The Contemporary World: The Globalization of World Politics
Ch 9 10_era of good feelings
1.
2. Western Expansion
The conclusion of the War of 1812 allows Americans
opportunity to concentrate on:
Securing the contested borders of the United States
Developing the country‟s vast resources for long-term
economic viability
The United States grew drastically in geographic
size and power in the years after the War of 1812
The Louisiana Purchase more than doubled the size
of the country
3. Western Expansion
Most of the “American West” from 1800-1820 was
still east of the Mississippi River
Technology lead to the development and settlement
of the frontier
Railroads opened the frontier to remote settlements
and linked economic markets
Telegraphs introduced a revolutionary means of
communication through Morse Code
Telegraph lines running parallel to railroad tracks
became common in the 19th century
4. Western Expansion
Steamboats began to occupy the rivers of the United
States
Dramatically increases the speed of shipping
Lowered the expense of commercial transactions
Villages and towns form near the Mississippi and
Ohio River as a result
5. Western Expansion
Americans increasingly relied upon each other in
large groups to:
Clear land
Build houses, barns, and other forms of shelter
Establish communities
Stories from frontier explorers often prompted large
groups of settlers to venture west in search of fertile
farmland and various other expansionist goals
6. Western Expansion
Often, Americans settled without regard to national
boundaries and without respect to treaties made with
Native Americans
This was a catalyst for the War of 1812 as Americans often
ventured into Canada near the Great Lakes area
The U.S. Army led by Andrew Jackson frequently led
frequent expeditions into Spanish-controlled Florida
leading the Spanish to renounce their claim to Florida in
1819
Part of the agreement was America would renounce any
claims to Texas that were stipulated in the Louisiana
Purchase
7. Economic Independence
So far, Americans have fought two wars with Britain;
what did we gain from each war?
The Revolutionary War – Americans win political
independence
The War of 1812 – Americans win economic
independence
Essentially, the War of 1812 leaves America in an
opportunistic situation in which the country is no
longer tied to Britain or Europe for economic survival
8. One-Party Rule
As the Democratic-Republican Party faced no opposition
after the Hartford Convention, the Dem/Rep party
gradually took on Federalist measures it deemed
necessary for economic expansion
During the “Era of Good Feelings,” Congress passed bills
known as the “American System”:
The Protective Industrial Tariff
The Second Bank of the United States
The “American System‟s” internal infrastructure
improvements
9. The “American System”
The “American System” was a mercantilist economic plan
very much rooted in Federalist Alexander Hamilton‟s
economic plan that he promoted during Washington‟s first
term in office
Although the plan enjoyed only marginal success in the
“Era of Good Feelings,” the plan‟s agenda would later
become a tenant of the Whig Party in the 1830s
Henry Clay and Daniel Webster were ardent supporters
The plan later becomes known as the “Monkey System”
as Whigs often promoted sectional economic
interdependence that led to a disproportionate amount of
federal aid to one section of the country
10.
11. The Protective Industrial
Tariff
During the War of 1812, Britain began manufacturing industrial
goods at a rapid pace
After the war, Britain attempted to sell off their surplus to the U.S.
at highly discounted rates
U.S. factories in the Northeast were producing the same goods,
but could not compete with Britain‟s discounted rates
The tariff, which was Federalist to an extent, was passed to
ensure:
Factories in the Northeast were not undercut by British imports by
imposing import taxes at a rate of 20-25%
As a result, this tariff sets a standard for how America will react to
economic competition for the next 100 years
12. The Second Bank of the
U.S.
The Second Bank was chartered in 1816; five years
after the First Bank‟s charter expired
The 2nd Bank was based on the Hamiltonian model
that was utilized with the 1st Bank during Washington
and Adams‟ presidencies
Virtually all the same congressmen that chose not to
renew the 1st Bank before the War of 1812 voted to
establish the 2nd Bank
Why?
13. The Second Bank of the
U.S.
The U.S. faced severe inflation and in some cases was
almost unable to finance military operations during the
War of 1812
After the war, the credit and borrowing status of the U.S.
was at its lowest point since the Revolutionary War
Without political opposition, the Dem/Reps easily created
the 2nd Bank as they realized that central management
was needed in the aftermath of the war
Ironically, the 2nd Bank‟s charter was still very Federalist in
tone
15. Internal Improvements
Congress passes a number of federal subsides to
establish better transportation networks within the
country
Roads and canals become crucial to the
development of commerce
Better infrastructure lowered shipping costs and
subsequently linked small farmers to larger markets
16. Internal Improvements
Examples:
The National Road connected the Potomac River to
the Ohio River
The Erie Canal connected Lake Erie to New York City
Completed in 1825 and made New York City another
major trading port alongside Philadelphia
Typified how state funding would be used for internal
improvements
Federal funding initially provided a larger percentage of
the cost than state funding
17.
18. Election of 1816
James Monroe (D/R)
Elec. Vote: 183
States: 16
Pop. Vote:
76,592 (68.2%)
Rufus King (Fed.)
Elec. Vote: 34
States: 3
Pop. Vote: 34,740
(30.9%)
19. President James Monroe
President Madison‟s hand-
picked successor for the
executive office
Presided over the “Era of Good
Feelings” after his election in
1816
Primarily called this because
of the Dem/Rep‟s lack of
political opposition during this
period
Monroe‟s goal was to preserve
national harmony and expand
economically at all costs
20. Panic of 1819
America‟s first great economic crisis
This causes the “Era of Good Feelings” to end with a
screeching halt as Monroe does nothing during the crisis
Explanations for the crisis:
Growing sectional divisions within the country led to great
economic disparity
The 2nd Bank of the U.S.‟s closure of “wildcat” banks
America‟s first experience with boom-bust cycles common
to virtually all modern economies
International issues: European demand for American food
supplies declined as Europe recovered from the
Napoleonic Wars
21. Growing Sectionalism
Sectionalism: References the various social
structures, political views, economies, and cultural
values that hindered the notion of a strong sense of
nationalism and federalism within the United States
Economic historian Charles Beard argued that the
economic disparity that existed between the “rich”
North and a “poor” South before the Civil War was a
primary cause of the conflict
22. Growing Sectionalism
Most historians tend to disagree with the economic
determinism thesis today
The North and South had complementary economies
that were reliant upon each other
The North and South both had their share of
“economic disparity” before the Civil War
The rich and affluent in the North pave the way for the
Gilded Age of the 1880s
The rich and affluent in the South withstand the
economic catastrophe of the Confederacy and
Reconstruction era and pave the way for slow
industrialization in the South after 1880
23. Growing Sectionalism
Sections of the United States
The South – experiences tremendous development as
cotton production increased (Virginia, Maryland)
The Deep South – population virtually triples as
opportunists migrate from both the Northeast and Upper
South (Mississippi, Georgia, and parts of Louisiana)
The Northwest – the fastest growing region as many young
people migrated here in hopes of better economic
opportunity (Great Lakes area to the „real‟ NW; OR/WA)
The Northeast – known for major manufacturing
development and factories, particularly the textile industry
(New York, Massachusetts)
24. The 2nd Bank and the
Panic of 1819
Private banks in the southern and western parts of
the U.S. began printing money without much regard
to the amount of gold on reserve
Times were good while these sections of the U.S.
were selling food and other supplies to a depressed
Europe immediately after the Napoleonic Wars
“Wildcat” banks typically issued more paper money
than gold on hand
Basically, the money to gold ratio was very skewed
25. The 2nd Bank and the
Panic of 1819
The 2nd Bank began to forcibly close these banks in
1818 due to increasing inflation
The 2nd Bank would withdraw large sums of paper
money from “wildcat” banks and attempt to cash the
paper money in for gold
The “wildcat” banks would not be able to produce
enough gold to meet the amount of paper money
presented
As a result, the “wildcat” banks would be forced into
default
26. The 2nd Bank and the
Panic of 1819
Although this practice is fiscally sound to prevent
hyper-inflation, the American people in the south and
west readily blamed the 2nd Bank instead of the
individual “wildcat” banks
The Panic and the 2nd Bank‟s actions contribute to
sectional divisions in the country
The North gained a reputation as a group of rich
aristocrats that attempted to financially control the
South through the 2nd Bank
This mentality prevails into the 1830s and 1840s
despite the fact that this was an isolated occurrence
27. The Monroe Doctrine
Spain‟s colonies in Latin American began to rebel against
colonial authority in the early 1880s
Begins a period of declining colonialism in Europe during
the 19th century
The U.S. responded favorably to the new nations and
extended support
Attempting to stave off increased independence from
colonial areas, France made it known that they intended
to fight off any rebel nations
Basically, France was attempting to pick up area and
influence that Spain was rapidly losing
28. The Monroe Doctrine
The United States and Great Britain did not like the
idea of French involvement in Latin America
Both countries pledged to fight (diplomatically and
militarily, if needed) against “French aggression”
John Quincy Adams (future president and son of
John Adams) convinced President Monroe to exert
diplomatic authority by issuing a strong piece of
foreign legislation
29. The Monroe Doctrine
The policy which becomes known as the “Monroe
Doctrine” set out to prove:
America‟s growing influence in the Western
Hemisphere
America‟s desire for Europe to leave the Western
Hemisphere alone
Essentially, America wanted to draw a “line in the
sand” that Europe would respect
30.
31. The Monroe Doctrine
The Monroe Doctrine indicates:
America‟s growing confidence
America‟s promise to Europe that they will stay out of
European affairs in the Eastern Hemisphere
Also requests that Europe stay out of the Western
Hemisphere
America‟s promise to help new and existing nations in the
Western Hemisphere fight off tyranny and colonial
oppression from European powers if necessary
This doctrine becomes the most important document in
foreign policy until the Progressive Era (1900-1920)
Also begins a long period of American involvement in Latin
America
32. Cotton and Slavery
The Cotton Gin was
invented by Eli Whitney in
1793
Revolutionizes the
processing of cotton by
aiding the process of
removing seeds from
cotton
Further cements the
necessity of cotton
production in the South
and the need for slave
labor to continue the
economic viability of the
South‟s economy
33. The Cotton Kingdom
A boom economy results as the demand for cotton grows
The textile industries in the Northeast, England, and
France greatly contribute to this boom
Basically, the South was getting rich growing and exporting
cotton internally and internationally
To meet the demand in production, a demand for slaves
results
Overall, the South becomes dependent on cotton
demand and slave labor to maintain their economic
viability
34.
35. The State of Slavery
Before 1820
Of the original thirteen colonies:
7 had become free states
6 remained slave states
States added to the Union
4 more free states
5 more slave states
Total
11 free states
11 slave states
36. The State of Slavery
Before 1820
Why do the numbers matter?
In the House of Representatives, the North had a larger
population than the South despite the 3/5‟s Compromise
However, no bill can pass in the Senate if the Southern slave
states band together (which they typically did)
What does this mean?
An anti-slavery bill could pass in the House, but would be
blocked in the Senate
A bill allowing “popular sovereignty” for slavery in all states
was dead in the water either way
Overall, the Southern states were afraid that they could not
protect their interests if another free state was added to the
Union
37. The Missouri Compromise
In 1819, Missouri applied for admission to the Union
as a slave state
A bill was introduced in Congress that stated Missouri
could only enter the Union if they gradually abolished
slavery on a time-table set by Congress
A heated debate results over the bill and almost
forces the nation into civil war
Fortunately, Maine applies for admission as a free
state shortly after Missouri
38. The Missouri Compromise
The Compromise
Missouri could enter the Union as a slave state
Maine could enter the Union as a free state
Slavery would be banned in the remainder of the
Louisiana Purchase north of the 36, 30 degree
boundary
The Missouri Compromise temporarily saved the
U.S. from civil war
Thomas Jefferson remarks that this issue was a “fire
bell in the night” and had the potential to destroy the
Union
40. Three Faces of
Sectionalism in the U.S.
Henry Clay John C. Calhoun Daniel Webster
Kentucky South Carolina Massachusetts
41. Henry Clay
Westerner from Kentucky
Interested in the West, but had a broad
nationalistic vision that helped him draw
compromise from Federalists and Dem/Reps
Ran a very lucrative law practice before
becoming involved with politics
Architect of two compromises that save the
Union from civil war
Missouri Compromise
Compromise of 1850
Ran for president numerous times, but failed to
be elected
However, he had an illustrious career as
Speaker of the House, Secretary of State, and
U.S. Senator from Kentucky
42. John C. Calhoun
Dem/Rep. from South Carolina
Brilliant lawyer and studied the
Constitution thoroughly
Very effective in backing his
arguments with Constitutional
theory
One of the strongest voices for
states‟ rights and the pro-slavery
faction
A prominent voice that leads the
southern U.S. to secession in
the 1850s
43. Daniel Webster
Federalist and later National Republican
from Massachusetts
Rose to prominence by advocating for
Northern shipping interests
Later becomes the preeminent
Constitutional scholar on the Marshall
Court
Thinks like a Federalist, but has a strong
nationalist philosophy similar to Hamilton
Well-known for his speaking and debating
abilities
He and Henry Clay worked together to
prevent civil war by promoting a strong
nationalist agenda