THE SOCIAL IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE Prof. Natividad F. Lacdan Department of Biology College of Arts and Sciences University of the Philippines Manila

Present – day scenario Climate Change Rapid Environmental Degradation Unabated, Irresponsible Resource Utilization and Depletion Intensifying Developmental Activities Increasing Population & Urbanization

Our complacency and lack of understanding of the delicate balance in nature invariably leads to major catastrophes - Decreasing Arable Lands Overgrazing loss of biodiversity due to habitat loss and extinction of species Floods Rising Sea Levels Groundwater depletion droughts Excessive Soil Erosion Waterlogging and Salt built up in soils Pollution

The survival of Mankind is at its highest risk, brought about by environmental havoc, he himself wrought on Mother Earth, with anthropomorphic climate change as its major challenge

Climate Change is a natural phenomenon, existing for several millenia involving alternating ice ages and sub tropical periods With the onset of the industrial revolution, especially in the 1950s, there was a drastic increase in the consumption of coal, oil and natural gas As a consequence, the global climate system has never been as haywire as before Increasing levels of carbon dioxide is the pinpointed culprit

Climate Change is a natural phenomenon, existing for several millenia involving alternating ice ages and sub tropical periods

With the onset of the industrial revolution, especially in the 1950s, there was a drastic increase in the consumption of coal, oil and natural gas

As a consequence, the global climate system has never been as haywire as before

Increasing levels of carbon dioxide is the pinpointed culprit

CO2 54% CFC’s 14% CH4 18% NO2 6%

Regardless, historical climatic patterns arising from natural and/or man-made causes result from intermittent but increasingly frequent, extreme impacts (e.g. storms and heat waves) and slow on-set, pervasive, cumulative effects (e.g. extinction of life forms, rising sea levels) Involves interactions of the atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere, and biosphere, and human systems

Regardless, historical climatic patterns arising from natural and/or man-made causes result from intermittent but increasingly frequent, extreme impacts (e.g. storms and heat waves) and slow on-set, pervasive, cumulative effects (e.g. extinction of life forms, rising sea levels)

Involves interactions of the atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere, and biosphere, and human systems

The Typical perception on climate change Burning summers Stinging cold winds Devastating droughts Catastrophic typhoons Rampaging Floods But these are more than what meets the eye

The Typical perception on climate change

Burning summers

Stinging cold winds

Devastating droughts

Catastrophic typhoons

Rampaging Floods

But these are more than what meets the eye

Climate Change Effects Increase frequency of extreme weather events Floods / Storms Droughts Famines Desertification Increase sea temperatures Heat and cold waves Melting of glaciers and permafrost

Increase frequency of extreme weather events

Floods / Storms

Droughts

Famines

Desertification

Increase sea temperatures

Heat and cold waves

Melting of glaciers and permafrost

Climate Change Effects Sea level rise Abrupt changes in sea currents posing grave threats to coastal areas, ecosystems and geophysical cycles Significant ecological, social, economic and political impacts Food production Water availability Intensified wild fires Mudstreams Coral bleaching Changes in epidemic vectors Extinction of pollinators

Sea level rise

Abrupt changes in sea currents posing grave threats to coastal areas, ecosystems and geophysical cycles

Significant ecological, social, economic and political impacts

Food production

Water availability

Intensified wild fires

Mudstreams

Coral bleaching

Changes in epidemic vectors

Extinction of pollinators

Climate Change Effects threatens development and progress towards UN MDGs (to include MDG on gender equality and empowerment ) both a technical (scientific) and a developmental policy & strategy concern hinders human development and environmental conservation a major threat to human security at the global, national and grassroot level

threatens development and progress towards UN MDGs (to include MDG on gender equality and empowerment )

both a technical (scientific) and a developmental policy & strategy concern

hinders human development and environmental conservation

a major threat to human security at the global, national and grassroot level

Vulnerability Approach Vulnerability – “the characteristics of a person or a group and their situation influencing their capacity to anticipate, cope with, resist and recover form the impact of natural hazards” Vulnerability approach to natural disasters must be considered as the “risks involved in disasters are connected with the vulnerability created under normal situations”

Vulnerability – “the characteristics of a person or a group and their situation influencing their capacity to anticipate, cope with, resist and recover form the impact of natural hazards”

Vulnerability approach to natural disasters must be considered as the “risks involved in disasters are connected with the vulnerability created under normal situations”

Climate Change as an Important Human Security Issue Sparks conflicts between and within nations (may lead to civil wars) Scarcity of resources (food, water, energy) and safe places Damaged livelihoods Increased number of migrants and refugees To developing countries, climate change is a socio-economic political issue… … a human issue

Sparks conflicts between and within nations (may lead to civil wars)

Scarcity of resources (food, water, energy) and safe places

Damaged livelihoods

Increased number of migrants and refugees

To developing countries,

climate change

is a socio-economic

political issue…

… a human issue

Climate Change as a Human Issue Heavy impacts on developing nations Magnifies existing inequalities Increases chronic instability Poor communities become more vulnerable, especially in climate high risk areas More limited adaptive capabilities More dependent on climate sensitive resources like water and food supplies

Heavy impacts on developing nations

Magnifies existing inequalities

Increases chronic instability

Poor communities become more vulnerable,

especially in climate high risk areas

More limited adaptive capabilities

More dependent on climate sensitive resources like water and food supplies

Climate Change – Philippine Setting Philippines lies along the western rim of the Pacific Ring of Fire (active volcanoes and major earthquake faults) and the Pacific typhoon belt Archipelagic (longest coastline of 32,400 km) Vulnerable to adverse impacts of climate change One of the world’s most disaster prone areas High incidence of typhoons Floods, landslides, droughts Volcanic eruptions and earthquakes * “ A Natural disaster hotspot”

Philippines lies along the western rim of the Pacific Ring of Fire (active volcanoes and major earthquake faults) and the Pacific typhoon belt

Archipelagic (longest coastline of 32,400 km)

Vulnerable to adverse impacts of climate change

One of the world’s most disaster prone areas

High incidence of typhoons

Floods, landslides, droughts

Volcanic eruptions and earthquakes

* “ A Natural disaster hotspot”

Climate Change Impacts Low GHG emitter Greatly affected by climate variability thru changes in temperature, precipitation and sea level rise Extreme weather disturbances Typhoons and floods (socio-economic repercussions) Rising sea levels ( affecting 70% coastal municipalities)

Low GHG emitter

Greatly affected by climate variability thru changes in temperature, precipitation and sea level rise

Extreme weather disturbances

Typhoons and floods (socio-economic repercussions)

Rising sea levels ( affecting 70% coastal municipalities)

Impacts of Climate Change by Sector - Agriculture Increased temperature Changes in growing seasons Heat stress in plants and animals At 2 degrees, increased yields for some plants but in grassland productivity decreases with high temperatures and low rainfall Increased outbreaks of pests and diseases Changes in hydrological cycle

Increased temperature

Changes in growing seasons

Heat stress in plants and animals

At 2 degrees, increased yields for some plants

but in grassland productivity decreases with high temperatures and low rainfall

Increased outbreaks of pests and diseases

Changes in hydrological cycle

Impacts of Climate Change by Sector - Agriculture Changes in rainfall regimes Changes in crops and crop areas More severe droughts and or floods Deterioration of land cover and land resources Changes in water resources + change in hydrological regimes + increased demand for irrigation water + changes in groundwater quality (saltwater intrusion) + changes in stream flow and groundwater recharge + sedimentation of reservoir

Changes in rainfall regimes

Changes in crops and crop areas

More severe droughts and or floods

Deterioration of land cover and land resources

Changes in water resources

+ change in hydrological regimes

+ increased demand for irrigation water

+ changes in groundwater quality (saltwater intrusion)

+ changes in stream flow and groundwater recharge

+ sedimentation of reservoir

Impacts of Climate Change by Sector - Agriculture Changes in frequency / intensity in extreme climate events Increase damage to crops and livestocks Decreased productivity Increased soil erosion

Changes in frequency / intensity in extreme climate events

Increase damage to crops and livestocks

Decreased productivity

Increased soil erosion

Impacts of Climate Change by Sector – Forest and Watershed Bufo periglenes - the golden toad. This species' extinction has been attributed to climate change. © Charles Smith, US Fish and Wildlife Service

Impacts of Climate Change by Sector – Coastal and Marine

Impacts of Climate Change by Sector – Urban Poor Displacement due to water level rise / floods Hunger and malnutrition Access to clean and safe water Livelihood and assets destroyed Health impacts Increasing levels of poverty

Displacement due to water level rise / floods

Hunger and malnutrition

Access to clean and safe water

Livelihood and assets destroyed

Health impacts

Increasing levels of poverty

Women as a Vulnerable Group More vulnerable to disasters due to their socially constructed roles and responsibilities and their being poorer Less access to resources essential in disaster preparedness, mitigation and rehabilitation More women in agricultural and informal sectors making them more vulnerable to disasters

More vulnerable to disasters due to their socially constructed roles and responsibilities and their being poorer

Less access to resources essential in disaster preparedness, mitigation and rehabilitation

More women in agricultural and

informal sectors making them

more vulnerable to disasters

Responsible for reproductive tasks Food collection and energy supply Care giving tasks rendering them less mobile Less decision making power Contributing to their lack of participation and lack of access to information re potential hazards and coping strategies Their own safety being jeopardized Water, sanitation and health as extra burden

Responsible for reproductive tasks

Food collection and energy supply

Care giving tasks rendering them less mobile

Less decision making power

Contributing to their lack of participation and lack of access to information re potential hazards and coping strategies

Their own safety being jeopardized

Water, sanitation and health as extra burden

Women and Climate Change Climate change is going to affect everyone, but not everyone is going to be affected equally” “ Women and the poor will suffer most as the intensity of hurricanes, floods, and droughts increases “ “ climate change magnifies the inequalities that exist now”. ‘ the inequalities magnify the effects of climate change” -Lorena Aguilar International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)

Climate change is going to affect everyone, but not everyone is going to be affected equally”

“ Women and the poor will suffer most as the intensity of hurricanes, floods, and droughts increases “

“ climate change magnifies the inequalities that exist now”.

‘ the inequalities magnify the effects of climate change”

-Lorena Aguilar

International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)

London School of Economics analysis of 141 disasters worldwide proved that in countries where gender gaps were bigger or wider, women tend to die more than men. (In some countries for every five people that die, four are women) this may only be related to the condition of being a woman In one instance, women died because they were deprived to have access to information on what to do during a disaster incident

London School of Economics

analysis of 141 disasters worldwide

proved that in countries where gender gaps were bigger or wider, women tend to die more than men. (In some countries for every five people that die, four are women)

this may only be related to the condition of being a woman

In one instance, women died because they were deprived to have access to information on what to do during a disaster incident

Women and Climate Change Women as the majority of the world’s poor More likely to be direct victims of climate change disasters Being home based, they are less informed on life saving measures Lose their livelihoods pushing them further to poverty Increase inequalities and marginalization they suffer

Women as the majority of the world’s poor

More likely to be direct victims of climate change disasters

Being home based, they are less informed on life saving measures

Lose their livelihoods pushing them further to poverty

Increase inequalities and marginalization they suffer

Women tied up with family responsibilities Vulnerable to environmental / climate changes Multiple roles as food producers and providers, as guardians of health, caregivers, and economic actors With limited access to resources (shelter, food, fertile land, water, fuel), women’s workload increases Drought, deforestation, erratic rainfall renders women to work harder to secure resources & livelihoods Deprives them of time to earn income, get an education or training, or participate in governing bodies

Women tied up with family responsibilities

Vulnerable to environmental / climate changes

Multiple roles as food producers and providers, as guardians of health, caregivers, and economic actors

With limited access to resources (shelter, food, fertile land, water, fuel), women’s workload increases

Drought, deforestation, erratic rainfall renders women to work harder to secure resources & livelihoods

Deprives them of time to earn income, get an education

or training, or participate in governing bodies

Women’s overwhelming responsibility for the provision of fuel, water and food indicates a close relationship with and dependence upon these natural resources, hence they have a particular vulnerability to environmental change… Where the key components of the ecosystem – energy, land and water are degraded, It’s women’s lives that are most likely to be adversely and directly affected.

Analytical Framework: Gender, Climate Change and Human Security Climate Change Impacts on Human Security Women Vulnerability *Crop Failure Household food provisions increased agricultural work *Fuel Shortage Household fuel provisions food-fuel conflicts

Climate Change

Impacts on Human Security Women Vulnerability

*Crop Failure Household food provisions

increased agricultural work

*Fuel Shortage Household fuel provisions

food-fuel conflicts

Impacts on Human Women Vulnerability Security * Shortage of safe, Household water provisions Clean Water exposure to contaminated sources * Resource Scarcity Economic drawbacks, lack of land tenure resource dependent livelihoods school drop outs early marriage

Impacts on Human Women Vulnerability

Security

* Shortage of safe, Household water provisions

Clean Water exposure to contaminated

sources

* Resource Scarcity Economic drawbacks,

lack of land tenure

resource dependent livelihoods

school drop outs

early marriage

Impacts on Human Women Vulnerability Security * Natural Disasters Greater incidence of mortality reduction of life expectancy * Disease Lack of access to healthcare increased burden of caring for the young,sick & elderly

Impacts on Human Women Vulnerability

Security

* Natural Disasters Greater incidence of mortality

reduction of life expectancy

* Disease Lack of access to healthcare

increased burden of caring

for the young,sick & elderly

Impacts on Human Women Vulnerability Security *Displacement Loss of Livelihoods; lack of adequate shelter * Civil Wars & Conflicts Loss of livelihoods and lives; sexual violence & trauma -WEDO, 2008

Impacts on Human Women Vulnerability

Security

*Displacement Loss of Livelihoods;

lack of adequate shelter

* Civil Wars & Conflicts Loss of livelihoods and lives;

sexual violence & trauma

-WEDO, 2008

Summary Stability of forest, wetlands, mangroves, and coral reefs ecosystems are increasingly threatened Seriously affects the aquaculture industry and infrastructures Millions of people at risk from hunger, esp the marginalized groups like farmers, fisherfolks, urban poor, informal settlers, women and children Human health also at high risk with the occurrence of death threatening diseases like diarrhoeal diseases, cholera, dengue, leptospirosis, amoebiasis etc. Loss of lives and damage to properties

Stability of forest, wetlands, mangroves, and coral reefs ecosystems are increasingly threatened

Seriously affects the aquaculture industry and infrastructures

Millions of people at risk from hunger, esp the marginalized groups like farmers, fisherfolks, urban poor, informal settlers, women and children

Human health also at high risk with the occurrence of death threatening diseases like diarrhoeal diseases, cholera, dengue, leptospirosis, amoebiasis etc.

Loss of lives and damage to properties

SOME ADAPTATIONS / MITIGATIONS Adaptive capacities vary from country to country Establish early warning system Constraints: poor resource base inequalities in income weak institutions limited technology

Adaptive capacities vary from country to country

Establish early warning system

Constraints: poor resource base

inequalities in income

weak institutions

limited technology

Women’s Coping Strategies: Strengthening Securities Women as positive agents of change and contributors to livelihood adaptive strategies - unique opportunity to challenge and change their gendered status - willingness to take an active role in formerly male dominated tasks on responding to disasters

Women as positive agents of change and

contributors to livelihood adaptive strategies

- unique opportunity to challenge and

change their gendered status

- willingness to take an active role in

formerly male dominated tasks on

responding to disasters

Women’s Coping Strategies in flooded areas Move to higher safer grounds Make temporary shelters Save their remaining assets like storing seeds and moving farm animals to safer areas Dietary adaptations (skip meals or eat non traditional foods or preserve food) Energy saving devices (solar, biogas,improved cooking stoves)

Move to higher safer grounds

Make temporary shelters

Save their remaining assets like storing seeds and moving farm animals to safer areas

Dietary adaptations (skip meals or eat non traditional foods or preserve food)

Energy saving devices (solar, biogas,improved cooking stoves)

Adopting to agricultural practices (switching to drought or flood resistant crops, multiple / intercropping, alternative irrigation means, enriching the soil, cultural shifting, animal raising Work as wage earners, borrow money from lenders at high interest rates, secretly saving part of their earnings Alternative health care using traditional med Set up com-based self help groups and networks or any collective action groups

Adopting to agricultural practices (switching to drought or flood resistant crops, multiple / intercropping, alternative irrigation means, enriching the soil, cultural shifting, animal raising

Work as wage earners, borrow money from lenders at high interest rates, secretly saving part of their earnings

Alternative health care using traditional med

Set up com-based self help groups and networks or any collective action groups

Lessons Learned in Coping Strategies of Women Safety Adaptation to sustainable agriculture Better access to information Access to services like doctors, pharmacists and agricultural extension Development of their capabilities, thru training and information Access to resources Ecological restoration

Safety

Adaptation to sustainable agriculture

Better access to information

Access to services like doctors, pharmacists and agricultural extension

Development of their capabilities, thru training and information

Access to resources

Ecological restoration

Women should enjoy equal access to economic activities, market opportunities, land tenure and natural resources. Development and environmental policies, including those related to climate change should specifically address their impact on women. Klaus Toepfler Director, UNEP (07 Mar. 2005) While women have considerable knowledge and experiences in managing natural resources, there are barriers that limit their assumption of the role in achieving Sustainable Development. These include: discrimination and lack of access to schooling, land and equal employment.

Klaus Toepfler

Director, UNEP (07 Mar. 2005)

Strategies in achieving gender equality Full awareness and equal participation of women in formulating policies and decision – making Awareness – raising, capacity – building, education and training of women and men; and of all people in developing gender sensitivity trainings; guidelines for gender mainstreaming Institutional mechanisms for advancements of women

Issues providing the framework for achieving gender equality, environment protection, climate change adaptation, and sustainable development Women’s human rights and control of their lives Poverty Eradication Women’s access to resource and services Women’s control and management of resources Globalization Finance and development Health, including environmental health

A Matter of Policy business as usual is not the way to move forward. Nobody should be left behind in this big movement of coping , adapting, mitigating climate change Need to engender climate change “Development if not engendered is endangered”

business as usual is not the way to move forward.

Nobody should be left behind in this big movement of coping , adapting, mitigating climate change

Need to engender climate change

“Development if not engendered is endangered”

Acknowledgement / References Lorena Aguilar, IUCN Women’s Environment and Development Gender and Water Alliance Esther Koopman Yoli of STREAMS * Garcia-Rincón , M. F., and F. K. Virtucio, Jr. (). Climate Change in the Philippines: A Contribution to the Country Environmental Analysis *Le Treut, H., R. Somerville, U. Cubasch, Y. Ding, C. Mauritzen, A. Mokssit, T. Peterson and M. Prather, 2007: Historical Overview of Climate Change. In: Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Solomon, S., D. Qin, M. Manning, Z. Chen, M. Marquis, K.B. Averyt, M. Tignor and H.L. Miller (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA. *United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (). Climate Change: Impacts, Vulnerabilities and Adaptation in Developing Countries *World Health Organization (1999). El Nino and Health. World Health Organization Sustainable Development and Health Environments

Lorena Aguilar, IUCN

Women’s Environment and Development

Gender and Water Alliance

Esther Koopman

Yoli of STREAMS

* Garcia-Rincón , M. F., and F. K. Virtucio, Jr. (). Climate Change in the Philippines: A Contribution to the Country Environmental Analysis

*Le Treut, H., R. Somerville, U. Cubasch, Y. Ding, C. Mauritzen, A. Mokssit, T. Peterson and M. Prather, 2007: Historical Overview of Climate Change. In: Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Solomon, S., D. Qin, M. Manning, Z. Chen, M. Marquis, K.B. Averyt, M. Tignor and H.L. Miller (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA.

*United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (). Climate Change: Impacts, Vulnerabilities and Adaptation in Developing Countries

*World Health Organization (1999). El Nino and Health. World Health Organization Sustainable Development and Health Environments

Treat the Earth well. It was not given to you by your parents, it was loaned to you by your children.

MAY THE FORCEFUL SPIRIT OF ENVIRONMENTALISM BE WITH YOU! THANK YOU!