Sustainable Production and Sustainable Consumption Raymond R. Tan, Ph.D. Full Professor Chemical Engineering Department Center for Engineering & Sustainable Development Research De La Salle University, Manila, Philippines

What environmental impacts are caused by these emissions?

Major Issues of the 21 st Century Climate change Resource depletion Fossil fuels Water and food (e.g., fisheries) Soil Biodiversity loss Pollution Wealth Inequity

Climate change

Resource depletion

Fossil fuels

Water and food (e.g., fisheries)

Soil

Biodiversity loss

Pollution

Wealth Inequity

E 3 Framework of Sustainability ETHICS ECONOMICS ENVIRONMENT

Achieving Sustainability There are two fundamental types of problems: Designing industrial systems to be more inherently efficient and green Selecting the best technology or management action for a given application

There are two fundamental types of problems:

Designing industrial systems to be more inherently efficient and green

Selecting the best technology or management action for a given application

Measuring Environmental Performance Concentration based metrics mg/l BOD ppm Efficiency based metrics kg CO 2 per kWh kg CO 2 per km Macro level intensity metrics kg CO 2 per US$ GDP kg CO 2 per per capita

Concentration based metrics

mg/l BOD

ppm

Efficiency based metrics

kg CO 2 per kWh

kg CO 2 per km

Macro level intensity metrics

kg CO 2 per US$ GDP

kg CO 2 per per capita

Waste Management Hierarchy Source Reduction Recycle/Reuse Treatment Disposal Cleaner production Pollution control Often essential to ensure compliance to environmental regulations May yield joint environmental and economic benefits

Source

Reduction

Recycle/Reuse

Treatment

Disposal

What is LCA? Life-cycle assessment is an objective process to evaluate the environmental burdens associated with a product, process or activity by identifying and quantifying energy and materials used and wastes released to the environment and to evaluate and implement opportunities to effect environmental improvements. -- SETAC (1993)

Life-cycle assessment is an objective process to evaluate the environmental burdens associated with a product, process or activity by identifying and quantifying energy and materials used and wastes released to the environment and to evaluate and implement opportunities to effect environmental improvements.

-- SETAC (1993)

Key LCA Concepts Extended system boundaries – “cradle to grave” Fair comparison – define the functional unit Multiple pathways by which environment is damaged constitute decision criteria Inherently quantitative approach involves: Models (mathematical representation) Streamlining (simplification) Cut-off (identification of system boundary)

Extended system boundaries – “cradle to grave”

Fair comparison – define the functional unit

Multiple pathways by which environment is damaged constitute decision criteria

Inherently quantitative approach involves:

Models (mathematical representation)

Streamlining (simplification)

Cut-off (identification of system boundary)

Some problems for which life cycle framework is appropriate Can a country reduce oil imports or greenhouse gas emissions by using biofuels? Does the use of fluorescent lamps increase mercury releases to the environment? Should a retail company encourage reuse of plastic bags or reduce plastic film thickness? Should governments mandate producers of electronic goods to handle their disposal? To what extent does water supply limit the potential of large-scale bioenergy systems?

Can a country reduce oil imports or greenhouse gas emissions by using biofuels?

Does the use of fluorescent lamps increase mercury releases to the environment?

Should a retail company encourage reuse of plastic bags or reduce plastic film thickness?

Should governments mandate producers of electronic goods to handle their disposal?

To what extent does water supply limit the potential of large-scale bioenergy systems?

The Generic Life Cycle

A Typical Life Cycle System (Culaba and Purvis, 1999)

Components of LCA Goal & scope definition Inventory analysis (LCI) Impact assessment (LCIA) Classification Characterization Valuation Interpretation

Goal & scope definition

Inventory analysis (LCI)

Impact assessment (LCIA)

Classification

Characterization

Valuation

Interpretation

LCA Components and Framework Goal and scope definition Interpretation Impact assessment Inventory analysis Applications: Product development & improvement Strategic planning Public policy making Marketing Others LCA Framework Source: ISO 14040 (1997)

Applications:

Product development & improvement

Strategic planning

Public policy making

Marketing

Others

Impact Assessment

Information Flow In LCA Models

“ Forward” LCA Model (Heijungs and Suh, 2002) The LCA model allows environmental effects to be estimated for a given state of technology: g = BA -1 f (Life cycle inventory) h = Qg (Life cycle impacts) Environmental Index = f ( g , h )

The LCA model allows environmental effects to be estimated for a given state of technology:

g = BA -1 f (Life cycle inventory)

h = Qg (Life cycle impacts)

Environmental Index = f ( g , h )

The ISO Standards for LCA (as of 2005)

Current ISO Standards Data documentation format 14048 Examples of application of ISO 14042 14047 Requirements and guidelines 14044 Principles and framework 14040 Title and Content Standard

LCA Uses: Products & Processes Fuels Electricity Cars Packaging Materials Appliances Paper Diapers Drinking Cups PCs and Accessories Chemicals Food Products Beverages Batteries Construction Materials Garments Semiconductors Iron and Steel Buildings and houses

Fuels

Electricity

Cars

Packaging Materials

Appliances

Paper

Diapers

Drinking Cups

PCs and Accessories

Chemicals

Food Products

Beverages

Batteries

Construction Materials

Garments

Semiconductors

Iron and Steel

Buildings and houses

LCA Users: Private Firms Procter & Gamble General Motors Corp. Volvo Credit Suisse The Body Shop BP Amoco IBM Motorola AT&T Dow Chemical Nestle Coca-Cola Co. TetraPak Scott Paper Co. ExxonMobil Shell Hoechst Monsanto

Procter & Gamble

General Motors Corp.

Volvo

Credit Suisse

The Body Shop

BP Amoco

IBM

Motorola

AT&T

Dow Chemical

Nestle

Coca-Cola Co.

TetraPak

Scott Paper Co.

ExxonMobil

Shell

Hoechst

Monsanto

Illustrative Case Study on Carbon Footprints

Carbon Emissions Emissions of greenhouse gases such as CO 2 are widely believed to be driving global climate change These emissions are highly correlated with energy use and industrial activity Global emissions are in the order of 30  10 9 tons per annum The Philippines contributes about 0.3% of global emissions

Emissions of greenhouse gases such as CO 2 are widely believed to be driving global climate change

These emissions are highly correlated with energy use and industrial activity

Global emissions are in the order of 30  10 9 tons per annum

The Philippines contributes about 0.3% of global emissions

What is a Carbon Footprint? The carbon footprint of a product or a service is the cumulative level of CO 2 (or greenhouse gas) emissions generated directly or indirectly to deliver the commodity to the end-user.

The carbon footprint of a product or a service is the cumulative level of CO 2 (or greenhouse gas) emissions generated directly or indirectly to deliver the commodity to the end-user.

What is the carbon footprint of this meal?

Carbon Emissions Breakdown of Fossil Power Sources SOURCE: Varun et al., “LCA of renewable energy for electricity generation systems—A review.” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews (in press)

Carbon Intensities of Different Power Sources SOURCE: Varun et al., “LCA of renewable energy for electricity generation systems—A review.” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews (in press)

Input-Output Models of Carbon Emissions Emissions from highly interconnected economic systems need to be modelled using life cycle concepts. It is necessary to account not just for direct emissions, but also indirect emissions arising from sectoral interdependencies. Input-output based modeling is appropriate for this application (Heijungs & Suh, 2002; Hendrickson et al., 2006)

Emissions from highly interconnected economic systems need to be modelled using life cycle concepts.

It is necessary to account not just for direct emissions, but also indirect emissions arising from sectoral interdependencies.

Input-output based modeling is appropriate for this application (Heijungs & Suh, 2002; Hendrickson et al., 2006)

Input-Output Models of Carbon Emissions x = ( I – A ) –1 y g = R x where: I = identity matrix A = technical coefficient matrix y = net output vector x = gross output vector R = direct emissions intensity matrix g = emissions vector

Application of I/O Model to Analysis of Philippine Carbon Emissions Obtained 2000 IO Tables from Philippine Government at three levels of disaggregation: 11 Sectors 60 Sectors 250 Sectors Obtained published sectoral direct carbon emissions (http://earthtrends.wri.org/pdf_library/country_profiles/cli_cou_608.pdf) Currently reconstructing detailed/disaggregated emissions profile from energy use statistics

Obtained 2000 IO Tables from Philippine Government at three levels of disaggregation:

11 Sectors

60 Sectors

250 Sectors

Obtained published sectoral direct carbon emissions (http://earthtrends.wri.org/pdf_library/country_profiles/cli_cou_608.pdf)

Currently reconstructing detailed/disaggregated emissions profile from energy use statistics

Philippine Sectoral Carbon Intensity

Partial Results Using 60-sector I/O Tables Carbon emission levels per P1,000 of major agricultural crops: Rice, 5.8 kg Corn, 5.1 kg Coconut, 4.7 kg Sugarcane, 8.5 kg Carbon emission levels for services provided by: Private educational institutions, 2,200 kg per P150,000 Hotels and restaurants, 11.7 kg per P1,000

Carbon emission levels per P1,000 of major agricultural crops:

Rice, 5.8 kg

Corn, 5.1 kg

Coconut, 4.7 kg

Sugarcane, 8.5 kg

Carbon emission levels for services provided by:

Private educational institutions, 2,200 kg per P150,000

Hotels and restaurants, 11.7 kg per P1,000

LCA Research in the Philippines

What Our Research Group at DLSU Has Done Advised Philippine Government (DOE, DOST) on life cycle issues leading to policy actions Basic R&D published in LCA journals and books Integrated LCA into postgraduate and undergraduate curriculum Delivered workshops and seminars for NGO’s. Collaborated with overseas partners Developing e-learning materials on LCA Established LCA information clearinghouse

Advised Philippine Government (DOE, DOST) on life cycle issues leading to policy actions

Basic R&D published in LCA journals and books

Integrated LCA into postgraduate and undergraduate curriculum

Delivered workshops and seminars for NGO’s.

Collaborated with overseas partners

Developing e-learning materials on LCA

Established LCA information clearinghouse

LCA R&D Applications Transportation systems Fuels Modes Energy systems Power plants Biofuels Efficient lamps Manufacturing systems Pulp and paper Electronics Biopharmaceuticals Methods Fuzzy modelling Artificial intelligence Monte Carlo Linear and non-linear programming Data quality Decision analysis Hybridization and streamlining

Applications

Transportation systems

Fuels

Modes

Energy systems

Power plants

Biofuels

Efficient lamps

Manufacturing systems

Pulp and paper

Electronics

Biopharmaceuticals

Methods

Fuzzy modelling

Artificial intelligence

Monte Carlo

Linear and non-linear programming

Data quality

Decision analysis

Hybridization and streamlining

Conclusion Life cycle thinking blurs the boundary between production and consumption Quantitative methods such as LCA allow for rational evaluation of different goods from an integrated systems standpoint Carbon footprinting applies some aspects of life cycle thinking to climate change issues.

Life cycle thinking blurs the boundary between production and consumption

Quantitative methods such as LCA allow for rational evaluation of different goods from an integrated systems standpoint

Carbon footprinting applies some aspects of life cycle thinking to climate change issues.

Thanks for your attention Comments and questions are welcome Or contact me at [email_address] Phone/Fax: +632-524-0560 http://sustech.dlsu.edu.ph