Economics of scale Presented by [email_address]

Highlights What is Economics What is Scale Economics of Scale? Types of Economies of Scale Supply and Demand side EOS Formula and Graph for EOS Limitations References

What is Economics

What is Scale

Economics of Scale?

Types of Economies of Scale

Supply and Demand side EOS

Formula and Graph for EOS

Limitations

References

What is Economics Economics is the study of how people choose to use resources. Resources include the : 1.Time and talent people have available, 2.The land, buildings, equipment, and other tools on hand, and 3.The knowledge of how to combine them to create useful products and services.

Economics is the study of how people choose to use resources.

Resources include the :

1.Time and talent people have available,

2.The land, buildings, equipment, and other tools on hand, and

3.The knowledge of how to combine them to create useful products and services.

What is Scale An ordered reference standard; "judging on a scale of 1 to 10" Pattern, make, regulate, set, measure, or estimate according to some rate or standard The proportion between two sets of dimensions.

An ordered reference standard; "judging on a scale of 1 to 10"

Pattern, make, regulate, set, measure, or estimate according to some rate or standard

The proportion between two sets of dimensions.

Economics of Scale Economics of Scale exist when the production cost of a single product decreases with the number of unit produced Refer to the situation in which the cost of producing an additional unit of output (i.e., the marginal cost ) of a product (i.e., a good or service) decreases as the volume of output (i.e., the scale of production) increases

Economics of Scale exist when the production cost of a single product decreases with the number of unit produced

Refer to the situation in which the cost of producing an additional unit of output (i.e., the marginal cost ) of a product (i.e., a good or service) decreases as the volume of output (i.e., the scale of production) increases

Economics of Scale It could also be defined as the situation in which an equal percentage increase in all inputs results in a greater percentage increase in output . Generally speaking, economies of scale is about the benefits gained by the production of large volume of a product

It could also be defined as the situation in which an equal percentage increase in all inputs results in a greater percentage increase in output .

Generally speaking, economies of scale is about the benefits gained by the production of large volume of a product

In business, economies of scale are usually considered in relation to specific areas of the production process , which may be technical, managerial, marketing, finance, and risk . In achieving economies of scale, many factors must be considered. The ability of larger entities (governments, businesses) to produce things more cheaply per unit because they produce so many

In business, economies of scale are usually considered in relation to specific areas of the production process , which may be technical, managerial, marketing, finance, and risk .

In achieving economies of scale, many factors must be considered.

The ability of larger entities (governments, businesses) to produce things more cheaply per unit because they produce so many

Type of EOS External economies - the cost per unit depends on the size of the industry , not the size of firm Internal economies - the cost per unit depends on size of the individual firm .

External economies - the cost per unit depends on the size of the industry , not the size of firm

Internal economies - the cost per unit depends on size of the individual firm .

Internal Internal economics of scale – advantages that arise as a result of the growth of the firm Technical Commercial Financial Managerial Risk Bearing

Internal economics of scale – advantages that arise as a result of the growth of the firm

Technical

Commercial

Financial

Managerial

Risk Bearing

External External economies of scale – the advantages firms can gain as a result of the growth of the industry – normally associated with a particular area Supply of skilled labour Reputation Local knowledge and skills Infrastructure Training facilities

External economies of scale – the advantages firms can gain as a result of the growth of the industry – normally associated with a particular area

Supply of skilled labour

Reputation

Local knowledge and skills

Infrastructure

Training facilities

Internal: Technical Specialisation – large organisations can employ specialised labour Indivisibility of plant – machines can’t be broken down to do smaller jobs! Principle of multiples – firms using more than one machine of different capacities - more efficient Increased dimensions – bigger containers can reduce average cost

Specialisation – large organisations can employ specialised labour

Indivisibility of plant – machines can’t be broken down to do smaller jobs!

Principle of multiples – firms using more than one machine of different capacities - more efficient

Increased dimensions – bigger containers can reduce average cost

Commercial Large firms can negotiate favourable prices as a result of buying in bulk Large firms may have advantages in keeping prices higher because of their market power

Large firms can negotiate favourable prices as a result of buying in bulk

Large firms may have advantages in keeping prices higher because of their market power

Financial Large firms able to negotiate cheaper finance deals Large firms able to be more flexible about finance – share options, rights issues, etc. Large firms able to utilise skills of merchant banks to arrange finance

Large firms able to negotiate cheaper finance deals

Large firms able to be more flexible about finance – share options, rights issues, etc.

Large firms able to utilise skills of merchant banks to arrange finance

Managerial Use of specialists – accountants, marketing, lawyers, production, human resources, etc.

Use of specialists – accountants, marketing, lawyers, production, human resources, etc.

Risk Bearing Diversification Markets across regions/countries Product ranges R&D

Diversification

Markets across regions/countries

Product ranges

R&D

Demand And Supply side EOS Network effects cause the value of a product to individual customers to increase as more people own or use the product . They could be considered the demand side counterpart of economies of scale , which occur on the supply side ( i.e., through larger volumes of output ).

Network effects cause the value of a product to individual customers to increase as more people own or use the product .

They could be considered the demand side counterpart of economies of scale , which occur on the supply side ( i.e., through larger volumes of output ).

Economics of Scale: Formula &Graph The advantages of large scale production that result in lower unit ( average ) costs (cost per unit) AC = TC / Q Economies of scale – spreads total costs over a greater range of output Marginal costs lower than average costs, so that producing more makes average costs lower

The advantages of large scale production that result in lower unit ( average ) costs (cost per unit)

AC = TC / Q

Economies of scale – spreads total costs over a greater range of output

Marginal costs lower than average costs, so that producing more makes average costs lower

Economies of Scale Assume each unit of capital = Rs.5, Land = Rs.8 and Labour = Rs.2 Calculate TC and then AC for the two different ‘scales’ (‘sizes’) of production facility What happens and why? Scale B Scale A 300 8 6 10 100 4 3 5 AC TC Output Labour Land Capital

Assume each unit of capital = Rs.5, Land = Rs.8 and Labour = Rs.2

Calculate TC and then AC for the two different ‘scales’ (‘sizes’) of production facility

What happens and why?

Economies of Scale PER UNIT has fallen Don’t get confused between Total Cost and Average Cost Overall ‘costs’ will rise but unit costs can fall Why? Scale B Scale A 0.54 164 300 8 6 10 0.57 57 100 4 3 5 AC TC Output Labour Land Capital

PER UNIT has fallen

Don’t get confused between Total Cost and Average Cost

Overall ‘costs’ will rise but unit costs can fall

Why?

Economies of Scale Unit Cost Output Scale A Scale B LRAC 57p 54p LRAC: Long run average cost MES

Limitation Problems of management Maintaining effective communication Co-ordinating activities – often across the globe! De-motivation and alienation of staff Divorce of ownership and control

Problems of management

Maintaining effective communication

Co-ordinating activities – often across the globe!

De-motivation and alienation of staff

Divorce of ownership and control

Minimum Efficient Scale (MES) – the point at which the increase in the scale of production yields no significant unit cost benefits Minimum Efficient Plant Size – the point where increasing the scale of production of an individual plant within the industry yields no significant unit cost benefits

Minimum Efficient Scale (MES) – the point at which the increase in the scale of production yields no significant unit cost benefits

Minimum Efficient Plant Size – the point where increasing the scale of production of an individual plant within the industry yields no significant unit cost benefits

widget in general, widget (pronounced WIH-jit) is a term used to refer to any discrete object, usually of some mechanical nature and relatively small size, when it doesn't have a name, when you can't remember the name, or when you're talking about a class of certain unknown objects in general. (According to Eric Raymond, "legend has it that the original widgets were holders for buggy whips," but this was possibly written tongue-in-cheek.) In computers, a widget is an element of a graphical user interface ( GUI ) that displays information or provides a specific way for a user to interact with the operating system and application . Widgets include icons, pull-down menus, buttons, selection boxes, progress indicators, on-off checkmarks, scroll bars, windows, window edges (that let you resize the window), toggle buttons, forms, and many other devices for displaying information and for inviting, accepting, and responding to user actions.

in general, widget (pronounced WIH-jit) is a term used to refer to any discrete object, usually of some mechanical nature and relatively small size, when it doesn't have a name, when you can't remember the name, or when you're talking about a class of certain unknown objects in general. (According to Eric Raymond, "legend has it that the original widgets were holders for buggy whips," but this was possibly written tongue-in-cheek.)

In computers, a widget is an element of a graphical user interface ( GUI ) that displays information or provides a specific way for a user to interact with the operating system and application . Widgets include icons, pull-down menus, buttons, selection boxes, progress indicators, on-off checkmarks, scroll bars, windows, window edges (that let you resize the window), toggle buttons, forms, and many other devices for displaying information and for inviting, accepting, and responding to user actions.

{Economic of scale Economies of Scale make it advantageous for each country to specialize in the production of only limited number of goods & services and to manufacture them in large quantities, partly for exports. Two types: (1)External economies- cost per unit depends on the size of industry, not the size of the firm. (2) Internal economies- cost per unit depends on the size of the individual firm

Economies of Scale make it advantageous for each country to specialize in the production of only limited number of goods & services and to manufacture them in large quantities, partly for exports.

Two types:

(1)External economies-

cost per unit depends on the size of industry, not the size of the firm.

(2) Internal economies-

cost per unit depends on the size of the individual firm

Example If a company makes 500 widgets, they cost the company 10 cents a piece to produce. Another company makes 100,000 widgets, and can therefore purchase the materials necessary to make them for much cheaper than its competitors, so each widget only costs this company 5 cents a piece to produce.

If a company makes 500 widgets, they cost the company 10 cents a piece to produce. Another company makes 100,000 widgets, and can therefore purchase the materials necessary to make them for much cheaper than its competitors, so each widget only costs this company 5 cents a piece to produce.

“ Economy of scale” embraces three elements Size of the firm Size of Manufacturing Plant Size of Machine

Size of the firm

Size of Manufacturing Plant

Size of Machine

More and more companies try to utilize the advantages of other countries in the whole world to enlarge their business scale and as a result reduce the cost of their products and services. Factors: a) Enablers b) Inhibits c) Paradigms d) Timing

More and more companies try to utilize the advantages of other countries in the whole world to enlarge their business scale and as a result reduce the cost of their products and services.

Factors:

a) Enablers

b) Inhibits

c) Paradigms

d) Timing