“ ENVIRONMENTAL BIOTECHNOLOGY” AN INDIGENOUS WAVE OF INNOVATION Presented By RAVI DHANDE Lecturer Shri Shivaji Science College, Akot

Biosensors Biological Recognition Elements Catalytical groups - enzymes, microbes, plant & mammalian tissue Non-catalytical groups (Affinity class)- antibodies, receptors and nucleic acids Enzyme sensors Glucose oxidase in glucose sensor with Pt. electrode Urease in urea sensor with ammonia electrode Penicillinase with pH probe electrode in penicillinase sensor

Biological Recognition Elements

Catalytical groups - enzymes, microbes, plant & mammalian tissue

Non-catalytical groups (Affinity class)- antibodies, receptors and nucleic acids

Enzyme sensors

Glucose oxidase in glucose sensor with Pt. electrode

Urease in urea sensor with ammonia electrode

Penicillinase with pH probe electrode in penicillinase sensor

Microbial sensors Immobilized bacterial cells- Advantage over Enzyme sensors, shows multienzyme complexes Trichosporon brassicae (Yeast) with O2 electrode- for Acetic acid determination Hansenula anomala (Yeast) with O2 electrode- based sensor for glucose, lactate, pyruvate, ethanol determination Microbes involved in microbial sensors- Brevibacterium, Lactofermentum, Pseudomonas BOD sensor To measure organic pollution Immobilized Yeast- T. cutaneum attached with oxy. Probe Pt. electrode

Immobilized bacterial cells- Advantage over Enzyme sensors, shows multienzyme complexes

Trichosporon brassicae (Yeast) with O2 electrode- for Acetic acid determination

Hansenula anomala (Yeast) with O2 electrode- based sensor for glucose, lactate, pyruvate, ethanol determination

Microbes involved in microbial sensors-

Brevibacterium, Lactofermentum, Pseudomonas

BOD sensor

To measure organic pollution

Immobilized Yeast- T. cutaneum attached with oxy. Probe Pt. electrode

Immunosensor Constructed using- Antibodies / Antigens immobilized on optical electrodes. Fabricating arrays of antibodies organized on disposable chip. E.g. Creatine Kinase M (CK-M) antibodies for detection of cardio-specific co-enzymes. Microchips and Bioreporter To know global gene expression. For microbial detection, identification & characterization in natural environment.

Constructed using- Antibodies / Antigens immobilized on optical electrodes.

Fabricating arrays of antibodies organized on disposable chip.

E.g. Creatine Kinase M (CK-M) antibodies for detection of cardio-specific co-enzymes.

Microchips and Bioreporter

To know global gene expression.

For microbial detection, identification & characterization in natural environment.

Biological waste gas purification system Biofilters and Bioscrubber -for gas contaminant consortia degradation W ater contaminant consortia degradation Anaerobic digestion –the most suitable option for the treatment of high strength organic effluents. -Reduces the BOD -Reduces the toxicity of industrial effluents -It lowers the capital cost -Controls odour -Removes colors Bioreactors Fixed film bioreactor Rotating bioreactor Sequential bioreactor

Biofilters and Bioscrubber

-for gas contaminant consortia degradation

W ater contaminant consortia degradation

Anaerobic digestion –the most suitable option for the treatment of high strength organic effluents.

-Reduces the BOD

-Reduces the toxicity of industrial effluents

-It lowers the capital cost

-Controls odour

-Removes colors

Bioreactors

Fixed film bioreactor

Rotating bioreactor

Sequential bioreactor

Developing microbes for degradation of Xenobiotics - Manipulation of a specific catabolic pathway. - DNA Shuffling - Altering protein activity. In vitro recruitment of microbes shows biodegradation of PCP and dioxin like compd. Methanotrophic bacteria -mono-oxygenase-degrades a variety of chlorinated HC. P.Pituda PpG6 –alkane degradation Pseudomonas Sp.- hydroxylase- aromatic HC. (Cyclohexane) degradation. Pseudomonas fluorescence - Naphthalene & salicylate degradation Achronobacter xylosoxidans -Toluene degradation Phenerochaete chrysoporium -Lignine peroxidase-oxidation of phenols, amines, HC & ethers.

- Manipulation of a specific catabolic pathway.

- DNA Shuffling

- Altering protein activity.

In vitro recruitment of microbes shows biodegradation of PCP and dioxin like compd.

Methanotrophic bacteria -mono-oxygenase-degrades a variety of chlorinated HC.

P.Pituda PpG6 –alkane degradation

Pseudomonas Sp.- hydroxylase- aromatic HC. (Cyclohexane) degradation.

Pseudomonas fluorescence - Naphthalene & salicylate degradation

Achronobacter xylosoxidans -Toluene degradation

Phenerochaete chrysoporium -Lignine peroxidase-oxidation of phenols, amines, HC & ethers.

Biosorption-promising mechanism for accumulation of heavy metals Fungi- Aspergillus niger & Rhizopus arrhizus -for accumulation of Uranium and Thorium Algae- Sargassum natans , Clorella Sp. Bacteria-Pseudomonas and Bacillus subtilis - Shows biosorptive capabilities Phytoremediation Lower cost method for soil remediation. Genes for metal binding proteins are transferred to the plants for tolerance to heavy metals. Toxic metal by only root uptake should not translocate to shoot E.g., transgenic tobacco also shows some translocation of Cd.to shoot Bioleaching – For extraction of metals

Fungi- Aspergillus niger & Rhizopus arrhizus

-for accumulation of Uranium and Thorium

Algae- Sargassum natans , Clorella Sp.

Bacteria-Pseudomonas and Bacillus subtilis

- Shows biosorptive capabilities

Phytoremediation

Lower cost method for soil remediation.

Genes for metal binding proteins are transferred to the plants for tolerance to heavy metals.

Toxic metal by only root uptake should not translocate to shoot

E.g., transgenic tobacco also shows some translocation of Cd.to shoot

Bioleaching – For extraction of metals

Lignolytic Enzymes Cellulose degradation-cellulases- Trichoderma viridae, Fusarium solani Cellulose degradation -Cellulosome-multi enzyme complexes- clostridium thermocellum . Hemicellulose degradation – xylanases Lignine degradation – ligninases, Lignine peroxidase, Mn. Peroxidase-white rot fungi Other lignolytic fungi- Fusarium, chaetomium sp. xylaria, mycena, polaria, poria. Directed evolution of enzyme catalysts and enzyme modification - Induction of mutation (without knowledge) and creation of library of mutated genes & its screening for specific characters

Cellulose degradation-cellulases- Trichoderma viridae, Fusarium solani

Cellulose degradation -Cellulosome-multi enzyme complexes- clostridium thermocellum .

Hemicellulose degradation – xylanases

Lignine degradation – ligninases, Lignine peroxidase, Mn. Peroxidase-white rot fungi

Other lignolytic fungi- Fusarium, chaetomium sp. xylaria, mycena, polaria, poria.

Directed evolution of enzyme catalysts and enzyme modification - Induction of mutation (without knowledge) and creation of library of mutated genes & its screening for specific characters

Making an eco-friendly environment Biopolymers and Bioplastics Non degradable plastic accumulation 25 million tones/year Synthetic polymers-high molecular wt. Compounds Biopolymers and Bioplastics –made from renewable raw material (corn starch)-i.e.Mater -Bi & polyactide are main resins in production of biodegradable plastics. Biofuels(biodiesel)- Plants as a source of HCs.Euphorbia, milkweed(Asclepias), tropical tree-Capaifera.and algae like botryococcus Biofertilizers and Biopesticides Composting (Vermicomposting)

Biopolymers and Bioplastics

Non degradable plastic accumulation 25 million tones/year

Synthetic polymers-high molecular wt. Compounds

Biopolymers and Bioplastics –made from renewable raw material (corn starch)-i.e.Mater -Bi & polyactide are main resins in production of biodegradable plastics.

Biofuels(biodiesel)- Plants as a source of HCs.Euphorbia, milkweed(Asclepias), tropical tree-Capaifera.and algae like botryococcus

Biofertilizers and Biopesticides

Composting (Vermicomposting)

BIOTECHNOLOGY, Only The root For the healthy protection of environment. SAVE THE ENVIRONMENT SAVE THE LIVES

Only

The root

For the healthy

protection of environment.

SAVE THE ENVIRONMENT

SAVE THE LIVES

Thanking You