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We the peoples of the
United Nations
determined...
to save succeeding generations from the
scourge of war, which twice in our lifetime
has brought untold sorrow to mankind,
and
to reaffirm faith in fundamental human
rights, in the dignity and worth of the
human person, in the equal rights of men
and women and of nations large and
small, and
to establish conditions under which justice
and respect for the obligations arising from
treaties and other sources of international
law can be maintained, and
                                               Single Form, a free-form abstraction          building be adorned with an appropriate
to promote social progress and better          in bronze, was created by Barbara             sculpture. The sculpture was unveiled
standards of life in larger freedom,           Hepworth (UK) after a request from Dag        in June 1964, three years after Mr.
                                               Hammarskjöld. Mr. Hammarskjöld, who           Hammarskjöld was killed in a plane
                                               was the second UN Secretary-General           accident in Northern Rhodesia (now
                                               (1953-1961), had expressed the wish           Zambia) while attempting to negotiate
                                               that the circle in front of the Secretariat   peace in the Congo.
2




    ...and for these ends
    to practice tolerance and live together in
    peace with one another as good neigh-
    bours, and
    to unite our strength to maintain interna-
    tional peace and security, and
    to ensure, by the acceptance of principles
    and the institution of methods, that armed
    force shall not be used, save in the com-
    mon interest, and
    to employ international machinery for the
    promotion of the economic and social
    advancement of all peoples,
...have resolved to combine
our efforts to accomplish these aims.
Accordingly, our respective Governments, through representatives assembled in the city
of San Francisco, who have exhibited their full powers found to be in good and due form,
have agreed to the present Charter of the United Nations and do hereby establish an inter-
national organization to be known as the United Nations.


                                          The Preamble to the Charter of the United Nations
                                                 (signed on 26 June 1945 by 51 countries)




Dove of Peace, presented by Pope John Paul II
to the UN in 1979, is a reproduction of a mosaic
executed in the Constantinian Basilica of St.
Peter in the Pontificate of Innocent III (1198-
1216). The enamels used were made in 1727;
the frame, made in 1796, is of gilt bronze. The
work is located in the General Assembly lobby.
The United Nations is an organization of     Members. As of March 2007, 192 coun-
4                                    sovereign States. These States volunta-      tries were UN members.
                                     rily join the UN to work for world peace,    The UN is a forum, a meeting-place, for
                                     promote friendship among all nations and     virtually all nations of the world. It pro-
                                     support economic and social progress. It     vides them with the mechanism to help
                                     formally came into being on 24 October       find solutions to disputes or problems,
                                     1945. At that time, it had 51 countries as

        The UN is an international organization, not a world government
    This Peace Bell, cast from                                                    and to act on virtually any matter of con-
       coins from over 60 coun-                                                   cern to humanity.
  tries, was a gift of the United
                                                                                  Though sometimes described as a “parlia-
 Nations Association of Japan.
   Inscribed on one side of the
                                                                                  ment of nations”, the UN is neither a supra-
      bell, in Japanese, are the                                                  State nor a government of governments. It
     words, “Long live absolute                                                   does not have an army and it imposes no
world peace”. It is now located                                                   taxes. It depends on the political will of
in the west court garden of the                                                   its Members to have its decisions imple-
             Secretariat building.                                                mented and relies on the contributions of
                                                                                  its Members to carry out its activities.
                                                                                  The United Nations plays a central role in
                                                                                  reducing international tensions, prevent-
                                                                                  ing conflicts and putting an end to fighting
                                                                                  already under way. It deals with our envi-
                                                                                  ronment, outer space and the sea-bed. It
                                                                                  has helped wipe out many diseases and
                                                                                  expand food production. It cares for and
protects refugees, expands literacy and
     responds quickly to natural disasters.
     It also protects and promotes rights of
     individuals by setting a global standard for
     human rights.




                            Article 28 of the
                            Universal Declaration
                            of Human Rights




Let us beat swords into ploughshares.
This statue, created by Evgeniy Vuchetich
and presented to the UN as a gift by the
Russian Federation, is placed in the north
garden area at UN Headquarters.
Non-violence, a sculpture of a large replica in bronze of a .45-calibre revolver with its barrel tied into a knot, was
created by Swedish artist Karl Fredrik Reutersward. A gift from Luxembourg, it is located on the apron of the
General Assembly Building facing First Avenue at 45th Street.
The six main UN organs
There are six main organs of the United      Council, for example, holds one of its
Nations — the General Assembly, the          two regular annual sessions in Geneva,
Security Council, the Economic and Social    and special committees of the General
Council, the Trusteeship Council, the        Assembly have frequently held meetings
International Court of Justice and the       in countries around the world. Conferences
Secretariat. The Court has its seat at The   on topics such as population, food, the
Hague, Netherlands. All other organs are     environment and human rights have been
based at United Nations Headquarters in      held in different parts of the world.
New York.
While Headquarters in New York serves
as the principal nerve centre of the                                                      “The United Nations is no stronger than the col-
Organization, several important activities                                                lective will of the nations that support it. Of itself
are directed from offices located in cen-                                                 it can do nothing. It is a machinery through which
tres around the world. Meetings of vari-                                                  nations can cooperate. It can be used and devel-
ous UN bodies are often held away from                                                    oped in the light of its activities and experience.
Headquarters. The Economic and Social                                                     Or it can be destroyed”.

                                                                                          — Trygve Lie (Norway)
                                                                                          First UN Secretary-General, 1946-1952
The General Assembly is the main delib-              being considered by the Security Council).
8                                                          erative organ of the United Nations and              In the Assembly, each nation, large or
                                                           includes all its Members. It may discuss any         small, has one vote and important deci-
                                                           matter arising under the UN Charter and              sions are taken by a two-thirds majority
                                                           make recommendations to UN Members                   vote.
                                                           (except on disputes or situations which are          The Assembly meets every year from
                                                                                                                September to December. Special sessions
The General Assembly                                                                                            may be summoned by the Assembly, at the
                                                                                                                request of the Security Council, or at the
                                                                                                                request of a majority of UN Members.
                                                                                                                The work of the General Assembly is also
                                                                                                                carried out by its six main committees, the
                                                                                                                Human Rights Council, other subsidiary
                                                                                                                bodies and the UN Secretariat.




                                                                                                                     The green and gold General Assembly Hall
    A view of the voting board in the General              This ivory sculpture, depicting the construction             accommodates all 192 delegations. Each
    Assembly Hall. The board, located above and            of the Chengtu-Kunming Railway in China, was                     delegation has six seats — three at the
    behind the speakers' rostrum, displays the results     carved from eight ivory tusks weighing more than          table for senior delegates and three behind
    of votes. Voting in the Assembly is done elec-         300 kilogrammes. A gift from China, it is now dis-          them for others. All 1,898 seats of the Hall
    tronically. Delegates signal their country’s vote by   played in the third-floor passage connecting the           are equipped with earphones, allowing the
    pressing a button located on their table — green       Conference and the General Assembly Buildings.              listener to “tune in” either to the language
    for “yes”, red for “no” and yellow for “abstain”.                                                                  being spoken on the floor or to interpreta-
                                                                                                                          tions into any of the UN’s six official lan-
                                                                                                                              guages — Arabic, Chinese, English,
                                                                                                                                     French, Russian and Spanish.
geographical representation for two-year
10                                                                                                   terms. Decisions require nine votes;
                                                                                                     except on procedural questions, a deci-
                                                                                                     sion cannot be taken if there is a negative
                                                                                                     vote by a permanent member (known
                                                                                                     as the “veto”). The Council also makes
                                                                                                     recommendations to the General Assembly

     The Security Council                                                                            on the appointment of a new Secretary-
                                                                                                     General and on the admission of new
                                                      The Security Council has primary respon-       members to the UN. Many countries want
                                                      sibility under the Charter for maintaining     to expand the membership of the Council to
                                                      peace and security. It can be convened at      include new permanent and non-permanent
                                                      any time, whenever peace is threatened.        members.
                                                      Member States are obligated to carry out
                                                      its decisions. When a threat to peace is
                                                      brought before the Council, it usually first
                                                      asks the parties to reach agreement by
                                                      peaceful means. If fighting breaks out,
                                                      the Council tries to secure a ceasefire. It
                                                      may then send peacekeeping missions to
     Stained-glass window. This work by
     Marc Chagall (France), depicting themes of
                                                      troubled areas or call for economic sanc-
     peace and human happiness, is installed on the   tions and embargoes to restore peace.
                                                                                                         The Security Council Chamber was furnished
     west side of the General Assembly Lobby.         The Council has 15 members, including
                                                                                                           by Norway and designed by the Norwegian
                                                      five permanent members: China, France,                   Arnstein Arneberg. A large mural by Per
                                                      the Russian Federation, the United                  Krohg of Norway, symbolizing the promise of
                                                      Kingdom and the United States of                     future peace and individual freedom, covers
                                                      America. The other 10 are elected by               most of the east wall. There are 164 seats for
                                                      the General Assembly on the basis of                             the public and 118 for the press.
The Economic and Social Council (ECO-               To meet specific needs, the General
12                 SOC) is the central body for coordinating           Assembly has set up a number of spe-
                   the economic and social work of the Unit-           cialized agencies, such as the Food and
                   ed Nations and the UN family of organiza-           Agriculture Organization of the United
                   tions. It has 54 member nations elected             Nations (FAO), the World Health Orga-
                   from all regions. As much as 70 per cent            nization (WHO) and the UN Education-
                                                                       al, Scientific and Cultural Organization
 The Economic and Social Council                                       (UNESCO) and programmes (such as the
                                                                       UN Development Programme (UNDP),
                   of the work of the UN system is devoted             the UN Children’s Fund (UNICEF) and the
                   to promoting higher standards of living, full       Office of the UN High Commissioner for
                   employment, and conditions of economic              Refugees (UNHCR)). The work of these
                   and social progress and development. The            agencies and programmes is coordinated
                   Council recommends and directs activities           by ECOSOC.
                   aimed at promoting economic growth of
                   developing countries, supporting human
                   rights and fostering world cooperation to
                   fight poverty and under-development.




                   Peace. Two murals entitled "War" and "Peace"            The Economic and Social Council Chamber
                   were presented to the United Nations by Brazil in              was designed by Sven Markelius of
                   1957. The murals, each measuring 34 by 46 feet,             Sweden and furnished by that country.
                   were painted by the late Brazilian artist Candido
                   PORTINARI. They are located on the east and
                   west walls of the delegates' lobby on the ground
                   floor in the General Assembly building.
The Trusteeship Council was assigned                              The Trusteeship Council Chamber was
14                                                       under the UN Charter to supervise the                               furnished by Denmark and designed
                                                         administration of Trust Territories — for-                                         by Finn Juhl, a Dane.
                                                         mer colonies or dependent territories —
                                                         which were placed under the International
                                                         Trusteeship System. The system was cre-
                                                         ated at the end of the Second World War


 The Trusteeship Council
                                                         to promote the advancement of the inhab-
                                                         itants of those dependent Territories and
                                                         their progressive development towards
                                                         self-government or independence.
                                                         Since the creation of the Trusteeship Coun-
                                                         cil, more than 70 colonial Territories, includ-
                                                         ing all of the original 11 Trust Territories,
                                                         have attained independence with the help
                                                         of the United Nations. As a result, in 1994,
                                                         the Council decided formally to suspend its
                                                         operation and to meet as and when occa-
                                                         sion might require.




     This statue of a woman with arms upraised was                   Do unto others as you would have them do unto you. These are the words inscribed on this
     carved from teak by Henrick Starcke (Denmark) and                mosaic representation of a painting by Norman Rockwell (USA) depicting people of different
     is against one wall of the Trusteeship Chamber.                   nationalities. It is located on the third floor near the Economic and Social Council Chamber.
The International Court of Justice (ICJ)           tional law. If a country does not wish to
16                   is the UN’s main judicial organ. Presid-           take part in a proceeding it does not have
                     ing over the ICJ, or “World Court”, are 15         to do so, unless required by special treaty
                     judges, each from a different nation, elect-       provisions. Once a country accepts the
                     ed by the General Assembly and Security            Court's jurisdiction, it must comply with its
                     Council. The Court settles legal disputes          decision.
                     between nations only and not between               The seat of the International Court of Jus-
                     individuals, in accordance with interna-           tice is at The Hague in the Netherlands.
                                                                        The offices of the Court occupy the “Peace
The International Court of Justice                                      Palace”, which was constructed by the
                                                                        Carnegie Foundation, a private non-profit
                                                                        organization, to serve as the headquarters
                                                                        of the Permanent Court of International
                                                                        Justice, the predecessor of the present
                                                                        Court. The UN makes an annual contribu-
                                                                        tion to the Foundation for the use of the
                                                                        building.



                                                                           The Court is composed of 15 judges elected to
                                                                            nine-year terms of office by the United Nations
                     After a much debated international competition         General Assembly and Security Council sitting
                     and with financial support from the Carnegie          independently of each other. It may not include
                     Foundation, French architect Louis Cordonnier’s      more than one judge of any nationality. Elections
                     design of the Peace Palace now stands in                are held every three years for one-third of the
                     The Hague, Netherlands. It has housed the           seats, and retiring judges may be re-elected. The
                     International Court of Justice and its predeces-    Members of the Court do not represent their gov-
                     sors since 1913.                                          ernments but are independent magistrates.
The Secretariat is made up of an interna-       may also act on his own initiative to deal with
18                                                    tional staff working at UN Headquarters in      humanitarian or other problems of special
                                                      New York, as well as UN offices in Geneva,      importance.
                                                      Vienna, Nairobi and other locations. It con-    There have been only eight Secretaries-
                                                      sists of departments and offices with a total   General since the founding of the UN:
                                                      staff of around 16,000, drawn from some
                                                      175 countries. Staff members carry out the      Trygve Lie (Norway), 1946-1952;

     The Secretariat                                  substantive and administrative work of the
                                                      United Nations as directed by the General
                                                                                                      Dag Hammarskjöld (Sweden), 1953-1961;
                                                                                                      U Thant (Burma, now Myanmar),
                                                      Assembly, the Security Council and the          1961-1971;
                                                      other organs.                                   Kurt Waldheim (Austria), 1972-1981;
                                                      The Secretariat is headed by the Secretary-     Javier Pérez de Cuéllar (Peru), 1982-1991;
                                                      General. He is appointed by the General
                                                                                                      Boutros Boutros-Ghali (Egypt),
                                                      Assembly on the recommendation of
                                                                                                      1992-1996;
                                                      the Security Council for a five-year term.
                                                      As the chief administrative officer of the      Kofi Annan (Ghana), 1997-2006; and
                                                      Organization, the Secretary-General directs     Ban Ki-moon (Republic of Korea), 2007 -.
                                                      its work. He is also responsible for imple-
                                                      menting decisions taken by the various
                                                      organs of the United Nations.
                                                      The Secretary-General may bring to the
                                                      attention of the Security Council any mat-
                                                      ter which, in his opinion, may threaten
                                                      international peace and security. He may
                                                      use his “good offices” to prevent conflicts
     United Nations Headquarters, New York. Over      or promote peaceful settlement of disputes
     4,700 people drawn from all parts of the world
                                                      between countries. The Secretary-General
     work here.
“The UN is needed more than ever before.
The world’s peoples will not be fully served
unless peace, development and human rights,
the three pillars of the United Nations, are
advanced together with equal vigour.”
                                      — Ban Ki-moon
                                      UN Secretary-General




                           Equal parts diplomat and
                           advocate, civil servant and
                           chief executive officer, the
                           Secretary-General is the repre-
                           sentative of the United Nations
                           ideals and the spokesman for
                           the interests of the world’s
                           peoples, in particular the poor
                           and vulnerable. The current
                           Secretary-General, and the
                           eighth occupant of the post,
                           is Mr. Ban Ki-moon of the
                           Republic of Korea, who took
                           office on 1 January 2007.
20




     The house where
     the world meets
     The site on which UN Headquarters is
     now situated was once a rundown area of
     slaughterhouses, light industry and a rail-
     road garage building. Trucks rumbled up
     and down First Avenue on one side, and
     automobiles sped along the East River
     Drive. Today, with the 39-story UN build-
     ing rising high above the ground, the view
     of the site has changed completely.
     Initially New York was not even consid-
     ered as the site for UN Headquarters.
     Offers were received from several cities
     in Europe and North America. There was
     even a suggestion made that it should
     be located on a ship which would sail
     the seas constantly, a sort of permanent
     cruise around the world.


                                  UN Headquarters building
Before settling in its permanent home, the     The site, 18 acres in size, is owned by the   bly Building, the Library, an underground
Organization led a roving existence which      United Nations and is international terri-    3-story printing plant and a cafeteria.
began in January 1946 when the first           tory. On the site, the UN has its own fire    There is also an underground garage on
session of the General Assembly opened         and security forces, and its own US Gov-      three levels, accommodating more than
in London. From there, the UN moved in         ernment post office branch with a special     1,000 cars.
March 1946 to Hunter College in the Bronx,     provision for UN stamps.
New York, and in August 1946 to the Sper-      A team of 11 world-famous architects,
ry Gyroscope plant at Lake Success, New        headed by Wallace K. Harrison (USA),
York. A few of the meetings of the Security    designed the Headquarters build-
Council were held at the Henry Hudson          ing. Originally, the designers wanted
Hotel on Fifth Avenue in Manhattan prior to    to build a 45-story building at a cost of     View of the site chosen for UN Headquarters,
the move to Lake Success.                      $85 million. The cost was later cut by        taken from Tudor City at 41st Street looking north
On 10 December 1945, the US Congress           $20 million and the size was reduced to       to 48th street, October 1949.
invited the United Nations to establish its    39 stories. The cornerstone of the building
permanent home in the United States. The       was laid on 24 October 1949. Nineteen
decision to accept the invitation was made     months later, on 21 August 1951, the
in London on 14 February 1946 during the       Secretariat staff began moving into their
first session of the General Assembly. The     new offices.
Assembly also accepted an offer of $8.5        UN Headquarters has several inter-
million by John D. Rockefeller, Jr., for the   connected buildings: the Secretariat Build-
purchase of the present site. Concurrently     ing, the Conference Building (consisting of
with the Rockefeller gift, the City of New     the Council Chambers, conference rooms
York offered certain land within and adja-     and dining facilities), the General Assem-
cent to the site.
22




     Peace is not just a dream
                                                                    UN peacekeepers with their blue
                                                                    helmets are the most visible sym-
                                                                    bols of the UN’s peace efforts.               In 2005, the International Atomic Energy
                                                                                                              Agency and its Director General Mohamed
                                                                    The peacekeepers, soldiers drawn
                                                                                                              ElBaradei were awarded the Nobel Peace
                                                                    voluntarily from various national
                                                                                                               Prize. This was the ninth time the UN was
                                                                    armies, fulfil the role of an impar-
                                                                                                              honoured by the Nobel Committee with the
                                                                    tial third party. They help create
                                                                                                               peace award. Previous winners were: UN
                                                                    and maintain a ceasefire and form          and Kofi Annan (2001), UN Peacekeeping
                                                                    a buffer zone between parties in               Forces (1988), UN High Commissioner
                                                                    conflict. Their presence helps make         for Refugees (1954 & 1981), International
                                                                    the search for peaceful settlement        Labour Organization (1969), UN Children’s
                                                                    of conflict through diplomatic chan-          Fund (1965), Dag Hammarskjöld (1961)
     Seventh UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan and the President of
                                                                    nels possible. As peacekeepers                              and Ralph Bunche (1950).
     the 56th Session of the UN General Assembly, Han Seung-soo,
     receiving the Nobel Peace Prize in Oslo on 10 December 2001.
                                                                    maintain peace on the ground,
                                                                    mediators from the United Nations      rity. Peacekeepers are increasingly
                                                                    meet with leaders from the disput-     involved with assisting in political pro-
                                                                    ing parties or countries and try to    cesses, reforming justice systems,
                                                                    reach a peaceful solution.             training law-enforcement and police
                                                                    Modern-day peacekeeping is more        forces, disarming former combatants
                                                                    than maintaining peace and secu-       and clearing land mines.
“I believe that life is precious and must be
protected and respected, and that all human
    beings have the right to live in dignity.”
                                                                  — Ban Ki-moon
                                                                  UN Secretary-General




                                                                                         Weapons being burned during the official launch of the disarma-
                                                                                         ment, demobilization and rehabilitation process in Muramvya, Burundi.
                                                                                         Members of the Burundian military signed up voluntarily to be disarmed
                                                                                         under the auspices of UN peacekeepers and observers.




UN peacekeepers assist a school in Port-Au-Prince, Haiti.
They deliver milk, rice, flour and tea to hundreds of students.
Between 1945 and 2006, UN peace-                                                Afghan refugees in Chaman
24   keepers undertook 61 field missions                                             Camp, a Pakistani border town.
     and participated in the implementa-                                             Children make up a large per-
                                                                                     centage of the population at
     tion of 172 peaceful settlements
                                                                                     several such camps.
     that ended regional conflicts, and
     enabled people in more than 45
     countries to take part in free and fair
     elections. A total of 108 countries
     have contributed military and police
     personnel to UN peacekeeping.


     Peacekeeping throughout the world
     UN peace operations are less
     expensive than other forms of inter-
     national interventions. At the start       On Information Campaign Day,
     of 2007, there were almost 92,200           young Sudanese children wait
     personnel serving in 18 UN peace-               for the go-ahead to pick up
     keeping operations on four con-               information leaflets printed in
                                                     both Arabic and English as
     tinents in ten time zones, directly
                                                  part of the Sudan Information
     impacting the lives of hundreds of
                                                Campaign for Returnees, facili-
     millions of people. The approved
                                               tated by UN agencies and non-
     peacekeeping budget up to June                 governmental organizations,
     2007 was approximately $4.75 bil-           at the Hey Al Baraka camp for
     lion, representing less than 0.5% of       internally displaced persons, in
     global military spending.                                 Khartoum, Sudan.
Patrolling vehicles attached to the UN Interim
                                                          Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL) get a friendly smile
                                                          from Lebanese youngsters near As Siddiqin.




A woman from Macamba province, Burundi, casts
a ballot in the national referendum on the draft of a
post-transition constitution, marking the first step in   A UN peacekeeping soldier is accompanied by a group of local children as
the electoral process to form a new government.           he conducts a security patrol in East Timor.
When in 1948 the United Nations adopted
26                   the Universal Declaration of Human Rights,
                     it set a common standard of human rights
                     for all nations. By this Declaration, Gov-
                     ernments are expected to accept their
                     obligation to ensure that all human beings,


     Human rights for everyone
                     rich and poor, strong and weak, male
                     and female, of all races and religions, are
                     treated equally.                               The 1989 UN Convention on the Rights of the Child has
                                                                        so far been ratified by 191 countries – more than any
                     Since then, the UN has adopted numerous
                                                                        other international treaty. This landmark human rights
                     international treaties on human rights, cov-
                                                                        treaty affirms that every child has the inherent right to
                     ering such issues as women’s rights, racial     life. It requires countries to apply its provisions to each
                     discrimination and children’s rights. When                        child without discrimination of any kind.
                     Governments become parties to these trea-
                     ties, they accept an obligation to honour
                     them. When violations occur, specially cre-
                     ated treaty bodies review them and make
                     recommendations to rectify the situation.
                     The UN can also censure a country for not
                     honouring its obligations under an interna-
                     tional human rights treaty.
Photos: UNICEF
                                                                                                                                       The Human Rights Council established in June
                                                                                                                                   2006 is the primary global forum for dialogue and
                                                                                                                                    cooperation on human rights. A subsidiary of the
                                                                                                                                  General Assembly, it is directly accountable to the
                                                                                                                                full membership of the Organization and is adminis-
One in every six persons in the world is illiterate. Nearly two thirds of them are women. More than 70 per
                                                                                                                                 tered by the United Nations High Commissioner for
cent of the world’s poor are women. They also receive lower wages — sometimes as little as one fourth                         Human Rights. Promoting respect for human rights is
those of men. In 1979, the United Nations adopted the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of                             increasingly central to UN development assistance.
Discrimination against Women. More than 150 countries have recognized this treaty and over 100 coun-                                 In particular, the right to development is seen as
tries have reported progress towards women’s equality.                                                                              part of a dynamic process which integrates civil,
                                                                                                                                 economic, political and social rights, and by which
                                                                                                                              the well-being of individuals in a society is improved.
                                                                                                                                 Key to the enjoyment of the right to development is
                                                                                                                                          the eradication of poverty, a major UN goal.
About 1.3 billion people in the world            training and opportunities to sustain
28                  now live in absolute poverty — earn-             livelihoods. Lasting world peace cannot
                    ing less than $1 a day. These people             be achieved until social and economic
                    often don’t have access to the funda-            development for all is achieved. The
                    mentals of a decent life — sufficient            United Nations devotes more than 80
                    food, safe water, reliable health care,          per cent of its resources to achieve
                    adequate shelter, and basic education,           this goal.


 Development is another name for peace
                           Environmental degradation knows no        At the Millennium Summit in September
                           national boundaries. Sulphur emis-        2000, the largest gathering of world lead-
                           sions in one country cause acid rain      ers in history adopted the UN Millennium
                           in another downwind. Depletion of the     Declaration, committing their nations
                           ozone layer from chlorofluorocarbons      to a new global partnership to reduce
                           (CFCs) used in one nation can lead to
                                                                     extreme poverty and setting out a series
                           skin cancer on the opposite side of the
                                                                     of time-bound targets known as the
                           world. The United Nations, by bringing
                                                                     Millennium Development Goals (MDGs).
                           Governments together to prevent cli-
                           mate change, air and water pollution,     The MDGs are the world's targets for
                           extinction of species and many other      addressing extreme poverty in its many
                           problems, is helping to protect the       dimensions – income poverty, hunger, dis-
                           environment. At the Earth Summit,         ease, lack of adequate shelter, and exclu-
                           the UN Conference on Environment          sion – while promoting gender equality,
                           and Development, held in Rio de
                                                                     education, and environmental sustainabil-
                           Janeiro in 1992, government leaders
                                                                     ity. They are also goals for basic human
                           adopted Agenda 21, a global plan for
                                                                     rights – the rights of each person to health,
                           sustainable development.
                                                                     education, shelter and security.
Millennium Development Goals
                                                                                           Goal 1: Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger
                                                                                           	     By 2015, reduce by half the proportion of people living on less than $1 a day.
                                                                                                 By 2015, reduce by half the proportion of people who suffer from hunger.

                                                                                           Goal 2: Achieve universal primary education
                                                                                                 By 2015, ensure a full course of primary schooling for boys and girls alike.

                                                                                           Goal 3: Promote gender equality and empower women
                                                                                                 By 2005, eliminate gender disparity in primary and secondary education; and at
                                                                                                 all levels of education no later than 2015.

                                                                                           Goal 4: Reduce child mortality
                                                                                                 By 2015, reduce by two-thirds the number of children dying under the age of
                                                                                                 five.

                                                                                           Goal 5: Improve maternal health
                                                                                                 By 2015, reduce by three quarters the number of women dying from complica-
                                                                                                 tions of pregnancy and childbirth.

                                                                                           Goal 6: Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases
                                                                                                 By 2015, halt and begin to reverse the spread of HIV/AIDS.
                                                                                                 By 2015, halt and begin to reverse the incidence of malaria and other major
                                                                                                 diseases.

                                                                                           Goal 7: Ensure environmental sustainability
                                                                                                 Reverse the loss of environmental resources.
                                                                                                 By 2015, halve the proportion of people without sustainable access to safe
                                                                                                 drinking-water.
                                                                                                 By 2020, achieve significant improvement in the lives of at least 100 million
                                                                                                 slum dwellers.
Safe drinking water is a basic prerequisite for healthy life, yet over 1.1 billion
                                                                                           Goal 8: Develop a global partnership for development
people in developing countries do not have access to it. In December 2003, the                   Address the special needs of the least developed countries, landlocked coun-
General Assembly proclaimed the years 2005 to 2015 as the International Decade                   tries and small island developing States.
for Action: 'Water for Life'. The primary goal of the 'Water for Life' decade is to pro-         Deal comprehensively with the debt problems of developing countries through
                                                                                                 national and international measures in order to make debt sustainable in the
mote efforts to fulfill international commitments as stated in the MDGs, to reduce               long term.
by half the proportion of people without access to safe drinking water and to stop               In cooperation with the private sector, make available the benefits of new tech-
                                                                                                 nologies, especially information and communications technologies.
unsustainable exploitation of water resources.
30




 Come to the United Nations, it’s your world
     United Nations Headquarters is one of
     the most popular tourist attractions in
     New York. Over a million people visit the
     building every year; about half of them
     take guided tours offered by the United
     Nations.
     You can take a guided tour of the United
     Nations in as many as 20 languages.
     Led by an international staff, the tour will
     take you to the main conference rooms
     where nations meet and discuss mat-
     ters of global interest. On most tours,
     you will be able to see the General
     Assembly and, if no meeting is in prog-
     ress, the Security Council. You will also
     see objects of interest and works of art
     donated by Member States.
Group tours: Groups of 12 or more                    Parking: Nearest public parking is avail-
                                         should make reservations for their tours in          able on 43rd and 44th Streets, between
                                         advance. For reservations and information,           Second and Third Avenues.
                                         please write to: Guided Tour Reservations,
                                         Room GA-63, United Nations, New York,                Wheelchair access: The UN building is
                                         NY 10017; or call: (212) 963-4440; or fax:           accessible to the handicapped.
                                         (212) 963-0071; or email unitg@un.org.               Wheelchairs are also available during
                                                                                              guided tours.

General information on guided tours
Hours: English tours leave daily about   Special briefings: Special briefings by              Public information: For inquiries
every 20 minutes, from 9:30 a.m. to      UN Secretariat staff can be arranged for             and information on any aspect of the
4:45 p.m. (closed weekends in January    groups of 20 or more, free of charge.                UN’s work, please contact the Public
and February). Opening hours are         Arrangements should be made in advance               Inquiries Unit, Room GA-57, United
subject to change. For information       by writing to: Group Programmes Unit,                Nations, New York, NY 10017; or call
call (212) 963-TOUR (-8687) or visit:    Room GA-61, United Nations, New York,                (212) 963-4475; or fax (212) 963-0071.
www.un.org/tours.                        NY 10017; or calling (212) 963-7710,                 E-mail: inquiries@un.org
                                         Monday through Friday.                               Internet: www.un.org/geninfo/faq
Admissions: For current rates please
contact the Guided Tours at (212) 963-   Gift centre: A gift centre located in the
8687. Children under five years of age   public concourse is open seven days a
are not admitted on tours.               week. It carries a variety of souvenirs,
                                         including UN memorabilia and gifts from
                                         around the world. For information, call
                                         (212) 963-7700.


                                                                                                  07-26301 — DPI/1938.Rev 4 — May 2007— 15,000
                                                                 Produced by the Department of Public Information, United Nations, New York, NY 10017

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This Is The United Nations

  • 1. We the peoples of the United Nations determined... to save succeeding generations from the scourge of war, which twice in our lifetime has brought untold sorrow to mankind, and to reaffirm faith in fundamental human rights, in the dignity and worth of the human person, in the equal rights of men and women and of nations large and small, and to establish conditions under which justice and respect for the obligations arising from treaties and other sources of international law can be maintained, and Single Form, a free-form abstraction building be adorned with an appropriate to promote social progress and better in bronze, was created by Barbara sculpture. The sculpture was unveiled standards of life in larger freedom, Hepworth (UK) after a request from Dag in June 1964, three years after Mr. Hammarskjöld. Mr. Hammarskjöld, who Hammarskjöld was killed in a plane was the second UN Secretary-General accident in Northern Rhodesia (now (1953-1961), had expressed the wish Zambia) while attempting to negotiate that the circle in front of the Secretariat peace in the Congo.
  • 2. 2 ...and for these ends to practice tolerance and live together in peace with one another as good neigh- bours, and to unite our strength to maintain interna- tional peace and security, and to ensure, by the acceptance of principles and the institution of methods, that armed force shall not be used, save in the com- mon interest, and to employ international machinery for the promotion of the economic and social advancement of all peoples,
  • 3. ...have resolved to combine our efforts to accomplish these aims. Accordingly, our respective Governments, through representatives assembled in the city of San Francisco, who have exhibited their full powers found to be in good and due form, have agreed to the present Charter of the United Nations and do hereby establish an inter- national organization to be known as the United Nations. The Preamble to the Charter of the United Nations (signed on 26 June 1945 by 51 countries) Dove of Peace, presented by Pope John Paul II to the UN in 1979, is a reproduction of a mosaic executed in the Constantinian Basilica of St. Peter in the Pontificate of Innocent III (1198- 1216). The enamels used were made in 1727; the frame, made in 1796, is of gilt bronze. The work is located in the General Assembly lobby.
  • 4. The United Nations is an organization of Members. As of March 2007, 192 coun- 4 sovereign States. These States volunta- tries were UN members. rily join the UN to work for world peace, The UN is a forum, a meeting-place, for promote friendship among all nations and virtually all nations of the world. It pro- support economic and social progress. It vides them with the mechanism to help formally came into being on 24 October find solutions to disputes or problems, 1945. At that time, it had 51 countries as The UN is an international organization, not a world government This Peace Bell, cast from and to act on virtually any matter of con- coins from over 60 coun- cern to humanity. tries, was a gift of the United Though sometimes described as a “parlia- Nations Association of Japan. Inscribed on one side of the ment of nations”, the UN is neither a supra- bell, in Japanese, are the State nor a government of governments. It words, “Long live absolute does not have an army and it imposes no world peace”. It is now located taxes. It depends on the political will of in the west court garden of the its Members to have its decisions imple- Secretariat building. mented and relies on the contributions of its Members to carry out its activities. The United Nations plays a central role in reducing international tensions, prevent- ing conflicts and putting an end to fighting already under way. It deals with our envi- ronment, outer space and the sea-bed. It has helped wipe out many diseases and expand food production. It cares for and
  • 5. protects refugees, expands literacy and responds quickly to natural disasters. It also protects and promotes rights of individuals by setting a global standard for human rights. Article 28 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights Let us beat swords into ploughshares. This statue, created by Evgeniy Vuchetich and presented to the UN as a gift by the Russian Federation, is placed in the north garden area at UN Headquarters.
  • 6. Non-violence, a sculpture of a large replica in bronze of a .45-calibre revolver with its barrel tied into a knot, was created by Swedish artist Karl Fredrik Reutersward. A gift from Luxembourg, it is located on the apron of the General Assembly Building facing First Avenue at 45th Street.
  • 7. The six main UN organs There are six main organs of the United Council, for example, holds one of its Nations — the General Assembly, the two regular annual sessions in Geneva, Security Council, the Economic and Social and special committees of the General Council, the Trusteeship Council, the Assembly have frequently held meetings International Court of Justice and the in countries around the world. Conferences Secretariat. The Court has its seat at The on topics such as population, food, the Hague, Netherlands. All other organs are environment and human rights have been based at United Nations Headquarters in held in different parts of the world. New York. While Headquarters in New York serves as the principal nerve centre of the “The United Nations is no stronger than the col- Organization, several important activities lective will of the nations that support it. Of itself are directed from offices located in cen- it can do nothing. It is a machinery through which tres around the world. Meetings of vari- nations can cooperate. It can be used and devel- ous UN bodies are often held away from oped in the light of its activities and experience. Headquarters. The Economic and Social Or it can be destroyed”. — Trygve Lie (Norway) First UN Secretary-General, 1946-1952
  • 8. The General Assembly is the main delib- being considered by the Security Council). 8 erative organ of the United Nations and In the Assembly, each nation, large or includes all its Members. It may discuss any small, has one vote and important deci- matter arising under the UN Charter and sions are taken by a two-thirds majority make recommendations to UN Members vote. (except on disputes or situations which are The Assembly meets every year from September to December. Special sessions The General Assembly may be summoned by the Assembly, at the request of the Security Council, or at the request of a majority of UN Members. The work of the General Assembly is also carried out by its six main committees, the Human Rights Council, other subsidiary bodies and the UN Secretariat. The green and gold General Assembly Hall A view of the voting board in the General This ivory sculpture, depicting the construction accommodates all 192 delegations. Each Assembly Hall. The board, located above and of the Chengtu-Kunming Railway in China, was delegation has six seats — three at the behind the speakers' rostrum, displays the results carved from eight ivory tusks weighing more than table for senior delegates and three behind of votes. Voting in the Assembly is done elec- 300 kilogrammes. A gift from China, it is now dis- them for others. All 1,898 seats of the Hall tronically. Delegates signal their country’s vote by played in the third-floor passage connecting the are equipped with earphones, allowing the pressing a button located on their table — green Conference and the General Assembly Buildings. listener to “tune in” either to the language for “yes”, red for “no” and yellow for “abstain”. being spoken on the floor or to interpreta- tions into any of the UN’s six official lan- guages — Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian and Spanish.
  • 9.
  • 10. geographical representation for two-year 10 terms. Decisions require nine votes; except on procedural questions, a deci- sion cannot be taken if there is a negative vote by a permanent member (known as the “veto”). The Council also makes recommendations to the General Assembly The Security Council on the appointment of a new Secretary- General and on the admission of new The Security Council has primary respon- members to the UN. Many countries want sibility under the Charter for maintaining to expand the membership of the Council to peace and security. It can be convened at include new permanent and non-permanent any time, whenever peace is threatened. members. Member States are obligated to carry out its decisions. When a threat to peace is brought before the Council, it usually first asks the parties to reach agreement by peaceful means. If fighting breaks out, the Council tries to secure a ceasefire. It may then send peacekeeping missions to Stained-glass window. This work by Marc Chagall (France), depicting themes of troubled areas or call for economic sanc- peace and human happiness, is installed on the tions and embargoes to restore peace. The Security Council Chamber was furnished west side of the General Assembly Lobby. The Council has 15 members, including by Norway and designed by the Norwegian five permanent members: China, France, Arnstein Arneberg. A large mural by Per the Russian Federation, the United Krohg of Norway, symbolizing the promise of Kingdom and the United States of future peace and individual freedom, covers America. The other 10 are elected by most of the east wall. There are 164 seats for the General Assembly on the basis of the public and 118 for the press.
  • 11.
  • 12. The Economic and Social Council (ECO- To meet specific needs, the General 12 SOC) is the central body for coordinating Assembly has set up a number of spe- the economic and social work of the Unit- cialized agencies, such as the Food and ed Nations and the UN family of organiza- Agriculture Organization of the United tions. It has 54 member nations elected Nations (FAO), the World Health Orga- from all regions. As much as 70 per cent nization (WHO) and the UN Education- al, Scientific and Cultural Organization The Economic and Social Council (UNESCO) and programmes (such as the UN Development Programme (UNDP), of the work of the UN system is devoted the UN Children’s Fund (UNICEF) and the to promoting higher standards of living, full Office of the UN High Commissioner for employment, and conditions of economic Refugees (UNHCR)). The work of these and social progress and development. The agencies and programmes is coordinated Council recommends and directs activities by ECOSOC. aimed at promoting economic growth of developing countries, supporting human rights and fostering world cooperation to fight poverty and under-development. Peace. Two murals entitled "War" and "Peace" The Economic and Social Council Chamber were presented to the United Nations by Brazil in was designed by Sven Markelius of 1957. The murals, each measuring 34 by 46 feet, Sweden and furnished by that country. were painted by the late Brazilian artist Candido PORTINARI. They are located on the east and west walls of the delegates' lobby on the ground floor in the General Assembly building.
  • 13.
  • 14. The Trusteeship Council was assigned The Trusteeship Council Chamber was 14 under the UN Charter to supervise the furnished by Denmark and designed administration of Trust Territories — for- by Finn Juhl, a Dane. mer colonies or dependent territories — which were placed under the International Trusteeship System. The system was cre- ated at the end of the Second World War The Trusteeship Council to promote the advancement of the inhab- itants of those dependent Territories and their progressive development towards self-government or independence. Since the creation of the Trusteeship Coun- cil, more than 70 colonial Territories, includ- ing all of the original 11 Trust Territories, have attained independence with the help of the United Nations. As a result, in 1994, the Council decided formally to suspend its operation and to meet as and when occa- sion might require. This statue of a woman with arms upraised was Do unto others as you would have them do unto you. These are the words inscribed on this carved from teak by Henrick Starcke (Denmark) and mosaic representation of a painting by Norman Rockwell (USA) depicting people of different is against one wall of the Trusteeship Chamber. nationalities. It is located on the third floor near the Economic and Social Council Chamber.
  • 15.
  • 16. The International Court of Justice (ICJ) tional law. If a country does not wish to 16 is the UN’s main judicial organ. Presid- take part in a proceeding it does not have ing over the ICJ, or “World Court”, are 15 to do so, unless required by special treaty judges, each from a different nation, elect- provisions. Once a country accepts the ed by the General Assembly and Security Court's jurisdiction, it must comply with its Council. The Court settles legal disputes decision. between nations only and not between The seat of the International Court of Jus- individuals, in accordance with interna- tice is at The Hague in the Netherlands. The offices of the Court occupy the “Peace The International Court of Justice Palace”, which was constructed by the Carnegie Foundation, a private non-profit organization, to serve as the headquarters of the Permanent Court of International Justice, the predecessor of the present Court. The UN makes an annual contribu- tion to the Foundation for the use of the building. The Court is composed of 15 judges elected to nine-year terms of office by the United Nations After a much debated international competition General Assembly and Security Council sitting and with financial support from the Carnegie independently of each other. It may not include Foundation, French architect Louis Cordonnier’s more than one judge of any nationality. Elections design of the Peace Palace now stands in are held every three years for one-third of the The Hague, Netherlands. It has housed the seats, and retiring judges may be re-elected. The International Court of Justice and its predeces- Members of the Court do not represent their gov- sors since 1913. ernments but are independent magistrates.
  • 17.
  • 18. The Secretariat is made up of an interna- may also act on his own initiative to deal with 18 tional staff working at UN Headquarters in humanitarian or other problems of special New York, as well as UN offices in Geneva, importance. Vienna, Nairobi and other locations. It con- There have been only eight Secretaries- sists of departments and offices with a total General since the founding of the UN: staff of around 16,000, drawn from some 175 countries. Staff members carry out the Trygve Lie (Norway), 1946-1952; The Secretariat substantive and administrative work of the United Nations as directed by the General Dag Hammarskjöld (Sweden), 1953-1961; U Thant (Burma, now Myanmar), Assembly, the Security Council and the 1961-1971; other organs. Kurt Waldheim (Austria), 1972-1981; The Secretariat is headed by the Secretary- Javier Pérez de Cuéllar (Peru), 1982-1991; General. He is appointed by the General Boutros Boutros-Ghali (Egypt), Assembly on the recommendation of 1992-1996; the Security Council for a five-year term. As the chief administrative officer of the Kofi Annan (Ghana), 1997-2006; and Organization, the Secretary-General directs Ban Ki-moon (Republic of Korea), 2007 -. its work. He is also responsible for imple- menting decisions taken by the various organs of the United Nations. The Secretary-General may bring to the attention of the Security Council any mat- ter which, in his opinion, may threaten international peace and security. He may use his “good offices” to prevent conflicts United Nations Headquarters, New York. Over or promote peaceful settlement of disputes 4,700 people drawn from all parts of the world between countries. The Secretary-General work here.
  • 19. “The UN is needed more than ever before. The world’s peoples will not be fully served unless peace, development and human rights, the three pillars of the United Nations, are advanced together with equal vigour.” — Ban Ki-moon UN Secretary-General Equal parts diplomat and advocate, civil servant and chief executive officer, the Secretary-General is the repre- sentative of the United Nations ideals and the spokesman for the interests of the world’s peoples, in particular the poor and vulnerable. The current Secretary-General, and the eighth occupant of the post, is Mr. Ban Ki-moon of the Republic of Korea, who took office on 1 January 2007.
  • 20. 20 The house where the world meets The site on which UN Headquarters is now situated was once a rundown area of slaughterhouses, light industry and a rail- road garage building. Trucks rumbled up and down First Avenue on one side, and automobiles sped along the East River Drive. Today, with the 39-story UN build- ing rising high above the ground, the view of the site has changed completely. Initially New York was not even consid- ered as the site for UN Headquarters. Offers were received from several cities in Europe and North America. There was even a suggestion made that it should be located on a ship which would sail the seas constantly, a sort of permanent cruise around the world. UN Headquarters building
  • 21. Before settling in its permanent home, the The site, 18 acres in size, is owned by the bly Building, the Library, an underground Organization led a roving existence which United Nations and is international terri- 3-story printing plant and a cafeteria. began in January 1946 when the first tory. On the site, the UN has its own fire There is also an underground garage on session of the General Assembly opened and security forces, and its own US Gov- three levels, accommodating more than in London. From there, the UN moved in ernment post office branch with a special 1,000 cars. March 1946 to Hunter College in the Bronx, provision for UN stamps. New York, and in August 1946 to the Sper- A team of 11 world-famous architects, ry Gyroscope plant at Lake Success, New headed by Wallace K. Harrison (USA), York. A few of the meetings of the Security designed the Headquarters build- Council were held at the Henry Hudson ing. Originally, the designers wanted Hotel on Fifth Avenue in Manhattan prior to to build a 45-story building at a cost of View of the site chosen for UN Headquarters, the move to Lake Success. $85 million. The cost was later cut by taken from Tudor City at 41st Street looking north On 10 December 1945, the US Congress $20 million and the size was reduced to to 48th street, October 1949. invited the United Nations to establish its 39 stories. The cornerstone of the building permanent home in the United States. The was laid on 24 October 1949. Nineteen decision to accept the invitation was made months later, on 21 August 1951, the in London on 14 February 1946 during the Secretariat staff began moving into their first session of the General Assembly. The new offices. Assembly also accepted an offer of $8.5 UN Headquarters has several inter- million by John D. Rockefeller, Jr., for the connected buildings: the Secretariat Build- purchase of the present site. Concurrently ing, the Conference Building (consisting of with the Rockefeller gift, the City of New the Council Chambers, conference rooms York offered certain land within and adja- and dining facilities), the General Assem- cent to the site.
  • 22. 22 Peace is not just a dream UN peacekeepers with their blue helmets are the most visible sym- bols of the UN’s peace efforts. In 2005, the International Atomic Energy Agency and its Director General Mohamed The peacekeepers, soldiers drawn ElBaradei were awarded the Nobel Peace voluntarily from various national Prize. This was the ninth time the UN was armies, fulfil the role of an impar- honoured by the Nobel Committee with the tial third party. They help create peace award. Previous winners were: UN and maintain a ceasefire and form and Kofi Annan (2001), UN Peacekeeping a buffer zone between parties in Forces (1988), UN High Commissioner conflict. Their presence helps make for Refugees (1954 & 1981), International the search for peaceful settlement Labour Organization (1969), UN Children’s of conflict through diplomatic chan- Fund (1965), Dag Hammarskjöld (1961) Seventh UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan and the President of nels possible. As peacekeepers and Ralph Bunche (1950). the 56th Session of the UN General Assembly, Han Seung-soo, receiving the Nobel Peace Prize in Oslo on 10 December 2001. maintain peace on the ground, mediators from the United Nations rity. Peacekeepers are increasingly meet with leaders from the disput- involved with assisting in political pro- ing parties or countries and try to cesses, reforming justice systems, reach a peaceful solution. training law-enforcement and police Modern-day peacekeeping is more forces, disarming former combatants than maintaining peace and secu- and clearing land mines.
  • 23. “I believe that life is precious and must be protected and respected, and that all human beings have the right to live in dignity.” — Ban Ki-moon UN Secretary-General Weapons being burned during the official launch of the disarma- ment, demobilization and rehabilitation process in Muramvya, Burundi. Members of the Burundian military signed up voluntarily to be disarmed under the auspices of UN peacekeepers and observers. UN peacekeepers assist a school in Port-Au-Prince, Haiti. They deliver milk, rice, flour and tea to hundreds of students.
  • 24. Between 1945 and 2006, UN peace- Afghan refugees in Chaman 24 keepers undertook 61 field missions Camp, a Pakistani border town. and participated in the implementa- Children make up a large per- centage of the population at tion of 172 peaceful settlements several such camps. that ended regional conflicts, and enabled people in more than 45 countries to take part in free and fair elections. A total of 108 countries have contributed military and police personnel to UN peacekeeping. Peacekeeping throughout the world UN peace operations are less expensive than other forms of inter- national interventions. At the start On Information Campaign Day, of 2007, there were almost 92,200 young Sudanese children wait personnel serving in 18 UN peace- for the go-ahead to pick up keeping operations on four con- information leaflets printed in both Arabic and English as tinents in ten time zones, directly part of the Sudan Information impacting the lives of hundreds of Campaign for Returnees, facili- millions of people. The approved tated by UN agencies and non- peacekeeping budget up to June governmental organizations, 2007 was approximately $4.75 bil- at the Hey Al Baraka camp for lion, representing less than 0.5% of internally displaced persons, in global military spending. Khartoum, Sudan.
  • 25. Patrolling vehicles attached to the UN Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL) get a friendly smile from Lebanese youngsters near As Siddiqin. A woman from Macamba province, Burundi, casts a ballot in the national referendum on the draft of a post-transition constitution, marking the first step in A UN peacekeeping soldier is accompanied by a group of local children as the electoral process to form a new government. he conducts a security patrol in East Timor.
  • 26. When in 1948 the United Nations adopted 26 the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, it set a common standard of human rights for all nations. By this Declaration, Gov- ernments are expected to accept their obligation to ensure that all human beings, Human rights for everyone rich and poor, strong and weak, male and female, of all races and religions, are treated equally. The 1989 UN Convention on the Rights of the Child has so far been ratified by 191 countries – more than any Since then, the UN has adopted numerous other international treaty. This landmark human rights international treaties on human rights, cov- treaty affirms that every child has the inherent right to ering such issues as women’s rights, racial life. It requires countries to apply its provisions to each discrimination and children’s rights. When child without discrimination of any kind. Governments become parties to these trea- ties, they accept an obligation to honour them. When violations occur, specially cre- ated treaty bodies review them and make recommendations to rectify the situation. The UN can also censure a country for not honouring its obligations under an interna- tional human rights treaty.
  • 27. Photos: UNICEF The Human Rights Council established in June 2006 is the primary global forum for dialogue and cooperation on human rights. A subsidiary of the General Assembly, it is directly accountable to the full membership of the Organization and is adminis- One in every six persons in the world is illiterate. Nearly two thirds of them are women. More than 70 per tered by the United Nations High Commissioner for cent of the world’s poor are women. They also receive lower wages — sometimes as little as one fourth Human Rights. Promoting respect for human rights is those of men. In 1979, the United Nations adopted the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of increasingly central to UN development assistance. Discrimination against Women. More than 150 countries have recognized this treaty and over 100 coun- In particular, the right to development is seen as tries have reported progress towards women’s equality. part of a dynamic process which integrates civil, economic, political and social rights, and by which the well-being of individuals in a society is improved. Key to the enjoyment of the right to development is the eradication of poverty, a major UN goal.
  • 28. About 1.3 billion people in the world training and opportunities to sustain 28 now live in absolute poverty — earn- livelihoods. Lasting world peace cannot ing less than $1 a day. These people be achieved until social and economic often don’t have access to the funda- development for all is achieved. The mentals of a decent life — sufficient United Nations devotes more than 80 food, safe water, reliable health care, per cent of its resources to achieve adequate shelter, and basic education, this goal. Development is another name for peace Environmental degradation knows no At the Millennium Summit in September national boundaries. Sulphur emis- 2000, the largest gathering of world lead- sions in one country cause acid rain ers in history adopted the UN Millennium in another downwind. Depletion of the Declaration, committing their nations ozone layer from chlorofluorocarbons to a new global partnership to reduce (CFCs) used in one nation can lead to extreme poverty and setting out a series skin cancer on the opposite side of the of time-bound targets known as the world. The United Nations, by bringing Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). Governments together to prevent cli- mate change, air and water pollution, The MDGs are the world's targets for extinction of species and many other addressing extreme poverty in its many problems, is helping to protect the dimensions – income poverty, hunger, dis- environment. At the Earth Summit, ease, lack of adequate shelter, and exclu- the UN Conference on Environment sion – while promoting gender equality, and Development, held in Rio de education, and environmental sustainabil- Janeiro in 1992, government leaders ity. They are also goals for basic human adopted Agenda 21, a global plan for rights – the rights of each person to health, sustainable development. education, shelter and security.
  • 29. Millennium Development Goals Goal 1: Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger By 2015, reduce by half the proportion of people living on less than $1 a day. By 2015, reduce by half the proportion of people who suffer from hunger. Goal 2: Achieve universal primary education By 2015, ensure a full course of primary schooling for boys and girls alike. Goal 3: Promote gender equality and empower women By 2005, eliminate gender disparity in primary and secondary education; and at all levels of education no later than 2015. Goal 4: Reduce child mortality By 2015, reduce by two-thirds the number of children dying under the age of five. Goal 5: Improve maternal health By 2015, reduce by three quarters the number of women dying from complica- tions of pregnancy and childbirth. Goal 6: Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases By 2015, halt and begin to reverse the spread of HIV/AIDS. By 2015, halt and begin to reverse the incidence of malaria and other major diseases. Goal 7: Ensure environmental sustainability Reverse the loss of environmental resources. By 2015, halve the proportion of people without sustainable access to safe drinking-water. By 2020, achieve significant improvement in the lives of at least 100 million slum dwellers. Safe drinking water is a basic prerequisite for healthy life, yet over 1.1 billion Goal 8: Develop a global partnership for development people in developing countries do not have access to it. In December 2003, the Address the special needs of the least developed countries, landlocked coun- General Assembly proclaimed the years 2005 to 2015 as the International Decade tries and small island developing States. for Action: 'Water for Life'. The primary goal of the 'Water for Life' decade is to pro- Deal comprehensively with the debt problems of developing countries through national and international measures in order to make debt sustainable in the mote efforts to fulfill international commitments as stated in the MDGs, to reduce long term. by half the proportion of people without access to safe drinking water and to stop In cooperation with the private sector, make available the benefits of new tech- nologies, especially information and communications technologies. unsustainable exploitation of water resources.
  • 30. 30 Come to the United Nations, it’s your world United Nations Headquarters is one of the most popular tourist attractions in New York. Over a million people visit the building every year; about half of them take guided tours offered by the United Nations. You can take a guided tour of the United Nations in as many as 20 languages. Led by an international staff, the tour will take you to the main conference rooms where nations meet and discuss mat- ters of global interest. On most tours, you will be able to see the General Assembly and, if no meeting is in prog- ress, the Security Council. You will also see objects of interest and works of art donated by Member States.
  • 31.
  • 32. Group tours: Groups of 12 or more Parking: Nearest public parking is avail- should make reservations for their tours in able on 43rd and 44th Streets, between advance. For reservations and information, Second and Third Avenues. please write to: Guided Tour Reservations, Room GA-63, United Nations, New York, Wheelchair access: The UN building is NY 10017; or call: (212) 963-4440; or fax: accessible to the handicapped. (212) 963-0071; or email unitg@un.org. Wheelchairs are also available during guided tours. General information on guided tours Hours: English tours leave daily about Special briefings: Special briefings by Public information: For inquiries every 20 minutes, from 9:30 a.m. to UN Secretariat staff can be arranged for and information on any aspect of the 4:45 p.m. (closed weekends in January groups of 20 or more, free of charge. UN’s work, please contact the Public and February). Opening hours are Arrangements should be made in advance Inquiries Unit, Room GA-57, United subject to change. For information by writing to: Group Programmes Unit, Nations, New York, NY 10017; or call call (212) 963-TOUR (-8687) or visit: Room GA-61, United Nations, New York, (212) 963-4475; or fax (212) 963-0071. www.un.org/tours. NY 10017; or calling (212) 963-7710, E-mail: inquiries@un.org Monday through Friday. Internet: www.un.org/geninfo/faq Admissions: For current rates please contact the Guided Tours at (212) 963- Gift centre: A gift centre located in the 8687. Children under five years of age public concourse is open seven days a are not admitted on tours. week. It carries a variety of souvenirs, including UN memorabilia and gifts from around the world. For information, call (212) 963-7700. 07-26301 — DPI/1938.Rev 4 — May 2007— 15,000 Produced by the Department of Public Information, United Nations, New York, NY 10017