2. VOCABULARY
• Is there much TRAFFIC in the streets ?
• Solutions or positive things : PUBLIC TRANSPORT
• Advantages and Disadvantages
3. VOCABULARY
• Is there much NOISE in the streets ?
• Solutions or positive things : PUBLIC TRANSPORT
• Advantages and Disadvantages
4. VOCABULARY
• Is there much POLLUTION in the streets ?
• Solutions or positive things : PUBLIC TRANSPORT,
OPEN SPACES
• Advantages and Disadvantages
5. VOCABULARY
• Is there much GRAFFITI in the streets ?
• Solutions or positive things : PARK , YOUTH CLUB
, OPEN SPACES
• Advantages and Disadvantages
6. VOCABULARY
• Is there much CRIME in the streets ?
• Solutions or positive things : SECURITY CAMERA
• Advantages and Disadvantages
7. VOCABULARY
• Is there much LITTER in the streets ?
• Solutions or positive things : BIN
• Advantages and Disadvantages
8. VOCABULARY
• Is there much VANDALISM in the streets ?
• Solutions or positive things : SECURITY CAMERAS
• Advantages and Disadvantages
9. COUNTABLE WORDS UNCOUNTABLE WORDS
MANY MUCH
Security cam Traffic
Open space Pollution
Graffiti ( there are two graffities in this
wall)
Graffiti
Bin Litter
Park Noise
Sign Crime
Street light Public transport
Youth club Vandalism
Teenager Food
Sign Money
Problem
Burguer
People
10. Countable nouns are things that can be counted.
A countable noun can be singular or plural:
one apple, two apples...
When we want to count them we use …..
• A/An (singular / just one) A/An … or any cardinal number
ten houses An apple A doctor A class three colleges A meal
• SOME
Some cups Some books Some libraries Some flights
• ANY (As SOME but in negative and interrogative)
I don’t have any cups at home (I have some glasses at home)
They bought some CDs but they didn’t buy any books
• A LOT OF (It means MUCHOS)
A lot of questions A lot of problems A lot of issues
• MANY (As A LOT OF but in negative and interrogative)
They didn’t asked many questions. (They asked a lot of questions)
Do they have many problems with the baby? Yes, they have a lot of
problems with him
• You cannot use singular countable nouns alone (without a/my/the car...) but
you can use plural countable nouns alone
REMEMBER A/ANARE
USED FOR SINGULAR
WORDS, NOT WITH PURAL
AND NOT WHENEVER YOU
WANT!!
A/ANARE USED FOR
SINGULAR WORDS, NOT
WITH PURAL ONE!!
A/ANARE USED FOR
________WORDS
So….is it correct saying? I
like playing A football, A
tennis..
No?????Really ???Well, don’t
use it
please!!!
11. Countable nouns
A/An (singular / just one) A/An … or any cardinal number
ten houses An apple A doctor A class three colleges A meal
SOME
Some cups Some books Some libraries Some flights
ANY (As SOME but in negative and interrogative)
I don’t have any cups at home (I have some glasses at home)
They bought some CDs but they didn’t buy any books
A LOT OF (It means MUCHOS)
A lot of questions A lot of problems A lot of issues
MANY (As A LOT OF but in negative and interrogative)
They didn’t asked many questions. (They asked a lot of questions)
Do they have many problems with the baby? Yes, they have a lot of
problems with him
12. Uncountable nouns are things that cannot be
counted so they only have singular form:
some rice, some tea...
They usually refer to abstractions (such as
confidence or advice) or collectives (such as
equipment or luggage). Information,
happiness, equipment…
• Some and Any are used with both countable
and uncountable nouns.
13. • COUNTING THE UNCOUNTABLES.
• SOME
Some sugar Some money Some water Some time
• ANY (As SOME but in negative and interrogative)
Have you got any salt? Yes I have some salt but I
• A LOT OF
A lot of traffic A lot of time A lot of sleep A lot of confidence
• MUCH(As A LOT OF but in negative and interrogative)
There isn’t much traffic today because it is Sunday (There was
a lot of traffic yesterday)
They didn’t have much time to finish the project (they have a lot of
time to finish it)
Expressions to count uncountable nouns.
a tube of a litre of a kilo of
one carton/two cartons of a slice of
a bottle of a packet of a tin of
an item of a piece of a spoonful of
a glass of a bowl of a loaf of a can of
Some uncountable nouns in English can be countable in other
languages. Here you have a list of the most common uncountable
English words:
haven’t got any sugar
advice bread news luggage baggage
furniture spaghetti pasta weather research
work money grass scenery health
progress º
14. • UNCOUNTABLES.
• SOME
Some sugar Some money Some water Some time
• ANY (As SOME but in negative and interrogative)
Have you got any salt? Yes I have some salt but I
• A LOT OF
A lot of traffic A lot of time A lot of sleep A lot of confidence
• MUCH(As A LOT OF but in negative and interrogative)
There isn’t much traffic today because it is Sunday (There was
a lot of traffic yesterday)
They didn’t have much time to finish the project (they have a lot of
time to finish it)
15. A / AN / SOME / ANY
Type of sentence Countable Uncountable
+ We need an apple
some apples
some butter
some milk
- We don’t need a tomato
any tomatoes
any rice
any sugar
? Do we need a tomato?
any tomatoes?
any rice?
any sugar?
• Use a / an with singular countable nouns.
• SOME.- with plural countable nouns and uncountable nouns in +
sentences.
• ANY.- with plural countable nouns and uncountable nouns in – or ?
sentences.
• We can also use some in ? to ask for and offerings:
– Can I have some coffee?
– Do you want some biscuits?
AFFIRMATIVE
INTERROGATIVE
NEGATIVE
SUMMING UP
16. Choose a / an / some
• some
• some
• a
• some
• some
• some
• some
• some / a
• some
• some
• some
• some
• some / an
• an
• some
• some
Milk
Biscuits
Chair
Coffee
Pasta
Money
Students
Toast
Wine
Cars
People
Homework
Ice cream
Orange
Fruit
Fish
17. How much / how many…?
• Use How much…? with
uncountable nouns.
• How much water do you
drink?
• Use How many…? with
plural countable nouns.
• How many students do you
have?
• Possible answers:
• I drink a lot of water.
• I drink quite a lot.
• I don’t drink much water.
(not much)
• I don’t drink any water.
• None.
• Not many (students).
19. The words expressing quantity or
quantifiers used with countable and
uncountable words are:
20.
21. Some nouns are countable with one meaning and
uncountable with another meaning:
A fish/Some fish
A paper (a newspaper)/Some paper
An iron/Some iron
A wood/Some wood
A hair/Some hair
A coffee (a cup)/Some coffee
A glass/Some glass
A time/Some time
22. Exercises
• http://www.mdelu.com/useex/coun1.htm
You have to choose the correct quantifier depending on
the following word
• http://www.mdelu.com/useex/counta/count2.htm
you have to quantify the uncountable words according to
the pictures
• http://www.mdelu.com/useex/counta_mis/count3.ht
m
you will see some typical mistakes of misuse of
quantifiers.
23. Indefinite pronouns
• We use indefinite pronouns to refer to people or
things without saying exactly who,what or where
they are.
• We use pronouns ending in -body or -one for
people, and pronouns ending in -thing for things:
• -where PLACES
• -one PEOPLE
• - thing OBJETCS
We use SOME or ANY in affirmative and interrogative
and negative sentences
•SOME AFFIRMATIVE
•ANY NEGATIVE AND INTERROGATIVE
25. Indefinite pronouns are singular, so the verb must
wear “s” in the present simple and you must use
“is” and “was” with “to be”. E.g:
• Somebody is at the door.
(Alguien está en la puerta.)
• Everybody loves chocolate.
(A todo el mundo le encanta el chocolate.)
• Nothing was ever the same.
(Nada fue lo mismo.)
• Is there anywhere you want to go?
(¿Hay un sitio dónde quieras ir?)
26. • Would you like something to drink?
• I need nothing
• I went nowhere
• Nobody came to the meeting
27. Someone / Something/ Somewhere
Anyone/ Anything / Anywhere
• She bought ____________ in the supermarket
• I saw _______________there.(people)
• I did not see _______________ there.
• Did you see _______________ there? (people)
• Would you like _______________ better?
• I want _______________to eat.
• Have you seen my car keys _______________?
• ________________ phoned while we were out, but they
did not leave a message.
• They are looking for ____________ to settle down and
have children. They want to find a quiet place to lead a
quiet life.
• "Is there ____________ at home?“
something
someone
anything
anyone
something
something
anywhere
Somebody
Somewhere
anybody
28. • I spent the night ______________________ near the beach.
• There is ____________ to park here. Let's go ____________
else to park.
• Would you like _______________________ to wash your
hands?.
• They took him ________________ in London, and he never
returned.
• Please don't leave __________________ behind at home.
We'll be away for a fortnight.
• She needs _______________ to love. She's very lonely.
• There isn't _______________ you can do to help them.
• We do not need _____________ else to run this department.
We can do it ourselves.
• __________________ is ringing the bell. Go and see who it is
somewhere
nowhere somewhere
something
somewhere
anything
Somebody
anything
anyone
Someone
30. Activities
• Make the following sentences negative:
x There is some milk on the floor.
x There is some water in the refrigerator.
x. Someone is at the door.
x. Everyone is tired after the trip.
• Make the following sentences positive:
x. There isn't anything good on TV tonight.
x. No-one is at home.
x. There aren't any books on the shelf.
• Answer the following questions positively and negatively:
x. Are there any boys in your math class?
x. Is anyone ready for the test?
x. Are any of you Chinese?
x. Are there any good book stores in your town?
x Is anything better than chocolate ice cream?
• Ask questions for the following answers:
x. Nobody is at the school today; it's Sunday.
x. Yes, someone is in the kitchen with Dinah.
33. Modal verbs
• Rules
– They are followed by a verb in the base form
• I should study more
– They are the same for all the pronouns
• She/they/I/ you should make it better
– They do not need auxiliars. They take direct
negative and qestion forms
• You mustn’t smoke here
– They never combine with another modal verbs
• You can’t must read**
34. SHOULD AND MUST
Should is used for advices and recommendations
•You should read books in English if you want to improve your vocabulary
•She shouldn’t smoke because she is always coughing
•Where should we go next summer?
Must is used to talk about strong obligations and prohibitions.
They are usually related with laws and rules.
•I must go now , I start working in five minutes
•You must wear a helmet to drive a motorbike
•He mustn’t drink alcohol, he is underage
STRUCTURE
SUBJECT + SHOULD/MUST+ BASE FORM OF THE VERB (without to)
SUBJECT + SHOULDN’T/MUSTN’T + BASE FORM OF THE VERB
SHOULD/MUST + SUBJECT + BASE FORM?
35.
36. YOU MUSTN’T SMOKE HEREYOU MUSTN’T EAT IN THE
CLASSROOM
YOU MUSTN’T SWIM IN THIS LAKE
YOU MUSTN’T BRING A GUN,
SMOKE, USE THE MOBILE AND
BRING YOUR DOG AT THE
SCHOOL
37. YOU MUST BRING A PHOTO IDYOU MUST THROUGH THE
LITTER INTO A BIN
