Replication and Mobile Databases Transparencies © Pearson Education Limited 1995, 2005

How a replicated database differs from a distributed database. The benefits of database replication. Distributed deadlock detection. Examples of applications that use database replication. Basic components of a replication system. © Pearson Education Limited 1995, 2005

How a replicated database differs from a distributed database.

The benefits of database replication. Distributed deadlock detection.

Examples of applications that use database replication.

Basic components of a replication system.

How synchronous replication differs from asynchronous replication. The main types of data ownership are master/salve, workflow, and update-anywhere. The functionality of a database replication server. Main implementation issues associated with database replication. © Pearson Education Limited 1995, 2005

How synchronous replication differs from asynchronous replication.

The main types of data ownership are master/salve, workflow, and update-anywhere.

The functionality of a database replication server.

Main implementation issues associated with database replication.

How mobile computing supports the mobile worker. Functionality of a mobile DBMS. How Oracle DBMS supports database replication. © Pearson Education Limited 1995, 2005

How mobile computing supports the mobile worker.

Functionality of a mobile DBMS.

How Oracle DBMS supports database replication.

Functionality of DDBMS is attractive. However, implementations of required protocols and algorithms are complex and can cause problems that may outweigh advantages. Alternative and more simplify approach to data distribution is provided by a replication server. Every major database vendor has replication solution. © Pearson Education Limited 1995, 2005

Functionality of DDBMS is attractive. However, implementations of required protocols and algorithms are complex and can cause problems that may outweigh advantages.

Alternative and more simplify approach to data distribution is provided by a replication server.

Every major database vendor has replication solution.

Database Replication is the process of copying and maintaining database objects, such as relations, in multiple databases that make up a distributed database system. Changes applied at one site are captured and stored locally before being forwarded and applied at each of the remote locations. Replication uses Distributed database technology to share data between multiple sites, but a distributed database and replicated database are not the same. In a distributed database, data is available at many locations, but a particular relation resides at only one location whereas Replication means that the same data is available at many sites. © Pearson Education Limited 1995, 2005

Database Replication is the process of copying and maintaining database objects, such as relations, in multiple databases that make up a distributed database system.

Changes applied at one site are captured and stored locally before being forwarded and applied at each of the remote locations.

Replication uses Distributed database technology to share data between multiple sites, but a distributed database and replicated database are not the same.

In a distributed database, data is available at many locations, but a particular relation resides at only one location whereas Replication means that the same data is available at many sites.

If Regimmanuel Estate had a distributed database then the relation PropertyforRent describing the properties for rent would be found on only one database server, such as the server in Accra, and not on the server in Kumasi and Takoradi servers. Replication means the same data is available at multiple locations. Therefore if Regimmanuel Estates had a replicated database then the PropertyFor Rent could be available on the Accra, Kumasi and Takoradi servers.

If Regimmanuel Estate had a distributed database then the relation PropertyforRent describing the properties for rent would be found on only one database server, such as the server in Accra, and not on the server in Kumasi and Takoradi servers.

Replication means the same data is available at multiple locations. Therefore if Regimmanuel Estates had a replicated database then the

PropertyFor Rent could be available on the Accra, Kumasi and Takoradi servers.

© Pearson Education Limited 1995, 2005

Replication supports a variety of applications that have very different requirements. Some applications are supported with only limited synchronization between the copies of the database and the central database system. Other applications demand continuous synchronization between all copies of the database. © Pearson Education Limited 1995, 2005

Replication supports a variety of applications that have very different requirements.

Some applications are supported with only limited synchronization between the copies of the database and the central database system.

Other applications demand continuous synchronization between all copies of the database.

Replication object is a database object such as a relation, index, view, procedure, or function existing on multiple servers in a distributed database system. In a replication environment, any updates made to a replication object at one site are applied to the copies at all other sites. © Pearson Education Limited 1995, 2005

Replication object is a database object such as a relation, index, view, procedure, or function existing on multiple servers in a distributed database system.

In a replication environment, any updates made to a replication object at one site are applied to the copies at all other sites.

Replication objects are managed using replication groups. A replication group is a collection of replication objects that are logically related. A replication group can exist at multiple replication sites. © Pearson Education Limited 1995, 2005

Replication objects are managed using replication groups.

A replication group is a collection of replication objects that are logically related.

A replication group can exist at multiple replication sites.

Replication environments support two basic types of sites: master sites and slave sites . A replication group can be associated with one or more master sites and with one or more slave sites. © Pearson Education Limited 1995, 2005

Replication environments support two basic types of sites: master sites and slave sites .

A replication group can be associated with one or more master sites and with one or more slave sites.

One site can be both master site for one replication group and slave site for different replication group. However, one site cannot be both the master site and slave site for same replication group. © Pearson Education Limited 1995, 2005

One site can be both master site for one replication group and slave site for different replication group.

However, one site cannot be both the master site and slave site for same replication group.

A master site controls a replication group and the objects in that group. This is achieved by maintaining a complete copy of all objects in a replication group and by propagating any changes to a replication group to any slave sites. © Pearson Education Limited 1995, 2005

A master site controls a replication group and the objects in that group.

This is achieved by maintaining a complete copy of all objects in a replication group and by propagating any changes to a replication group to any slave sites.

A slave site can contain all or a subset of objects from a replication group. However, slave sites only contain a snapshot of a replication group. Typically, a snapshot site is refreshed periodically to synchronize it with its master site. © Pearson Education Limited 1995, 2005

A slave site can contain all or a subset of objects from a replication group. However, slave sites only contain a snapshot of a replication group.

Typically, a snapshot site is refreshed periodically to synchronize it with its master site.

For a replication environment with many master sites, all of those sites communicate directly with one another to continually propagate data changes in the replication group. © Pearson Education Limited 1995, 2005

For a replication environment with many master sites, all of those sites communicate directly with one another to continually propagate data changes in the replication group.

Synchronous – updates to replicated data are part of enclosing transaction. If one or more sites that hold replicas are unavailable transaction cannot complete. Large number of messages required to coordinate synchronization. Asynchronous - target database updated after source database modified. Delay in regaining consistency may range from few seconds to several hours or even days. © Pearson Education Limited 1995, 2005

Synchronous – updates to replicated data are part of enclosing transaction.

If one or more sites that hold replicas are unavailable transaction cannot complete.

Large number of messages required to coordinate synchronization.

Asynchronous - target database updated after source database modified. Delay in regaining consistency may range from few seconds to several hours or even days.

Ownership relates to which site has privilege to update the data. Main types of ownership are: Master/slave (or asymmetric replication), Workflow, Update-anywhere (or peer-to-peer or symmetric replication). © Pearson Education Limited 1995, 2005

Ownership relates to which site has privilege to update the data.

Main types of ownership are:

Master/slave (or asymmetric replication),

Workflow,

Update-anywhere (or peer-to-peer or symmetric replication).

Asynchronously replicated data is owned by one (master) site, and can be updated by only that site. Using ‘publish-and-subscribe’ metaphor, master site makes data available. Other sites ‘subscribe’ to data owned by master site, receiving read-only copies. Potentially, each site can be master site for non-overlapping data sets, but update conflicts cannot occur. © Pearson Education Limited 1995, 2005

Asynchronously replicated data is owned by one (master) site, and can be updated by only that site.

Using ‘publish-and-subscribe’ metaphor, master site makes data available.

Other sites ‘subscribe’ to data owned by master site, receiving read-only copies.

Potentially, each site can be master site for non-overlapping data sets, but update conflicts cannot occur.

© Pearson Education Limited 1995, 2005

© Pearson Education Limited 1995, 2005

Avoids update conflicts, while providing more dynamic ownership model. Allows right to update replicated data to move from site to site. However, at any one moment, only ever one site that may update that particular data set. Example is order processing system, which follows series of steps, such as order entry, credit approval, invoicing, shipping, and so on. © Pearson Education Limited 1995, 2005

Avoids update conflicts, while providing more dynamic ownership model.

Allows right to update replicated data to move from site to site.

However, at any one moment, only ever one site that may update that particular data set.

Example is order processing system, which follows series of steps, such as order entry, credit approval, invoicing, shipping, and so on.

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Creates peer-to-peer environment where multiple sites have equal rights to update replicated data. Allows local sites to function autonomously, even when other sites are not available. Shared ownership can lead to conflict scenarios and have to employ methodology for conflict detection and resolution. © Pearson Education Limited 1995, 2005

Creates peer-to-peer environment where multiple sites have equal rights to update replicated data.

Allows local sites to function autonomously, even when other sites are not available.

Shared ownership can lead to conflict scenarios and have to employ methodology for conflict detection and resolution.

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Basic function is copy data from one database to another (using synch. or asynch. replication). Other functions include: Scalability Mapping and Transformation Object Replication Specification of Replication Schema Subscription mechanism Initialization mechanism Easy Administration © Pearson Education Limited 1995, 2005

Basic function is copy data from one database to another (using synch. or asynch. replication).

Other functions include:

Scalability

Mapping and Transformation

Object Replication

Specification of Replication Schema

Subscription mechanism

Initialization mechanism

Easy Administration

Issues associated with the provision of data replication by the replication server include: transactional updates; snapshots and database triggers; conflict detection and resolution. © Pearson Education Limited 1995, 2005

Issues associated with the provision of data replication by the replication server include:

transactional updates;

snapshots and database triggers;

conflict detection and resolution.

Early replication mechanisms were non-transactional. Data was copied without maintaining atomicity of transaction. With transactional-based mechanism, structure of original transaction on source database is also maintained at target site. © Pearson Education Limited 1995, 2005

Early replication mechanisms were non-transactional.

Data was copied without maintaining atomicity of transaction.

With transactional-based mechanism, structure of original transaction on source database is also maintained at target site.

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Allow asynchronous distribution of changes to individual tables, collections of tables, views, or partitions of tables according to pre-defined schedule. Common approach for snapshots uses the recovery log, minimizing the extra overhead to the system. © Pearson Education Limited 1995, 2005

Allow asynchronous distribution of changes to individual tables, collections of tables, views, or partitions of tables according to pre-defined schedule.

Common approach for snapshots uses the recovery log, minimizing the extra overhead to the system.

In some DBMSs, process is part of server, while in others it runs as separate external server. In event of network or site failure, need queue to hold updates until connection is restored. To ensure integrity, order of updates must be maintained during delivery. © Pearson Education Limited 1995, 2005

In some DBMSs, process is part of server, while in others it runs as separate external server.

In event of network or site failure, need queue to hold updates until connection is restored.

To ensure integrity, order of updates must be maintained during delivery.

Could allow users to build their own replication applications using database triggers. Users’ responsibility to create code within trigger that will execute whenever appropriate event occurs. © Pearson Education Limited 1995, 2005

Could allow users to build their own replication applications using database triggers.

Users’ responsibility to create code within trigger that will execute whenever appropriate event occurs.

CREATE TRIGGER StaffAfterInsRow BEFORE INSERT ON Staff FOR EACH ROW BEGIN INSERT INTO StaffDuplicate@Rentals.Glasgow.North.Com VALUES (:new.staffNo, :new:fName, :new:lName, :new.position, :new:sex, :new.DOB, :new:salary, :new:branchNo); END; © Pearson Education Limited 1995, 2005

CREATE TRIGGER StaffAfterInsRow

BEFORE INSERT ON Staff

FOR EACH ROW

BEGIN

INSERT INTO StaffDuplicate@Rentals.Glasgow.North.Com

VALUES (:new.staffNo, :new:fName, :new:lName, :new.position, :new:sex, :new.DOB, :new:salary, :new:branchNo);

END;

Management and execution of triggers have a performance overhead. Burden on application/network if master table updated frequently. Triggers cannot be scheduled. Difficult to synchronize replication of multiple related tables. Activation of triggers cannot be easily undone in event of abort or rollback. © Pearson Education Limited 1995, 2005

Management and execution of triggers have a performance overhead.

Burden on application/network if master table updated frequently.

Triggers cannot be scheduled.

Difficult to synchronize replication of multiple related tables.

Activation of triggers cannot be easily undone in event of abort or rollback.

When multiple sites are allowed to update replicated data, need to detect conflicting updates and restore data consistency. For a single table, source site could send both old and new values for any rows updated since last refresh. At target site, replication server can check each row in target database that has also been updated against these values. © Pearson Education Limited 1995, 2005

When multiple sites are allowed to update replicated data, need to detect conflicting updates and restore data consistency.

For a single table, source site could send both old and new values for any rows updated since last refresh.

At target site, replication server can check each row in target database that has also been updated against these values.

Also want to detect other types of conflict such as violation of referential integrity. Some of most common mechanisms are: Earliest and latest timestamps. Site Priority. Additive and average updates. Minimum and maximum values. User-defined. Hold for manual resolution. © Pearson Education Limited 1995, 2005

Also want to detect other types of conflict such as violation of referential integrity.

Some of most common mechanisms are:

Earliest and latest timestamps.

Site Priority.

Additive and average updates.

Minimum and maximum values.

User-defined.

Hold for manual resolution.

Increasing demands on mobile computing to provide types of support required by growing number of mobile workers. Work as if in the office but in reality working from remote locations. ‘ Office’ may accompany remote worker in form of laptop, PDA (Personal Digital Assistant), or other Internet access device. © Pearson Education Limited 1995, 2005

Increasing demands on mobile computing to provide types of support required by growing number of mobile workers.

Work as if in the office but in reality working from remote locations.

‘ Office’ may accompany remote worker in form of laptop, PDA (Personal Digital Assistant), or other Internet access device.

Database that is portable and physically separate from a centralized database server but is capable of communicating with server from remote sites allowing the sharing of corporate data. © Pearson Education Limited 1995, 2005

Database that is portable and physically separate from a centralized database server but is capable of communicating with server from remote sites allowing the sharing of corporate data.

© Pearson Education Limited 1995, 2005

Functionality required of mobile DBMSs includes ability to: communicate with centralized database server through modes such as wireless or Internet access ; replicate data on centralized database server and mobile device ; synchronize data on centralized database server and mobile device ; capture data from various sources such as Internet ; manage/analyze data on the mobile device; create customized mobile applications. © Pearson Education Limited 1995, 2005

Functionality required of mobile DBMSs includes ability to:

communicate with centralized database server through modes such as wireless or Internet access ;

replicate data on centralized database server and mobile device ;

synchronize data on centralized database server and mobile device ;

capture data from various sources such as Internet ;

manage/analyze data on the mobile device;

create customized mobile applications.