1. Ch. 5 Warm-Up Activity
1. What are the 4 biologically important organic
compounds, their building blocks and an
example of each?
2. What is the difference between dehydration
synthesis and hydrolysis? When are each used?
3. What are the 4 structural levels of a protein
and what bonds are involved in each?
4. What does it mean when a protein has been
denatured? What are some possible causes for
this to happen?

2. Chapter 5
The Structure and Function of
Large Biological Molecules

3. You Must Know
•
•
•
•
•
The role of dehydration synthesis in the formation
of organic compounds and hydrolysis in the
digestion of organic compounds.
How to recognize the 4 biologically important organic
compounds (carbs, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids) by
their structural formulas.
The cellular functions of all four organic compounds.
The 4 structural levels of proteins
How proteins reach their final shape (conformation)
and the denaturing impact that heat and pH can
have on protein structure

4. Monomers
•Small organic
•Used for building
blocks of polymers
•Connects with
condensation reaction
(dehydration reaction)
Polymers
Macromolecules
•Long molecules of
•Giant molecules
monomers
•2 or more polymers
•With many identical or bonded together
similar blocks linked by
covalent bonds
ie. amino acid  peptide  polypeptide  protein
smaller
larger

5. Dehydration Reaction
(Condensation Reaction)
Hydrolysis
Make polymers
Breakdown polymers
Monomers  Polymers
Polymers  Monomers
A + B  AB
AB  A + B
+
+ H2O
+ H2O
+

7. I. Carbohydrates
• Fuel and building material
• Include simple sugars (fructose) and polymers (starch)
• Ratio of 1 carbon: 2 hydrogen: 1 oxygen or CH2O
•
•
•
monosaccharide  disaccharide  polysaccharide
Monosaccharides = monomers (ie. glucose, ribose)
Polysaccharides:
Differ in
 Storage (plants-starch, animals-glycogen)
 Structure (plant-cellulose, arthropod-chitin)
position &
orientation of
glycosidic
linkage

8. The structure and
classification of some
monosaccharides

9. Linear and ring forms of glucose

10. Examples of disaccharide synthesis

11. Storage polysaccharides of plants (starch) and animals (glycogen)

12. Structural polysaccharides: cellulose & chitin (exoskeleton)

13. II. Lipids
A. Fats (triglyceride): store large amounts
of energy (2x carbohydrates), cushions
organs and insulates body


Glycerol + 3 Fatty Acids
saturated, unsaturated, polyunsaturated
A. Steroids: cholesterol and hormones
Steroids
B. Phospholipids: cell membrane


hydrophilic head, hydrophobic tails
creates bilayer to form cell membrane
Hydrophilic head
Hydrophobic tail

14. Ester linkage:
between OH
& COOH
Long HC chain:
-Polar or
non-polar?
-Hydrophilic or
hydrophobic?

15. Saturated
Unsaturated
Polyunsaturated
“saturated” with H
Have some C=C, result in kinks
In animals
In plants
Solid at room temp.
Liquid at room temp.
Eg. butter, lard
Eg. corn oil, olive oil

16. Steroids include cholesterol (shown above)
which is the building block for steroid hormones
and component of cell membranes

17. The structure of a phospholipid

18. Hydrophobic/hydrophilic interactions make a
phospholipid bilayer

19. Overview of protein functions

20. Overview of protein functions

21. Proteins:
polymers made
of amino acid
monomers

22. III. Proteins
Four Levels of Protein Structure:
1. Primary



Amino acid (AA) sequence
20 different AA’s
peptide bonds link AA’s

23. Four Levels of Protein Structure (continued)
2. Secondary


Gains 3-D shape (folds, coils) by H-bonding
Alpha (α) helix, Beta (β) pleated sheet

24. Four Levels of Protein Structure (continued)
3. Tertiary


Bonding between side chains (R groups) of amino acids
H & ionic bonds, disulfide bridges, van der Waals
interactions

25. Four Levels of Protein Structure (continued)
4. Quaternary

2+ polypeptides bond together

26. amino acids  polypeptides  protein
Bonding (ionic & H) can create
asymmetrical attractions

27. Chaperonins assist in proper folding of
proteins

28. •
•
Protein structure and function are sensitive
to chemical and physical conditions
Unfolds or denatures if pH and temperature
are not optimal

29. change in structure = change in function

30. IV. Nucleic Acids
Function: carry hereditary info
DNA
•Double stranded helix
• N-bases: A, G, C, Thymine
•Stores hereditary info
•Longer/larger
•Sugar: deoxyribose
RNA
•Single stranded
• N-bases: A, G, C, Uracil
•Carry info from DNA to
ribosomes
•tRNA, rRNA, mRNA,
RNAi
•Sugar: ribose

31. Nucleotides: monomer of DNA/RNA
3 parts:
-nitrogen base
-pentose sugar
-ribose
-deoxyribose
-P04 group

32. phosphate
Nucleotide
Nitrogenous
base
Purines
5-C sugar
A–T
G–C
Pyrimidines
•Adenine
•Guanine
•Cytosine
•Thymine (DNA)
•Uracil (RNA)
•Double ring
•Single ring

34. Building the polymer

35. Nucleic polymer
• Backbone
Sugar to PO4 bond
Phosphodiester bond
•
•
•
•
•
new base added to sugar of previous base
Polymer grow in one direction
N bases hang off the sugar-phosphate
backbone

36. Pairing of nucleotides
• Nucleotides bond between DNA strands
H bonds
Purine :: Pyrimidine
A :: T
•
•
•
•
2 H bonds
G :: C
•
•
3 H bonds

37. DNA  RNA  protein:
a diagrammatic overview
of information flow in a
cell.