WORKSHOP ON DESIGN OF INFORMATION SYSTEMS FOR BUSINESS ORGANIZATIONS by A. K. RAMANI DIRECTOR, IIPS, DAVV, INDORE [email_address] WELCOME

WORKSHOP ON

DESIGN OF INFORMATION SYSTEMS FOR BUSINESS ORGANIZATIONS

by

A. K. RAMANI

DIRECTOR, IIPS, DAVV, INDORE

[email_address]

$ 10 Billion Industry Shift of focus in research from Computation towards Information Management Broadening application areas, like weather, genetic, entertainment, CAE, data warehousing, data mining, and decision making. Advances in areas, like visualization, robotics, optical storage, high speed communications MOTIVATION

$ 10 Billion Industry

Shift of focus in research from Computation towards Information Management

Broadening application areas, like weather, genetic, entertainment, CAE, data warehousing, data mining, and decision making.

Advances in areas, like visualization, robotics, optical storage, high speed communications

Motivation Limited understanding of DB principles and techniques for advanced information management. Next generation DBs will need MM support, complex objects, real-time, rule processing… Co-operation in Scientific, engineering, commercial problems will need large scale heterogeneous distributed DBs Requirements: Efficiency, Resilience, Access control, Persistence

Limited understanding of DB principles and techniques for advanced information management.

Next generation DBs will need MM support, complex objects, real-time, rule processing…

Co-operation in Scientific, engineering, commercial problems will need large scale heterogeneous distributed DBs

Requirements: Efficiency, Resilience, Access control, Persistence

DBMSs to organize, create, and maintain collections of information. Challenge is to apply DB technology in new and important areas in scientific databases, design databases, business, and utility databases and many more. CHALLENGE OF DB TECH.

DBMSs to organize, create, and maintain collections of information.

Challenge is to apply DB technology in new and important areas in scientific databases, design databases, business, and utility databases and many more.

An Instant Virtual Enterprise (IVE) is a group of companies, that do not routinely function as a unit, come together to respond to a proposal of CIM. The task involves CAD, production, QA, Product planning, resource management etc. In such an environment it is necessary for IVE companies to exchange and cooperatively manage the large amount of data. SCENARIO

An Instant Virtual Enterprise (IVE) is a group of companies, that do not routinely function as a unit, come together to respond to a proposal of CIM. The task involves CAD, production, QA, Product planning, resource management etc.

In such an environment it is necessary for IVE companies to exchange and cooperatively manage the large amount of data.

A personnel information system provides information tailored to an individual, and delivered via a GPS of laptop, and access internet from any where any time, from waking up to bed time. Weather report, day special events, appointments, diet, best route, news headlines, sporting events, best investments, list of tasks, start of sale, best air ticket, best return route, preview of next day, by querying remote DBs. SCENARIO

A personnel information system provides information tailored to an individual, and delivered via a GPS of laptop, and access internet from any where any time, from waking up to bed time. Weather report, day special events, appointments, diet, best route, news headlines, sporting events, best investments, list of tasks, start of sale, best air ticket, best return route, preview of next day, by querying remote DBs.

The aim of this workshop is to help you developing an understanding of database development techniques in information management applications, and become an expert database developer. AIM

The aim of this workshop is to help you developing an understanding of database development techniques in information management applications, and become an expert database developer.

To familiarize with the concept of database development. To present the various steps in the approach to database development. To see an example of a DBMS oriented approach. OBJECTIVES

To familiarize with the concept of database development.

To present the various steps in the approach to database development.

To see an example of a DBMS oriented approach.

EVOLUTION OF DATABASE TECHNOLOGIES

Sequential Records Index for random Access Open, Close, Read, Write, Delete Redundancy, inconsistency, poor data sharing,low productivity etc. FILE SYSTEM

Sequential Records

Index for random Access

Open, Close, Read, Write, Delete

Redundancy, inconsistency, poor data sharing,low productivity etc.

A conventional File Processing System FILE SYSTEM

_ In file processing,each dept has own IS For new system, new programs are needed Disadvantages Program data dependence - All program to be changed for any change in file designs ( Record Formats) Duplication – Data inconsistency Poor Data Sharing – Incompatible files. Lengthy Development Times Every new application start from scratch low productivity High maintenance cost 80% cost FILE SYSTEM

_ In file processing,each dept has own IS

For new system, new programs are needed

Disadvantages

Program data dependence - All program to be changed for any change in file designs ( Record Formats)

Duplication – Data inconsistency

Poor Data Sharing – Incompatible files.

Lengthy Development Times

Every new application start from scratch low productivity

High maintenance cost 80% cost

Hierarchical & Network Systems Complex record structures Difficult to change application programs DATABASE MODELS Program Class STD DORM STAFF Course Faculty Employee

Hierarchical & Network Systems

Complex record structures

Difficult to change application programs

Relational DB Systems Data in Tables form Simple SQL Example DB2,ORACLE,INGRESS Difficult to handle Complex data & Relation ships RELATIONAL MODEL

Relational DB Systems

Data in Tables form

Simple SQL

Example DB2,ORACLE,INGRESS

Difficult to handle Complex data & Relation ships

Object Oriented Modeling DATABASE MODELS Program Class STD DORM STAFF Course Faculty Employee

Object Oriented Modeling

OBJECT MODEL Student Name,DOB,GPA take Course ------ ------ Faculty Name,Rank Salary Advice Research ------ Course Title,Credit Pre requisite Class Time Assign Lab is advised by Take Teach

Object oriented model For complex Relationships UML (Unified Modeling Language) Easy to maintain & Change Improved Productivity

For complex Relationships

UML (Unified Modeling Language)

Easy to maintain & Change

Improved Productivity

Aim Introduce different concepts of DBMS, in context of Information System development. Objectives Define database & related terms Understand DBMS components , role & DBMS architecture Limitations of Conventional File System Introduce DB approach , ER concept , Categories of DB applications & issue Advantage of DB approach Evolution of DBMS INTRODUCTION TO DBMS

Aim

Introduce different concepts of DBMS, in context of Information System development.

Objectives

Define database & related terms

Understand DBMS components , role & DBMS architecture

Limitations of Conventional File System

Introduce DB approach , ER concept , Categories of DB applications & issue

Advantage of DB approach

Evolution of DBMS

Database is a data bank, where data can be stored manipulated and retrieved in a speedy manner, efficiently and error free. A database is a model of structures of reality The use of a database reflect processes of reality A database system is a software system which supports the definition and use of a database DDL: Data Definition Language DML: Data Manipulation Language WHAT IS A DATABASE REALITY structures processes DATABASE SYSTEM DATABASE DML DDL

Database is a data bank, where data can be stored manipulated and retrieved in a speedy manner, efficiently and error free.

A database is a model of structures of reality

The use of a database reflect processes of reality

A database system is a software system which supports the definition and use of a database

DDL: Data Definition Language

DML: Data Manipulation Language

REALITY

structures

processes

Database is a representation of a part of real world in terms of computable objects. E = {Object,Attributes,Data}, where E is an Entity. D = {E 1 ,E 2 ,………E n }, where D is database How to implant changes in database By using a set of software modules. DBMS = Database + S/W modules S/W DB Applications Tools Applications DB S/W Data Data Base Data base WHAT IS A DATABASE

Database is a representation of a part of real world in terms of computable objects.

E = {Object,Attributes,Data}, where E is an Entity.

D = {E 1 ,E 2 ,………E n }, where D is database

How to implant changes in database

By using a set of software modules.

DBMS = Database + S/W modules

Data is a known (valued) fact. is a value to an attribute can be recorded on computer media Example : This house has four rooms . Database = Object + data + attributes Data can comprise of facts,which may include numeric,text, images, sound & multimedia. Database is an organized collection of logically related data where data can be stored easily, manipulated,retrieved. Data becomes information when processed. Meta Data are data that describe the properties of data, include data definitions, data sizes, rules, constraints etc.

Data

is a known (valued) fact.

is a value to an attribute

can be recorded on computer media

Example : This house has four rooms .

Database = Object + data + attributes

Data can comprise of facts,which may include numeric,text, images, sound & multimedia.

Database is an organized collection of logically related data where data can be stored easily, manipulated,retrieved.

Data becomes information when processed.

Meta Data are data that describe the properties of data, include data definitions, data sizes, rules, constraints etc.

Data Collection Data - Stores facts Information – Extracted & derived data for a specific purpose DBMS Software Efficiently and reliably manages data storage, retrieval, data update (Insert, Modify, Delete) Automated Tools For design,query and application development Database Users End Users Data Analysts & Application Programmer DB designers DBA DATABASE COMPONENTS

Data Collection

Data - Stores facts

Information – Extracted & derived data for a specific purpose

DBMS Software

Efficiently and reliably manages data storage, retrieval, data update (Insert, Modify, Delete)

Automated Tools

For design,query and application development

Database Users

End Users

Data Analysts & Application Programmer

DB designers

DBA

Field It is a set of bytes to represent some values,lowest level of database ( or logical structure) Record Group of logically related fields,records accessed via S/W File A group of identical records,accessible via system software Database A set of related files , accessed via system software. DEFINITION

Field

It is a set of bytes to represent some values,lowest level of database ( or logical structure)

Record

Group of logically related fields,records accessed via S/W

File

A group of identical records,accessible via system software

Database

A set of related files , accessed via system software.

Insert Picture of slide 5

Use a DBMS when this is important persistent storage of data centralized control of data control of redundancy control of consistency and integrity multiple user support sharing of data data documentation data independence control of access and security backup and recovery WHEN TO USE DBMS

Use a DBMS when this is important

persistent storage of data

centralized control of data

control of redundancy

control of consistency and integrity

multiple user support

sharing of data

data documentation

data independence

control of access and security

backup and recovery

Do not use a DBMS when the initial investment in hardware, software, and training is too high the generality a DBMS provides is not needed the overhead for security, concurrency control, and recovery is too high data and applications are simple and stable real-time requirements cannot be met by it multiple user access is not needed WHEN NOT TO USE DBMS

the initial investment in hardware, software, and training is too high

the generality a DBMS provides is not needed

the overhead for security, concurrency control, and recovery is too high

data and applications are simple and stable

real-time requirements cannot be met by it

multiple user access is not needed

DBMS ARCHITECTURE Applications programs / Queries Software for queries / Programs Software to access data base Meta Data DB Transactions Database System Software Modules

The purpose of database design is to create a database which is a model of structures of reality supports queries and updates modeling processes of reality runs efficiently DB approach is total integration and sharing of data throughout the organization DATABASE DESIGN

The purpose of database design is to create a database which

is a model of structures of reality

supports queries and updates modeling processes of reality

runs efficiently

DB approach is total integration and sharing of data throughout the organization

Goal : Business Strategies supported upon IT 3 Steps Identify strategic planning factors Goals : Growth Rate…….. Success Factors : Quality,On-time….. Problem Areas : Competition…. Set priorities of needs of IS & DB 2. Identify Corporate Planning objects Organizational Units – Various depts Locations – business places Business Functions – business processes like product development 4. Entity Types : Categories of data about people,places & things managed by company 5. Information System : Application S/W & supporting procedures. IS PLANNING

Goal : Business Strategies supported upon IT 3 Steps

Identify strategic planning factors

Goals : Growth Rate……..

Success Factors : Quality,On-time…..

Problem Areas : Competition….

Set priorities of needs of IS & DB

2. Identify Corporate Planning objects

Organizational Units – Various depts

Locations – business places

Business Functions – business processes like product development

4. Entity Types : Categories of data about people,places &

things managed by company

5. Information System : Application S/W & supporting

procedures.

Develop list of Entities that support the business activities An entity is an object/concept that is important to business, e,g, CUSTOMER,PRODUCT,EMPLOYEE,ORDER etc Identification & definition of Entities. Develop Enterprise Data Model to show association among entities. Also called as E-R models. Customer Order Product Order Line Places is Placed by has is for Contains is contained in IS PLANNING

Develop list of Entities that support the business activities

An entity is an object/concept that is important to business, e,g, CUSTOMER,PRODUCT,EMPLOYEE,ORDER etc

Identification & definition of Entities.

Develop Enterprise Data Model to show association among entities. Also called as E-R models.

Entities Customer : People / Companies / potential customer Order : Purchase of 1 or more items Product : Items produced for selling Order Line : Details of each product (quantity price ) sold on a particular customer Apply Business Rules For Relation Ships Each Customer places >= 1 Order Each order is placed by one Customer Each order contains >=1 L (ask slide 10) Each L is contained in One Customer Order (O) Each product has >=1 L Each order line is for one product IS PLANNING

Entities

Customer : People / Companies / potential customer

Order : Purchase of 1 or more items

Product : Items produced for selling

Order Line : Details of each product (quantity price ) sold on a particular customer

Apply Business Rules For Relation Ships

Each Customer places >= 1 Order

Each order is placed by one Customer

Each order contains >=1 L (ask slide 10)

Each L is contained in One Customer Order (O)

Each product has >=1 L

Each order line is for one product

ER Model Tells how organization functions and constraints Emphasizes on data & process by considering data, relationships & business rules. Relational Databases Data is viewed in form of tables Tables are based upon entities of ER model and contains attributes of an entity and its instances (value) Few attributes are common among tables e.g. ID nos., Employee number Historical and summarized information (ask it) data base is called Data Ware House ( D-Mgt ask it) to assist DSS. Data base application program can perform actions like Create, Read, Update, Delete etc. IS PLANNING

ER Model

Tells how organization functions and constraints

Emphasizes on data & process by considering data, relationships & business rules.

Relational Databases

Data is viewed in form of tables

Tables are based upon entities of ER model and contains attributes of an entity and its instances (value)

Few attributes are common among tables e.g. ID nos., Employee number

Historical and summarized information (ask it) data base is called Data Ware House ( D-Mgt ask it) to assist DSS.

Data base application program can perform actions like Create, Read, Update, Delete etc.

Area of Application Perspective Work-Processes Guidelines for Work-Processes in the development of the application DATABASE DEVELOPMENT

Area of Application

Perspective

Work-Processes

Guidelines for Work-Processes in the development of the application

Development of medium to large size data intensive applications Data intensive: lots of data little processing insertions, deletions, updates, queries What is medium to large? Small is: well-defined project short development time no long-term maintenance few people; little turnover no critical resources small risk of failure small cost of failure Why only medium to large? the methodology is an insurance policy cost of using methodology is high AREA OF APPLICATION

Development of medium to large size data intensive applications

Data intensive:

lots of data

little processing

insertions, deletions, updates,

queries

What is medium to large?

Small is:

well-defined project

short development time

no long-term maintenance

few people; little turnover

no critical resources

small risk of failure

small cost of failure

Why only medium to large?

the methodology is an insurance policy

cost of using methodology is high

Business process is well-designed Documents are known Tasks are known System boundary is known One database schema unifying all views can be designed difficult: interests, goals, power, politics problems with the methodology? problems with the organization? or - gan - i - za - tion: “an entity created to pursue a shared set of goals” PERSPECTIVE

Business process is well-designed

Documents are known

Tasks are known

System boundary is known

One database schema unifying all views can be designed

difficult: interests, goals, power, politics

problems with the methodology?

problems with the organization?

or - gan - i - za - tion: “an entity created to pursue a shared set of goals”

Business process (re-)design Analysis Specification Design Implementation Testing Operation Maintenance WORK PROCESSES Management

Business process (re-)design

Analysis

Specification

Design

Implementation

Testing

Operation

Maintenance

Purpose: what we do? Input: what we start with? Output: what we end with? Tool: what we use? Technique: how we use it? Organization: who does what? GUIDELINES FOR WORK-PROCESSESE

Purpose: what we do?

Input: what we start with?

Output: what we end with?

Tool: what we use?

Technique: how we use it?

Organization: who does what?

waterfall model; this is not prototyping iteration necessary work vs. time vs. people estimating resources is very difficult TIME AND MANAGEMENT work-process time analysis specification design implementation test

waterfall model; this is not prototyping

iteration necessary

work vs. time vs. people

estimating resources is very difficult

Type User Architecture Size PC 1 Desktop Megabytes WorkGroup 5-25 Client/Server (2 Tier) M-G bytes Department 25-100 Client/Server (3 Tier) G bytes Enterprise > 100 Client/server (Distributed) G-Terabytes CATEGORIES OF DB APPLICATION

Type User Architecture Size

PC 1 Desktop Megabytes

WorkGroup 5-25 Client/Server (2 Tier) M-G bytes

Department 25-100 Client/Server (3 Tier) G bytes

Enterprise > 100 Client/server (Distributed) G-Terabytes

Optimized Database Design Integrity of Database Performance Security Redundancy & Consistency Distributed Database Designs DATABASE ISSUE

Optimized Database Design

Integrity of Database

Performance

Security

Redundancy & Consistency

Distributed Database Designs

Program-Data Independence Metadata & programmes are independent Minimal Redundancy Single logical structure Data Consistency Each value stored on one place Data Sharing To form report from more than 1 table Increased Productivity in Development Saves cost/time Enforcement of Standards Feasible Improved Data Quality Enforce constraints Data Management approach Simplicity in Data Access Select * from product where Product_name =“Computer” ; It is a SQL command Easy Maintenance Y2k Problem ADVANTAGES OF DB APPROACH

Program-Data Independence

Metadata & programmes are independent

Minimal Redundancy

Single logical structure

Data Consistency

Each value stored on one place

Data Sharing

To form report from more than 1 table

Increased Productivity in Development

Saves cost/time

Enforcement of Standards

Feasible

Improved Data Quality

Enforce constraints

Data Management approach

Simplicity in Data Access

Select * from product where Product_name =“Computer” ;

It is a SQL command

Easy Maintenance

Y2k Problem

Expensive New H/W , Operating Cost Complex Development/Implement Recovery more difficult Vulnerability to failure Organizational Conflicts strong top management support must. DISADVANTAGES

Expensive New H/W , Operating Cost

Complex Development/Implement

Recovery more difficult

Vulnerability to failure

Organizational Conflicts strong top management support must.

Future Trends Object – Relational Databases Distributed Databases Distributed to multiple locations,transparent Content Addressable Interface other technologies like AI, TV, Natural Language Interface Summary Database & related terms DB approach,Advantages Categories,Evolution Future Trends FUTURE TREND AND SUMMARY

Future Trends

Object – Relational Databases

Distributed Databases

Distributed to multiple locations,transparent

Content Addressable

Interface other technologies like AI, TV, Natural Language Interface

Summary

Database & related terms

DB approach,Advantages

Categories,Evolution

Future Trends