The important of visual art education among secondary school students

The important of PSV among secondary school students

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THE IMPORTANT OF PSV AMONG SECONDARY
SCHOOL STUDENTS

Prepare For:
Dr Johan Eddy Luaran

Prepared By:
Muhammad Ridha Faisal Bin Rosli Kamal
2013426796


Research Proposal
By Muhammad Ridha Faisal

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Table of Contents
CHAPTER 1 ...................................................................................................................................... 1
1.0 Introduction……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
1.1 Background of the study ....................................................................................................... 2
1.2 Statement of the research problem ...................................................................................... 3
1.3 Research objectives……………………………………………………………………………………………………….
1.4 Research questions………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
1.5 Operational definition……………………………………………………………………………………………………
1.6 Limitation of the study…………………………………………………………………………………………………..
1.7 Significance of the study………………………………………………………………………………………………..
1.8 Conclusion………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
CHAPTER 2 (LITERATURE REVIEW)................................................................................................. 4
2.0 Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 5
2.1 Concept ................................................................................................................................. 6
2.2 Theory.................................................................................................................................... 7
2.3 Relationships between variables........................................................................................... 8
CHAPTER 3 (RESEARCH METHODOLOGY) ...................................................................................... 9
3.0 Research Design .................................................................................................................. 10
3.1 Population and Sampling .................................................................................................... 11
3.2 Instrumentation .................................................................................................................. 12
3.3 Validity and Reliability ......................................................................................................... 13
3.4 Data Collection .................................................................................................................... 14
3.5 Data Analysis ....................................................................................................................... 15


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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

1.0 Introduction
Visual art or Pendidikan Seni Visual (PSV) is a chosen subject at the level of Sijil Pelajaran
Malaysia (SPM) for the literature and art students in most schools in Malaysia. Students begin
to take this subject from Form 1 in middle school and before it since standard five in primary
school and it is a compulsory subject at this level.
PSV is a visual art and not a type of music, literature or martial arts. PSV in high school or
secondary school stresses more on the process of making something with understandings,
focuses and critics.
It is aimed to improve students’ creativity besides giving positive values in it. Its curriculum
involves fine art, visual communication, design and traditional craft. The students are applied to
the appreciation of the visual arts heritage and hoped that the students will practice and apply
the knowledge they gained to enhance the value of life (Ministry of Education, 2002).
Its objective to be taught in high schools is to shape the students’ personality to be the
generations of Malaysia who knew the culture, have high aesthetic values, imaginative, critical
thinking, creative and innovative and also can be contributed to the development of self, family,
community and country as what has been stated by the National Education Philosophy. From
the experience of teaching this subject, a number of problems of teaching have been identified
in the process of teaching and learning (P&P) in the class (Ministry of Education, 2002).
Among the objectives of the high school’s PSV intended to appreciate the beauty of Allah’s
creation, foster the culture of research in the process of producing works of art, enhancing
knowledge, creativity, innovation, discipline and skills in visual arts which can be practiced in life
and career, using a variety of skills, media, techniques and technology to create craft items and
quality product of visual art, make description, analysis, interpretation and evaluation of works of
visual art, and finally is to gain more value in the disciplines of science, technology and other
subjects (Ministry of Education, 2002).


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From this PSV curriculum organization, it is divided into two areas, namely the production of
visual art as well as history and appreciation of visual art. Both of these areas will provide
students new skills. For this purpose, the teacher's responsibility is to integrate the two fields in
teaching and learning. In addition, both of this field is aimed towards the objective of FPN for the
construction of individual, family, community and country. So, in the PSV curriculum
organization, there are many aspects that are important in shaping students which is required in
the National Philosophy of Education, teachers should strive to change the perception among
students that PSV is the subject of the second class, the choice and does not need to be taught
in P&P.


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1.1 Background of the study
According to (Suppiah Nachiappan, John Male, Abdul Aziz Shukor 2007) Art is very important in
all of our lives because it enhances our understanding to problem solve, boosts our creative
thinking and heightens self-expression. It is also considered a form of entertainment, not only for
ourselves but for the entertainment of others as well
There is no information of learning among students to learn PSV is that they are less interested
on the subject, this situation stems from the diversity of the student or individual differences in
the classroom. This includes aspects of individual differences physically, emotionally, mentally,
socially, culturally, personality, language, religion, cognitive style and temperament. These
aspects create problems to the teaching and learning for teachers and students.
According to (Suppiah Nachiappan, John Male, Abdul Aziz Shukor, 2007)most of the students
are not interested to study the subject in the classroom, for example, at the beginning of the
chapter will provide students with the Basic Design of introducing art elements such as line,
appearance, shape, space, thread and color. This syllabus content is considered normal for
students, despite the fact that they should be more aware of formally and systematically.
According to (Suppiah Nachiappan, John Male, Abdul Aziz Shukor, 2007) therefore, teachers
should be able to control emotions of them first and be sensitive to the emotional intelligence of
students in the class. The sensitive teacher will be able to predict her students’ mood swings as
emotional feelings represent that person and teacher can easily master and launching the
control of delivery of P&P in the class. It was a detrimental thing if the students are eager to
learn, but was stopped by emotional. Emotion is the inner nature of a person, the emotional
impact will affect behavior and how to control his emotions requires skill to be learns), this
situation is to ensure that teachers are always able to control the emotions themselves or its
emotional students.
One problem is that PSV subtopics learning requires talent award and interest to produce works
of art that really interesting and can be evaluated. Talent is a gift and every man will bring their
own talent. Talent in singing, drawing, storytelling and acting are examples of the talent
available. Interest also is the high tendency of individuals on one activity and it is universal
according to (Suppiah Nachiappan, John Male, Abdul Aziz Shukor, 2007). For example, in the
production of Fine Arts, students will produce works such as drawings, paintings, sculptures and
prints. All subtopics actually require talent and passion and determination to create formation


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works of fine art. Two students make excuses for not being talented and are not interested in
producing a work of art and thus make them not want to learn.


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1.2 Statement of the research problem
From the learning problems that are less interested in PSV is also closely related to students'
achievement. It is connected to PSV syllabus visual communication that requires students to
make graphics and multimedia, and require students to use technology, software and internet.
This situation makes the students of the categories visual-spatial intelligence is very keen to
learn. However, not all students have a level of visual-spatial intelligence, as pointed out in
Howard Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences (1983). This will lead to students who have a
variety of intelligence such as verbal-linguistic, logical-mathematical, kinesthetic, musical,
interpersonal, intrapersonal, naturalist and existentialism became less interested or not
interested if PSV of P&P is carried out.
For students with visual-spatial intelligence, they usually have no problem to engage in all art
activities as their ability can observe visually the outside world. They were able to relate the
three-dimensional picture and shadow, this type of student is rich in imagination and creativity in
things that involve visual, if they are trained and their talents are discovered, usually the
students will be leading artists, architects, sculptors and fantastic designers. Teachers need to
be aware of multiple intelligence in the classroom before running P&P as the students who are
not interested to study the subject of PSV should not be in confinement, by using theoretical
modeling, these students should be given representation. The picture is suitable to be an
example of their friends who have visual-spatial intelligence, commitment and determination to
describe their partners in producing a work of art, showing the beautiful artworks and focused
work that can be pursued to be active in this visual art.
However, there was not much studies be carried out to investigate PSV and secondary school,
there for this study the gap. Divergence is currently expected in teaching the subject Visual Art
Education at upper secondary Malaysian schools. This is due to the fact that the teaching of this
subject is unlike teaching other subjects offered at that level. The deciphering of knowledge is
dependent on the experience of the teacher. The unavailability of a formal text book further
exaggerates this.


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1.3 Research objectives
The research objectives of this study are:
I) To examine student’s level of interest in learning PSV in classroom.
II) To investigate the causes of the student’s motivation in learning PSV in the classroom.
III) To identify ways to help student’s motivation in learning PSV in the classroom.

1.4 Research questions
The research questions for this study are:
I)

What are the levels of student interest in learning PSV in the classroom?

II) What are the causes of the student’s motivation in learning PSV in the classroom?
III) What are the ways to help student’s motivation in learning PSV in the classroom?


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1.5 Operational definitions
1.5.1 Art is a tool for thinking, for both adults and for children (Bae, 2004; Kolbe, 2001; Millikan,
2003; Rauch 2001; Svendson, 2004). Connected closely to the process of thinking, and the
clarification of ideas which are inherent in art, is the way art making helps children to make
meaning. This is part of the multi-modal and multi-dimensional aspect of art, which
encompasses many ways of knowing and expressing thoughts and feelings in one process
(Rauch, 2001; Wright, 2003). In the research, art refers to the visual arts are part of the
historical record of every culture and historical period known to human beings.
1.5.2 According to Kenneth M.Lansing (1973) in his book Art, Artist and Art Education stated
that arts education activities for which there can serve as a communication branch. The ability of
teachers in delivering lessons and use the correct methods will meet. In addition, teachers need
to understand and master the curriculum and syllabus Visual Arts. Skills of teachers in
curriculum work focusing on the development of specific knowledge and skills upgrading using a
variety of approaches and techniques. Art education is one of the core subjects in the general
education curriculum for secondary schools and in art teacher training program. However
despite the national oriented curriculum that stresses cultural, social, and political, the influence
of British studio-based art teaching still persists and dominates school art programs (Jin Leng,
1980; Hassan, 1978). The school art syllabus indicates that "a large proportion of the time
should be spent on picture making and allied subjects, figure and landscape painting and
drawing" (Syllabus, secondary school, 1969).
1.5.3 In Theory of Human Fitness, Gardner (1983) suggests that there are seven types of
fitness but most schools emphasize fitness linguistics and mathematics only. Other fitness may
be lost. This theory supports the arts should be given an important role in the curriculum, as
humans acquire knowledge through a variety of plenty of fitness and also through teaching
techniques. By using a balanced approach to studying form, theme, and context of an

artwork, learners can create as well as discern layers of meaning in visual language,
as revealed in the following equation: Form+Theme+Context (FTC) = Art (Sandell,
2006, 2009). In exploring form, or how the work “is,” learners differentiate an artist’s
many structural decision, embedded in the creative process, that lead to a final
product. By examining the themes, or what the work is about, learners explore what
the artist expresses through a selected overarching concept or “Big Idea” (Walker,


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2001) that reveals the artist’s expressive viewpoint relating art to life as well as other
disciplines. In investigating context(s), or when, where, by/for whom, and why the art
was created (and valued), learners comprehend the authentic nature of artwork by
probing the conditions for and under which the art was created from our
contemporary perspective, as well as those of foreign and previous cultures.

1.6 Limitation of the study
The small sample size of this study might not allow the findings of the study to be
generalize able to all secondary school students in this country. Besides that, this study this not
an action research, hence the suggested ways to overcome the importance of PSV among
secondary school student that might think PSV not important.

1.7 Significance of the study
In this situation, teachers should not be blamed simply because it is impossible for the science
teacher to have the talent or interest in art production who is directed by school administration to
teach PSV. Factors such as teacher ability and profession of subject they teach are very difficult
to solve the learning problems in PSV which involves talents and interests. However, in the PSV
syllabus, there are ways and techniques of art productions; teachers’ initiative is needed to
sharpen interest in the production of artwork though teachers had no talent. At least the teacher
should be able to produce a painting of beautiful scenery on the views of students and is
sufficient for these students and the idea of making it as a model to create their artwork. When
these students became interested in the work of earlier teacher, they will become more
interested in producing work almost same or better than the work of the teacher, the theoretical
model of Dr. Bandura can be applied to this problem.
PSV subtopics in the syllabus are taught about traditional crafts and new dimensions, this title
requires students to learn the basics of pottery, batik, wood carving, weaving and embroidery art
(Ministry of Education, 2002). The problem here is students’ creativity is needed because
students will produce motifs or patterns of their own before translated into actual sculptures.
Problems arise when students are divided into two large groups, indirectly.


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Primarily, the aim of this research is to offer contribution to the enhancement of the Visual Art
education in Malaysia. This area of study has long been regarded as insignificant and merely as
an add-on to the other subjects in the Malaysian academic scenario. This perception must be
eradicated from the minds of the Malaysian public, both within the school and in general.
Therefore, it is hoped that with this research, the significant contributions derived from the
Visual Art subject is being given prominence and is highlighted.

It is also hoped that with the findings from this research, certain measures could be taken by the
authority bodies to improve the quality of teaching of this subject for the benefit of our future
generation. Teaching and learning of the subject Visual Art (Pendidikan Seni Visual) in
Malaysian high schools would be greatly standardized and enhanced by the utilization of
appropriate teaching aids.

1.8 Conclusion
This chapter has covered the background of the study, the statement of the research problem,
the research objectives, the research questions, the significance of the research, the operational
definition of terms used in this study and the limitation of this study. The literature review of the
topics related to this study will be presented in the next chapter.


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CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW

2.0 Introduction
This chapter presents the previous researches which are connected to the concept or theories
and past research according to the importance of PSV among secondary school students. In
this study, the researcher concerns for those have been studying about this topic. Any
researcher will always refer to the previous research that has studied related topic; it is because
prior knowledge any specific area is important to researchers (Sulaiman, 2004). He also stated
that it’s very much necessary to refer to the researchers that already exist.
In this chapter, researcher has emphasized on a sub topic on the level of student in secondary
school interest in learning PSV. The most important instrument researcher used in this study is
The Group Embedded Figures Test (GEFT).
The researcher has focused on the student interest level in learning PSV in secondary school;
this study is very important and useful for teacher and students. It is because after the
researcher completely doing their research; people may know the relationship between these
two variables. After complete this study, the researcher also can use this finding to prepare their
self after be posting to school later. They also can be more confident and responsible for doing
the school work in order to increase their student academic achievement.


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2.1 Conceptual Framework
The concept of art has undergone centuries of development from Socrates to modern-day
theorists. Therefore, there are numerous definitions of art.
According to F. ROBERT SABOL, Ph.D. President, National Art Education Association is Art is
one of the universal languages all human beings understand and use to communicate. We use
art to understand who we are, our places in the world, and the meaning of our lives. We use art
to express ourselves and to speak to others across time and place. Human beings have an
essential drive to create and understand visual imagery. This drive is one of the basic traits that
make us human. The power of the visual arts to enrich human experience and society is
recognized and celebrated throughout the world.
Art and the visual arts are part of the historical record of every culture and historical period
known to human beings. It may be said that all we know about some past civilizations is found
entirely in the record of art and artifacts their people left behind. The visual arts have been used
to capture and express a wide array of values, beliefs, and ideas embraced by people from
around the world and from every period of history. The visual arts have been used to educate,
persuade, commemorate, and problem solve. In fact daily we are dependent upon the visual
arts to make sense of the world in which we live.
We continuously are inundated with innumerable visual images and messages on television,
computers, digital communications devices, and in the printed media. Neuroscience has shown
that a significant portion of the human brain is devoted to understanding visual stimulation and
to decoding visual messages we receive through our sense of vision. We do this by using all of
our higher order thinking skills, memory, and education. In our contemporary society, the visual
arts and dependence upon visual imagery is essential in communicating and understanding the
information we need to live our lives. In order to fully understand visual imagery and its
meaning, it is essential that all people receive an art infused education. Such an education
enables people to become informed citizens, critical thinkers, creative problem solvers and
productive members of society.
The visual arts can be an important and rich domain of learning for young children. In PreK
education, The Task Force on Children’s Learning and the Arts: Birth to Age Eight (Young
children and the arts: Making creative connections, Washington, DC: Arts Education
Partnership, 1998) recommends that art experiences for young children include activities


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designed to introduce children to works of art that are high quality and developmentally
appropriate in both content and presentation. Angela Eckhoff, 2007
In spite of the rhetoric of arts advocates who speak of art as a basic subject alongside English,
math, and science, art education do not exhibit the characteristics of a “basic” discipline and
consequently remains on the margins of secondary education (Hope 2006).1 Education policies
contribute to the art education’s current status in the high school curriculum. The National
Association of State Boards of Education describes the marginalized status of the arts and
recommends incorporating the arts into core graduation requirements, admission standards for
colleges, and accountability measurements, as well as increasing the frequency of the National
Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) arts assessment (Meyer 2005).
Until such policies are implemented, teachers must find ways to foster support for their art
programs and make authentic curricular encounters with the visual arts a possibility for a broad
range of students. One response to the lack of supportive arts education policy is the College
Board’s Advanced Placement (AP) Studio Art Program, a visual arts assessment at the high
school level. The College Board oversees the AP program and thus has a substantial influence
on secondary curriculum, teaching, and assessment, and on the large number of teachers and
students involved with the program. The structure of the AP portfolios, furthermore, helps shape
a definition of college-level foundational skills that occasionally conflicts with current arts
education ideology. It is useful to ask how an evaluation that removes artistic production from
the context of its creation can support the complexities of artistic practice and knowledge. Our
analysis of this program and our professional experiences generated questions about
assessment; advocacy, foundational knowledge, and the changing character of art making that
are relevant to future research and policy development in high school art education.
This includes issues concerning the power of representation the formation of cultural identities,
functions of creative production, the meanings of visual narratives critical reflection on
technological pervasiveness and the importance of interdisciplinary connections The focus in
recent decade son fine arts disciplines in the U.S. art curriculum and standardized testing has
resulted in the exclusion of such critical aspects of visual culture in art education. In fact, these
aspects of the visual arts have been given more attention in "non art" school subjects such as
anthropology and sociology and feminist, cultural, and media studies (Collins, 1989; Mirzoeff,
1998; Scollon & Scollon, 1995; Sturken & Cartwright, 2001).


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As a result, knowledge of what has traditionally been considered fine art objects and "good"
taste can no longer be seen as the only visual cultural capital to serve elementary, secondary or
higher education students. Fine art is still great value in Education and an important part of
historical and contemporary visual culture; however, the Broader, creative, and critical
exploration of visual culture, and its local, state, national, and Global meanings is a more
appropriate focus if we want students to understand the importance of visual culture.

However, the more that is learned about visual culture, the better we can grasp the concept of
identity; and the more that is learned about the various members of a particular group, the more
richly we can understand their visual culture (Stuhr, 1999). Others .It also helps us to
understand why and how students respond to visual culture as they do (Ballengee-Morris&
Stuhr, 2001; Freedman & Wood. 1999).

We are now experiencing technology as reality and appropriate visual culture as life experience
turning it into attitudes, actions, and even consciousness (Rushkoff, 1994). As a part of the
process of concept formation in education, the arts have often been dichotomously categorized
inhibiting understanding and reducing the complexity of visual culture. The process of learning
new concepts does involve dichotomous distinctions. For example, children with pets may begin
to learn that a cow is a cow by learning that is not a dog or a cat; they learn to discern one style
of painting by learning its differences from other styles (Gardner, 1972).

Making meaning from complex visual cultural forms occurs through at least three overlapping
methods: (a) communication (b) suggestion and (c) appropriation (Freedman, 2003).
The increasing number of visual culture objects and images shapes not only art education in the
2lst century but also the intergraphical and inter textual connections between visual forms
(Freedman2, 000, 2003).The critical necessity of teaching visual culture in this context is seen in
the lack of serious debate even in the "free" media as it becomes increasingly focused on
entertainment (Aronowitz, 1994; Morley, 1992).

In order to reconceptualize curriculum in this way, it is necessary to understand curriculum as a
process rather than as a single text. The process of curriculum is its product. Curriculum is not a
unified whole. It is a collage of bits of information based on knowledge (Freedman, 2000,
2003).Criteria for assessment must be developed through community debate, but not allowed to
be trivialized through excessive fragmentation and over assessment (Boughton, 1991, 1997').


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Art education is no different in the dissolution of its boundaries from other areas and disciplines.
Postmodernism and advances in computer and media technologies have enabled boundary
erosion that has prompted new ways of conceptualizing subject areas and what constitutes
important disciplinary knowledge. As a result, new methods for investigation and data collection
are continually being invented and developed. The arts figure prominently in these new
methodological configurations (Barone & Eisner, 1997; Gaines & Renow, 1999: Prosser1998;
Rose, 2001).

The new conception of curriculum and student artistic inquiry opens up the possibility of moving
away from these problems. A curriculum based on visual culture takes into consideration
Students daily, postmodern experiences and their future lives. Most students will not be
professional artists, but all students need to become responsible citizens of the world. In a
democracy an aim of education is to promote the development of responsible citizens who think
critically, act constructively in an informed manner and collaborate in the conscious formation of
personal and communal identities. ln order for art curriculum to fulfill this aim in the
contemporary context, students' studio experience must be thought to as part of visual culture
and as a vital way to come to understand the visual milieu in which they live. Student studio
experience is essential to teaching and learning about visual culture because it (a) is a process
of creating/critical inquiry, (b) helps students understand the complexities of visual culture, and
(c) connects and empowers people.

Perhaps the people most influenced by visual culture are children and adolescents Students
incorporate the social codes, language and values of visual culture into their lives (Freedman&
Wood, 1999; Tavin, 2001).Visual culture influences student’s knowledge, affects their identity
construction and shapes their aesthetic sensibilities. Recently, general curriculum theorists have
been struggling with the project of re conceptualizing curriculum from postmodern perspectives
(Giroux, 1992; Pinar, 1988; Pinar, Reynolds, Slattery, & Taubman, 1996).

This project is a response to the many social and cultural changes that are now influencing
students' lives. The project of developing appropriate educational responses to such change is
increasingly important as societies and cultures leave the secure thinking of modernistic forms
of education, where knowledge and inquiry methods are represented as stable and curriculum is
intended to be reproduced. For example, postmodern curriculum theorists point out that


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curriculum is not a neutral enterprise; it is a matter of selection. As a result, the curriculum
contains and reflects the interests of individuals and social groups. Patrick Slattery (1995) has
argued that curriculum expresses autobiography because it is created by human beings who
leave parts of themselves in their teaching and writing.


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2.2 Theory/Theories

In Malaysia, there seems to be a perception that Art education is secondary to other subjects
such as Mathematics, Science or English. This inferiority label has been a stigma to many
Malaysian Art teachers. There seems to be an unspoken perception about the subject Visual Art
being a sub-standard subject as compared to other subjects. Preference was not given to this
subject over other subjects because they are deemed as being less “important”. This fact was
verified not only by the Art teachers themselves, but also agreed by the person in authority at
the Ministry level where there has been cases of schools channeling funds allocated for Visual
Art subject to be used for other purposes or that other subjects were being taught during Visual
Art period.

The Visual Art Education subject is an elective subject offered at upper secondary level (form 4
and 5) and is mandatory at lower secondary (form 1, 2 and 3). Even though it is a compulsory
subject at lower secondary level, this paper is not being offered at the form 3 Middle Secondary
Examination (PMR). Whereas at the Malaysian Certificate of Education examination at form 5
(SPM), it is offered as an elective subject and is compulsory for all Art stream students.

The Visual Art Education syllabus taught in Malaysian high schools has been without a formal
text book since its inclusion in the Malaysian education syllabus. Teachers were being guided
by a syllabus drawn up by the Curriculum Development Authority under the Ministry of
Education (PPK). At the same time, there is also an unofficial teacher’s guide produced by PPK
as well as numerous other independent book publishers published books in accordance to the
art syllabus acting as supplementary teaching resources for the teachers. At the same time,
there are suppliers who provide teaching aids to complement the teaching of this subject based
on their own interpretation of the curriculum. Most often, schools with students taking Art as part
of their mandatory subject in major examinations would be relying on these aids as part of their
presentation in the class. They usually come in the form of colored transparencies to be used
with an OHP, printed charts or as an example to tackle a particular exam question – depicting
actual idea as interpreted by the supplier.

On another note, the teaching of Visual Art as a subject relies quite heavily on the experience
and interpretation of the teacher. This in a way closely resembles the master and apprentice


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way of teaching. Being a subject which is unlike other subjects such as English, Science or
Mathematics, in other word, an inexperience teacher would teach the student only up to the
level of their own knowledge and exposure in Visual Art as compared to a teacher with vast
experience in related field would be able to provide a more comprehensive knowledge of the
subject at macro level 3.Therefore, discrepancies can be anticipated in the quality of teaching
the subject between an experienced and a novice Art teacher.

In 2007, the Ahmad Ibrahim Secondary School (AISS) marked its 40 years of supporting
students with visual impairments. The Open Education Program, which supports a total of 17
students with visual impairments, constitutes an integral part of the school’s provisions (AISS,
2007).
2.3 Important PSV (Visual Art) in secondary school student

The most important is to coordinate with the Ministry of Education and the Lighthouse School to
place students in integration or attachment centers and supporting and facilitating students'
participation in the instructional program in class by providing Braille textbooks, worksheets, and
practice papers; transcribing materials from Braille to print and print to Braille; recording printed
material in audio formats; teaching students to use special equipment, such as talking scientific
calculators, talking and braille dictionaries, and geometric drawing kits; and providing remedial
lessons to students who have difficulty coping with class lessons. Other than that, teaching
Braille to students with low or diminishing vision.

However, teaching students to use computers with screen readers and related assistive
technology and counseling students with problems related to academic studies, social
interaction in and outside school, psychological stress, and personal decorum and social
etiquette. Other than that, assisting students in participating in extracurricular activities and
other programs of the school and upgrading. Beside that acquiring new equipment for the
resource room and conferring with the mainstream teaching staff members about the needs and
abilities of students with visual impairments.


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2.4 Conclusion
Researches from previous studies have proved that PSV (visual art education)among student
is one of the causes that make students do not want to participate in classroom and it is crucial
to help students overcome this problem in order for them to be able to become active
participants in visual art activities so that they can maximize the learning outcomes as well as to
equip them with good creative skills that will need when they graduate from school.


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CHAPTER 3

3.1 INTRODUCTION

The aim of this study was to look at genders critical thinking style. This study attempts to
ascertain the relationship between critical thinking and academic achievement. The variable
is genders and academic achievements among Art Education Students of UiTM Shah Alam.
In this chapter, the researcher will discuss about the methods and the steps which will be
carried out in this research. The research methodology is one of the vital parts in doing
research because without these methods planned beforehand, every research and study
shall find a dead end. Besides, in this methodology chapter, the researcher has to state a
few important matters which are research design, the setting of the research, the research
samples and the population of the research, the research instrument, also data collection.

3.2 RESEARCH DESIGN
This survey employs a survey method and it is descriptive in nature. This study adopts a
quantitative approach since the area of research has been theoretically grounded. Students
were randomly assigned to experimental or control groups using the Research Randomizer
(Urbaniak&Plous, 1997) where blocks of three were filled as students completed eligibility
criteria. The independent variable for this study was critical thinking programs. The
dependent variables were post-test scores on the California Critical Thinking Skills Test2000 and the students' academic achievement as determined by their final grade.
A demographic survey to collect descriptive data about the subjects in this study was one of
the instruments used in this study. Developed by this researcher, the survey was composed
of few questions regarding the characteristics of the sample population. Basic descriptive
statistics were used to summarize students' demographic information from the demographic
survey such as sex, age, class level, and school.


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As for the questionnaires, they will be only be divided into 4 Section A, and B. The division is
made to facilitate the respondents to answer the given questions and also to help the
researcher to analyze the answer later.

(i)

Section A – Students’ demographic information

The purpose of section A is to gather the information and data on the respondents’ personal
details such as gender, form and age. This section will use nominal scales in which numbers
and symbols in some categories are used.

1. Gender
[

] Male

[

] Female

Figure 3.1: Example of a Nominal item

(ii)

Section B – Critical Thinking Test
15 items for each motivation and interest have been used from Visual Art (2008).

3.3 INSTRUMENT
There are various types of instrument which can be used to join and collect the information and
the data needed for this ongoing research. If any of the research, the research instrument is
important to achieve the objective required in one research. While for this research, the
instrument that will be used is the survey method. This instrument was administered to students
in class and students were given 30 minutes to respond to the 15 items in the questionnaire
were given. The items for questionnaire are based on critical thinking for students. There are
four passages in this test. Each passage is followed by several questions. After reading a


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passage, they need to choose the correct answer option. They may refer to the passages as
often as necessary.

3.4 POPULATION AND SAMPLES

There were 168 students, from 168 students. This research sample will be done by 50
Students of School in Shah Alam who come from two classes. The questionnaires will be
given and distributed to these respondents of lower secondary school student and upper
secondary school student. Overall, a total of 50 questionnaires will be handed to the
Secondary School Students in Shah Alam. These students are chosen because they pursue
a Secondary School Students in Shah Alam. Besides that, respondents from form 3 and
form 4 are a little bit have extra free time compared to students from form 5.

Semester

Number of respondents

Percentage (%)

1

25

50

2

25

50

Total

50

100

In this section, the respondents have to answer 15 questions which contain multiple
choices of questions (MCQ) which use the multiple choices scale.

3.5 DATA COLLECTIONS

In this chapter researcher has started collecting the research problems with collected data
related. The purpose of this data collection is to analyze information afar. Permission to conduct
this research was this research was sought from the lecturer from the subject to use his or her
time for students form 3 and form 4 answer the questionnaire. After getting permission to
distribute a questionnaire, the researcher does a pilot study to check validity and reliability of the
instruments from the expert. After meeting teacher from the class, she gives researchers to


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relief class for 40 minutes, after 40 minutes researcher has collected the GEFT test from the
students at the same day. 50 GEFT tests were distributed and 50 GEFT tests were collected.

3.6 DATA ANALYSIS

It can be used to do a lot of statically analysis and data management in the graphic
management (ZaidatunTasir& M. Salleh Abu, 2003). In order to examine research objective
number one, is to examine the level of academic achievement among secondary school
students in Shah Alam this research use frequency and statistic. In order to examine research
objective number two, where to investigate the relationship between motivation and academic
achievement among secondary school students in Shah Alam by use Pearson correlation. In
order to examine research objective number three is there any significant difference between
motivation and academic achievement among secondary school students in Shah Alam by use
regression. In order to examine research objective number four, is to examine the level of
critical thinking among secondary school students in Shah Alam m by frequencies and
percentage.


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REFERENCE

AinonMohd& Abdullah Hassan (2000).KursusberfikiruntukKolej&Universiti. Kuala Lumpur:
PTS Publications & Distributors Sdn. Bhd.

Armabile, T.M. (1996). Creativity in context: Nurturing a lifetime of creativity. New York:
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Baker, M., Rudd, R. & Pomeroy, C. (2001).Relationship between critical and creative
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Journal of Southern Agricultural Education Research, 57(1), 173-188.

Bassham, G., Irwin. W., Nardone, H., & Wallace, J.M. (2005). Critical thinking: A student's

Chua Yan Piaw (nd). Halangan pemikiran kreatif dalaman dan stail pemikiran minda guru
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Kdpm semester 3. Jabatan Penyelidikan Maktab Perguruan Ilmu Khas.

Chua Yan Piaw (2010) Building a test to assess creative and critical thinking Simultaneously
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Social and Behavioral Sciences, 2 (2010) 551-559

Garcia, C.F & Hughes, E.H. (2000). Learning and Thinking Styles: An Analysis of Their

Interrelationship and Influence on Academic Achievement. Educational Psychology, 20(4).

Gordon, H.S. (2007). Men's and women's perceptions of the climate for creativity in male
dominated and female-dominated work environment. A Dissertation. The Sate University


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Harrison, A. F. And Bramson, R. M. (2002). The Art of Thinking: The Classic Guide to
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Herrmann, Ned. (1996). The whole brain business book. United State of America, McGrawHill.

Jaquish, G. A & Ripple, R.E. (1980). Divergent Thinking and Self Esteem in b

Adolescents. Journal of Youth and Adolescents, 9(2), 143-152.

Kelleher, W.E., McRae, L.S. & Young, J.D. (1990). The group embedded figure test: The
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