytics •Visualize all your cloud costs •Forecast, budget, and optimize cloud costs •Optimize your spend and reduce waste •Implement chargeback and showback with automated reports 27
  • 28. Cloud Analytics and Redshift 28 Data sources Data sources Data sources Data fetching jobs CSV files on S3 Redshift cluster 1 Redshift cluster 2 Redshift cluster N Servers that read and process data Data load jobs Write to all clusters Randomly pick one cluster and read from it Servers that read and process data Servers that read and process data
  • 29. •Each Redshift clusters is deployed in one availability zone, what if that AZ has issues, or if the cluster goes offline? •Our architecture makes it easy to have replicas as there is a single “data stream” of changes, which can be written to all clusters •Sacrificed consistency across clusters for increased availability and scalability •If one AZ has issues: •Writes to clusters get delayed until the AZ is online or we take the affected cluster offline •Reads from clusters continue to work as servers can connect to another cluster •We run a “create replica” rake task that stops all the writes, takes a snapshot from a working cluster, and creates a new cluster on a different AZ Redshift HA 29
  • 30. •Redshift supports a “copy snapshot to different region” functionality •A new cluster can be created from a snapshot •Cluster configs are not stored in the snapshot and need to be configured •EC2 instances connect to Redshift using security groups, but the instances and the cluster must be in the same region for the security groups to work •We use Cloud Management’s monitoring system to monitor health and other metrics of clusters, and alert on them Redshift DR 30
  • 31. “Shown how RightScale uses several database technologies” •For well-known relational data: MySQL (with high replication) •For archiving and blob storage we use S3 •For very High-Availability and geo-replication we use Cassandra •For TTL support and fast writes we also use Cassandra •For JSON documents we use Mongo (with sharding and replica-sets) •For large data analytics we use AWS Redshift Conclusions 31
  • 32. •Start a Free Trial of RightScale Today https://www.rightscale.com/free-trial •Get the White Paper “Designing Private & Hybrid Clouds” http://www.rightscale.com/lp/designing-private-hybrid-clouds-white-paper Thank You and Q&A 32