SlideShare a Scribd company logo
1 of 17
Download to read offline
Memory
MEMORY AS AN INFORMATION
PROCESSING APPROACH
                                                   Conversely, memory
                                                   failure—for example,
                                                   forgetting an important
                                                   fact—reflects a breakdown
   ENCODING                                        in one of these stages of
                                                   memory.

the initial perception and

                               STORAGE
      registration of
       information.

                             the retention of encoded
                              information over time.
                                                           RETRIEVAL
Whenever people successfully recall
a prior experience, they must have                      the processes involved in
encoded, stored, and retrieved                          using stored information.
information about the experience.
Memory
TYPES OF MEMORY

SENSORY MEMORY
SHORT TERM MEMORY
LONG TERM MEMORY
SENSORY MEMORY
 are momentary recordings of information in
  our sensor systems. In fact, most information
  only lasts a few seconds and is replaced with
  something else that captures our attention.
 Recorded from
   Iconic memory – visual
   Echoic memory – auditory
 Transfer to short term memory is controlled by
 attention
SHORT TERM / WORKING MEMORY
 Psychologists originally used the term short-term
  memory to refer to the ability to hold information
  in mind over a brief period of time.
 The term working memory is now commonly used
  to refer to a broader system that both stores
  information briefly and allows manipulation and
  use of the stored information.
 Limited amount of information for a brief period
  of time.
 Roughly seven plus minus two
SHORT TERM / WORKING MEMORY
 Information is held from 15 to 20 seconds and
  if not transferred to long term memory it is
  lost primarily through interference and decay.
 Memories are transferred       to   long   term
  memory through rehearsal.
 If you need to store more, you may be helped
  by the use of CHUNKING, or grouping items
  into categories which will be easier to store
  and to retrieve later. The successful formation
 of a chunk is known as CLOSURE.
LONG TERM MEMORY
 Generally, long-term memory describes a
  system in the brain that can store vast
  amounts of information on a relatively
  enduring basis.
 When you play basketball, remember that
 you had lunch at Jack in the Box
 yesterday, recall your first birthday party at a
 club, play the Wii, or sing your favorite
 song, you draw on information and skills
 stored in long-term memory.
LONG TERM MEMORY
 Holds very large amount of information for long
  periods of time.
 Information in the long term memory become
  relatively permanent.
 Three kinds of Long Term Memory:
    Episodic - refers to memories of specific
     episodes in one’s life and episodic memories
     are connected with a specific time and place.
    Semantic - refers to our general knowledge of
     the world and all of the facts we know
    Procedural - refers to the skills that humans
     possess
THEORIES OF FORGETTING
 Interference Theory – the ability to learn new
  information is disrupted by what we have
  learned before and what we will learn in the
 future.
   Proactive – when previous learning interferes with
    later learning
   Retroactive – when later learning disrupts earlier
    learning
 Decay Theory – if information is not used with
  time, forgetting occurs
 Repression - refers to forgetting an unpleasant
  event or piece of information due to its
  threatening quality.
OTHER CONCEPTS
 Déjà Vu and Jamais Vu
   The sense of déjà vu (French for “seen
    before”) is the strange sensation of having
    been somewhere before, or experienced
    your current situation before, even though
    you know you have not.
   The sense of jamais vu (French for “never
    seen”) arises when people feel they are
    experiencing something for the first
    time, even though they know they must
    have experienced it before.
OTHER CONCEPTS
 Flashbulb memory
    is an unusually vivid memory of an especially
     emotional or dramatic past event.
    May also be associated with vivid emotional
     experiences in one’s own life: the death of a family
     member or close friend, the birth of a baby, being in a
     car accident, and so on.
 Tip-of-the-tongue state.
    Refers to the situation in which a person tries to
     retrieve a relatively familiar word, name, or fact, but
     cannot quite do so.
OTHER CONCEPTS
 Eidetic imagery or photographic memory
   the ability to recall every detail after
    looking at a picture or page for a few
    seconds
   Persons with this unusual form of
    memory must be able to hold visual
    images much longer and form very
    numerous associations in a short time
 Mnemonist
AMNESIA
 Inability to recall information
 Types
   Anterograde    amnesia – inability to
    remember information/ events after the
    accident or brain injury
   Retrograde amnesia – inability to
    remember information/ events that
    occurred prior to the accident
BRAIN DAMAGE & ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE

  Brain Damage
   Tumors, strokes, surgery can produce
   various types of memory impairment
  Alzheimer’s Disease
   A progressive mental deterioration
   that occurs most commonly in old
   age.
IMPROVING MEMORY
 Chunking
 Mnemonic Devices
 Overlearning
 Organization of text materials
 Organization of lecture notes
 Method of Loci
 Peg Word Method
 PQ4R Method -
  Preview, Questions, Read, Reflect, Recite, Review
 Spaced Learning
Memory

More Related Content

What's hot (20)

Memory
Memory Memory
Memory
 
Memory
MemoryMemory
Memory
 
Memory
MemoryMemory
Memory
 
Unit 4 memory and performance
Unit 4 memory and performanceUnit 4 memory and performance
Unit 4 memory and performance
 
Forgetting
ForgettingForgetting
Forgetting
 
Memory and Types - Psychology
Memory and Types - PsychologyMemory and Types - Psychology
Memory and Types - Psychology
 
Ch09
Ch09Ch09
Ch09
 
Memory
MemoryMemory
Memory
 
Memory
MemoryMemory
Memory
 
Memory
MemoryMemory
Memory
 
Human Memory (Psychology)
Human Memory (Psychology)Human Memory (Psychology)
Human Memory (Psychology)
 
The human memory
The human memoryThe human memory
The human memory
 
Memory
MemoryMemory
Memory
 
Powerpoint memory
Powerpoint memoryPowerpoint memory
Powerpoint memory
 
Memory and forgetting in psychology
Memory and forgetting in psychology Memory and forgetting in psychology
Memory and forgetting in psychology
 
Chapter 9 (memory)
Chapter 9 (memory)Chapter 9 (memory)
Chapter 9 (memory)
 
Memory
MemoryMemory
Memory
 
educational psychology
educational psychologyeducational psychology
educational psychology
 
Human memory
Human memoryHuman memory
Human memory
 
Memory
MemoryMemory
Memory
 

Viewers also liked (9)

Relationship Theories
Relationship TheoriesRelationship Theories
Relationship Theories
 
Atoms and Charge
Atoms and ChargeAtoms and Charge
Atoms and Charge
 
Caring Theories
Caring TheoriesCaring Theories
Caring Theories
 
Nomenclature
NomenclatureNomenclature
Nomenclature
 
Chemical Bonding - Basic Concepts
Chemical Bonding - Basic ConceptsChemical Bonding - Basic Concepts
Chemical Bonding - Basic Concepts
 
Lesson 2 Isomerism
Lesson 2 IsomerismLesson 2 Isomerism
Lesson 2 Isomerism
 
Approaches to Psychology
Approaches to PsychologyApproaches to Psychology
Approaches to Psychology
 
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
ORGANIC CHEMISTRYORGANIC CHEMISTRY
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
 
Lesson 1 Organic Chemistry
Lesson 1 Organic ChemistryLesson 1 Organic Chemistry
Lesson 1 Organic Chemistry
 

Similar to Memory

disorders of memory .pptx disorder of memory
disorders of memory .pptx disorder of memorydisorders of memory .pptx disorder of memory
disorders of memory .pptx disorder of memoryASHISH KUMAR
 
Memory introduction by md.sayef
Memory introduction by md.sayefMemory introduction by md.sayef
Memory introduction by md.sayeffahsayef
 
Sindh nurses examination board karachi
Sindh nurses examination board karachiSindh nurses examination board karachi
Sindh nurses examination board karachiDeepak Dkrs
 
Memory and forgetting in Educational Psychology
Memory and forgetting in Educational PsychologyMemory and forgetting in Educational Psychology
Memory and forgetting in Educational PsychologyMuhammad Imran
 
Memory and Cognition: Encoding and Storage.pptx
Memory and Cognition: Encoding and Storage.pptxMemory and Cognition: Encoding and Storage.pptx
Memory and Cognition: Encoding and Storage.pptxJamesReyes67
 
The nature of memory and encoding
The nature of memory and encodingThe nature of memory and encoding
The nature of memory and encodingKum Visal
 
The Exploration Of Human Memory Essay
The Exploration Of Human Memory EssayThe Exploration Of Human Memory Essay
The Exploration Of Human Memory EssaySamantha Jones
 
Introduction to the process and types of memory
Introduction to the process and types of memoryIntroduction to the process and types of memory
Introduction to the process and types of memoryGhulam Mujtaba
 

Similar to Memory (20)

disorders of memory .pptx disorder of memory
disorders of memory .pptx disorder of memorydisorders of memory .pptx disorder of memory
disorders of memory .pptx disorder of memory
 
Memory
MemoryMemory
Memory
 
19. MEMORY .pptx
19. MEMORY .pptx19. MEMORY .pptx
19. MEMORY .pptx
 
Memory introduction by md.sayef
Memory introduction by md.sayefMemory introduction by md.sayef
Memory introduction by md.sayef
 
Human memory
Human memoryHuman memory
Human memory
 
Sindh nurses examination board karachi
Sindh nurses examination board karachiSindh nurses examination board karachi
Sindh nurses examination board karachi
 
Yogendra memory
Yogendra memoryYogendra memory
Yogendra memory
 
Memory
Memory Memory
Memory
 
MEMORY
MEMORYMEMORY
MEMORY
 
Memory.pptx
Memory.pptxMemory.pptx
Memory.pptx
 
Embedding memories for brands
Embedding memories for brandsEmbedding memories for brands
Embedding memories for brands
 
Memory
MemoryMemory
Memory
 
Psych 200 Memory
Psych 200   MemoryPsych 200   Memory
Psych 200 Memory
 
Memory and forgetting
Memory and forgettingMemory and forgetting
Memory and forgetting
 
Memory and forgetting in Educational Psychology
Memory and forgetting in Educational PsychologyMemory and forgetting in Educational Psychology
Memory and forgetting in Educational Psychology
 
Memory - cognition
Memory - cognition Memory - cognition
Memory - cognition
 
Memory and Cognition: Encoding and Storage.pptx
Memory and Cognition: Encoding and Storage.pptxMemory and Cognition: Encoding and Storage.pptx
Memory and Cognition: Encoding and Storage.pptx
 
The nature of memory and encoding
The nature of memory and encodingThe nature of memory and encoding
The nature of memory and encoding
 
The Exploration Of Human Memory Essay
The Exploration Of Human Memory EssayThe Exploration Of Human Memory Essay
The Exploration Of Human Memory Essay
 
Introduction to the process and types of memory
Introduction to the process and types of memoryIntroduction to the process and types of memory
Introduction to the process and types of memory
 

More from Richard Araneta

More from Richard Araneta (11)

Process Theories
Process TheoriesProcess Theories
Process Theories
 
Adaptation Theories
Adaptation TheoriesAdaptation Theories
Adaptation Theories
 
The Nature of Psychololgy
The Nature of PsychololgyThe Nature of Psychololgy
The Nature of Psychololgy
 
Psychology Mind Map
Psychology Mind MapPsychology Mind Map
Psychology Mind Map
 
Intermolecular Force
Intermolecular ForceIntermolecular Force
Intermolecular Force
 
Awesome Volleyball Lecture
Awesome Volleyball LectureAwesome Volleyball Lecture
Awesome Volleyball Lecture
 
Supporting adequate nutrition
Supporting adequate nutritionSupporting adequate nutrition
Supporting adequate nutrition
 
Oxygenation
OxygenationOxygenation
Oxygenation
 
Sleep
SleepSleep
Sleep
 
Bowel Elimination
Bowel EliminationBowel Elimination
Bowel Elimination
 
Urinary Elimination
Urinary EliminationUrinary Elimination
Urinary Elimination
 

Memory

  • 2. MEMORY AS AN INFORMATION PROCESSING APPROACH Conversely, memory failure—for example, forgetting an important fact—reflects a breakdown ENCODING in one of these stages of memory. the initial perception and STORAGE registration of information. the retention of encoded information over time. RETRIEVAL Whenever people successfully recall a prior experience, they must have the processes involved in encoded, stored, and retrieved using stored information. information about the experience.
  • 4. TYPES OF MEMORY SENSORY MEMORY SHORT TERM MEMORY LONG TERM MEMORY
  • 5. SENSORY MEMORY  are momentary recordings of information in our sensor systems. In fact, most information only lasts a few seconds and is replaced with something else that captures our attention.  Recorded from  Iconic memory – visual  Echoic memory – auditory  Transfer to short term memory is controlled by attention
  • 6. SHORT TERM / WORKING MEMORY  Psychologists originally used the term short-term memory to refer to the ability to hold information in mind over a brief period of time.  The term working memory is now commonly used to refer to a broader system that both stores information briefly and allows manipulation and use of the stored information.  Limited amount of information for a brief period of time.  Roughly seven plus minus two
  • 7. SHORT TERM / WORKING MEMORY  Information is held from 15 to 20 seconds and if not transferred to long term memory it is lost primarily through interference and decay.  Memories are transferred to long term memory through rehearsal.  If you need to store more, you may be helped by the use of CHUNKING, or grouping items into categories which will be easier to store and to retrieve later. The successful formation of a chunk is known as CLOSURE.
  • 8. LONG TERM MEMORY  Generally, long-term memory describes a system in the brain that can store vast amounts of information on a relatively enduring basis.  When you play basketball, remember that you had lunch at Jack in the Box yesterday, recall your first birthday party at a club, play the Wii, or sing your favorite song, you draw on information and skills stored in long-term memory.
  • 9. LONG TERM MEMORY  Holds very large amount of information for long periods of time.  Information in the long term memory become relatively permanent.  Three kinds of Long Term Memory:  Episodic - refers to memories of specific episodes in one’s life and episodic memories are connected with a specific time and place.  Semantic - refers to our general knowledge of the world and all of the facts we know  Procedural - refers to the skills that humans possess
  • 10. THEORIES OF FORGETTING  Interference Theory – the ability to learn new information is disrupted by what we have learned before and what we will learn in the future.  Proactive – when previous learning interferes with later learning  Retroactive – when later learning disrupts earlier learning  Decay Theory – if information is not used with time, forgetting occurs  Repression - refers to forgetting an unpleasant event or piece of information due to its threatening quality.
  • 11. OTHER CONCEPTS  Déjà Vu and Jamais Vu  The sense of déjà vu (French for “seen before”) is the strange sensation of having been somewhere before, or experienced your current situation before, even though you know you have not.  The sense of jamais vu (French for “never seen”) arises when people feel they are experiencing something for the first time, even though they know they must have experienced it before.
  • 12. OTHER CONCEPTS  Flashbulb memory  is an unusually vivid memory of an especially emotional or dramatic past event.  May also be associated with vivid emotional experiences in one’s own life: the death of a family member or close friend, the birth of a baby, being in a car accident, and so on.  Tip-of-the-tongue state.  Refers to the situation in which a person tries to retrieve a relatively familiar word, name, or fact, but cannot quite do so.
  • 13. OTHER CONCEPTS  Eidetic imagery or photographic memory  the ability to recall every detail after looking at a picture or page for a few seconds  Persons with this unusual form of memory must be able to hold visual images much longer and form very numerous associations in a short time  Mnemonist
  • 14. AMNESIA  Inability to recall information  Types  Anterograde amnesia – inability to remember information/ events after the accident or brain injury  Retrograde amnesia – inability to remember information/ events that occurred prior to the accident
  • 15. BRAIN DAMAGE & ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE  Brain Damage  Tumors, strokes, surgery can produce various types of memory impairment  Alzheimer’s Disease  A progressive mental deterioration that occurs most commonly in old age.
  • 16. IMPROVING MEMORY  Chunking  Mnemonic Devices  Overlearning  Organization of text materials  Organization of lecture notes  Method of Loci  Peg Word Method  PQ4R Method - Preview, Questions, Read, Reflect, Recite, Review  Spaced Learning