Accounting Information system Design

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    Notes on slide 1

    Hello friends , Today’s topic for discussion is the accounts department software development for educational institutes. The accounts software for an educational institution poses some additional typical challenges in that the traditional system is unable to handle. We shall see them in the slides that will follow.

    I will be taking up the case study of Accounts Department Computerization Initiative undertaken at the International Institute of Professional Studies, that is, IIPS. IIPS is a premier educational institute located at Indore imparting quality education in the field of Computer Science and Management. It is an autonomous educational Institute of the Devi Ahilya University. The oldest programmes that are running at IIPS are the integrated 6 year Masters in Computer Applications and the 5 year integrated Masters in Management Sciences. Some new programmes have also been started like the MTA , MAPRM and B Com (Hons). This presentation will be all about how the accounts software of the IIPS was designed and implemented following the database approach to the design and implementation of information systems.

    The presentation outline is as follows. I will be introducing this presentation in the prologue which will include the aim, the expected audience, the project guide, the team members, the need and requirement of the project and the development methodology used. Following this I will shift to the External Schema which will aim at documenting the existing system while simultaneously highlighting the need for a new system and preparing the Enterprise Data Model for the new System. The conceptual Schema will take over the documented new system to be implemented and will lead to a model of the new system to be developed. The Entity Relation Diagram will be an outcome of this stage which we will discuss in detail. The logical Schema will be a software oriented implementation of the conceptual schema and will lead to the development of the relations that should be implemented. Normalization of such relations identified will be done so as to reduce the anomalies during the implementation. The physical schema will highlight the Denormalization of the relations . The implementation will show the snapshots of the actual working system. All the menus will be discussed in detail. And finally, I will conclude with a cost benefit analysis of the information system developed and benefits that the various stakeholders have achieved by the use of this system.

    Now let me introduce this presentation to you. The aim of this presentation is to demonstrate the analysis with design and development of the Accounts department computerization software at IIPS. I believe the situation will be nearly the same for all educational institutes in India with slight modifications to what has been developed to suit individual needs.

    The recommended audience for this presentation is ……

    The project guide is Prof. A. K. Ramani , BE ME PhD , Director of the IIPS , DAVV.

    The team members for developing this project were Jyandeep Tripathi and myself Vijyendra Singh Niranjan

    Now let us come to the need for automating the accounting the process. The needs of developing this software are a. b. c. The major broad based requirements that were identified from the main stakeholders of this system are a. b. c.

    In developing this software, the team has followed the Database approach to information systems design and development, the major part of which are : 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

    Now I will come to the External Schema. The external Schema consists of the following five parts 1 2 3 4 5 We will discuss each of them one by one.

    The organizational Scenario. Before developing any database oriented system, the organization scenario of the automation task is studied and documented in detail. Here are the major points of the organizational scenario that were documented. 1 2 3

    The accounts department can be divided into the following major sections Income Expenditure Cash Book The major disadvantage of the system results from the fact that it is an entirely manual system which is of traditional inheritance. Hence, 1. 2. 3. These and many other disadvantages call for a change in the traditional system.

    Now, we will discuss the strategic planning factors . SPF consists of three parts – the goals , the critical success factors and the problem areas in development of the system. The goals The Critical Success Factors The problem areas are

    In the corporate planning objects we identify the broad organizational units , the organizational locations – whether a single or a distributed location and the business functions .

    Entities are any person , place , object or event of interest to the organization . The broad level entities that have been identified are as follows. These are not the final entities as there may be changes during the system development as we will see shortly.

    The information systems that are to be developed are documented as follows :--

    The EDM is the final stage of the External Schema . This EDM identifies how the organization works and how the tasks or the entities are dependent on each other. Here we can notice a broad distinction between the income section and the Expenditure section with the Cash Book providing a connection between them.

    Now let us come to the conceptual schema. In conceptual schema we will discuss the entities in detail, following which we will discuss the relationship between the entities. This will lead to the relationship definitions following which the structural and the operational constraints will be identified. All this will lead to the development of an Enhanced Entity Relation Model.

    The entities shown above are the broad level entities that have been identified during the earlier phase of the external schema. But are these enough ? We will find that we require some more entities to map our system.

    Thus some of the new entities added are shows . Login is added because any computerized information system must have a proper authentication mechanism.

    In the EDM, we had seen that the income and the expenditure entities were separated by the cash book. Here we define the relation amongst the income entities . For example – a Student Fees record is for a student . a Student belongs to a Category a student is enrolled for a Course

    Similarly we define the relationship amongst the expenditure entities as shown. Expenditure is under an Expenditure Head Expenditure updates a Ledger Expenditure is entered in Cash Book

    No we come over to the structural constraints . The structural constraints consists of the following three parts 1. 2. 3. We will discuss each one of them in the following slides.

    Definition of Attributes : in this step, we define all the attributes irrespective of their entities. Such a definition includes the Name of the attribute , it’s domain, a short description and whether it can hold a null value or not. Ex. Enrollment Number has the domain Enrollment Number , this domain will be described shortly – it identifies each and every student of the university uniquely and can never be null for this system.

    The list of attributes surely increases linearly with the increase in the number of entities in the system.

    Now, we define the domain constraints for each domain listed in the attribute table. The definition of the domain constraints is given by the Name of domain , the Data type , The allowable characters and the format. For example – taking the Enrollment Number domain – the format is predefined for the Devi Ahilya University as being of the format – XX-99-999999 like DC-97-059834

    The domain constraints are continued.

    The Operational Constraints :- The operational Constraints identify the constraints that affect the business. Let us take the business rule -An entry can be made in the cash book only for an entry in the Daily Fees Collection or in the Expenditure. Here the Constrained Object is the CASH BOOK (Entity) And the Constraining Object is the DFC and EXPENDITURE (Entities)

    This is the Enhanced entity relation diagram for the system to be developed. /// As in the EDM here also we can see a distinction between the income entities and the expenditure entities. As there is a shortage of space, we were not able to fit in the attributes of the entities. The EER model marks the end of the conceptual phase. We will use this EER model to develop our system further is the logical and the physical schemas. // describe the entities as the model proceeds.

    In the logical schema, we have the following major points : 1. 2. 3. 4. We will discuss them all in detail in the coming slides.

    The input / output screens and transactions are shown as follows // read ,

    // read

    // read

    In the relational model, we first transfer the ER diagram into relations, following which we identify the functional dependencies between the attributes of relation and then normalize the relations so that there are no dependencies. As there are a large number of entities , it is not possible to discuss the above procedure with all of them, so, we will just take an example of each of the process.

    In the step of the transforming of the entities from the ER into relations, we pick up an entity from the ER diagram. Let us take the Student Fees Record entity. The entity looks like the one described above.

    Converting the entity to a relation, we get the following relation.

    Similarly, we can do the same for the entity student.

    Let us consider the entity DD LIST . This entity has the attributes : DD DATE , DD Number , Bank and Branch , Amount and Print Date . We can see that this entity has no partial dependency as all the attributes are fully functionally dependent on the primary key.

    If we take the case of the entity Student , we find that a partial dependency exists as all fields can be determined by both Roll Number and the Enrollment Number. This partial dependency may lead to anomalies.

    In the normalization process , we break relations that have partial dependencies. We can break the relation student into the relations Roll Enroll and Student as shown. The process of normalization completed the phase of the Logical Schema.

    The step of physical design consists of the following three parts 1. 2. 3. We will discuss each one of them in detail in the slides that will follow.

    // read

    The final relations that are to be implemented are as follows . There are 17 final relations in all that will be required to implement the system under discussion.

    Indexes are required for faster access of data. Considering the entity Daily Fees Collection, we can have an index on the DAtE_DFC of the Receipt Number. The process of identifying the final relations and the indexes completes the physical design process.

    In the implementation section , I will show you the snapshots of the actual working system followed by the hardware and the software requirements for the development of this system.

    The splash screen and the login screen . Only those users who have proper authorization by a user name and a password can use this system.

    These are the menu options for the income part of the system. The various sub items of the menus and their use is discussed further.

    Fees receipt is the screen that is used to print a receipt to a student who has paid the fees. The receipt of fees is in the form of a demand draft only. After entering the roll number, the information about the student appears on the right hand side. The other details are filled by the operator.

    This is how the fees receipt looks like.

    For entering receipts from other persons, this form is used. Here , receipts can also be made for any cash receipts.

    For reprinting a receipt or for canceling it, only the receipt number is required.

    For the entry of student record and for modifying it, a multipurpose form has been made which allows the addition of new records, deletion of records and modification of existing records.

    The fees information entry has a provision for entry of fees for each batch , course , year ( for graduation and post graduation) and the categroy.

    The fees collected during a particular duration can be seen through the fees collection report

    The fees collection report also shows fees collected in foreign currency as shown.

    We also have a provision for providing the list of students who have not deposited their fees as of yet, by entering the batch number and the semester for the fees collection duration.

    We can also see a list of the students who have paid their fees and in how much quantity.

    These are the menu items of the expenditure section . We will discuss them one by one.

    The staff information entry has a provision for entering the details of the staff that is required for the purpose of the accounts . This includes the type of staff , name , designation and the a/c number along with the salary details.

    The information can also be edited if there is a change in the designation , account number or the salary details.

    We can enter the various budget heads. There are 47 fixed budged heads and other can be entered from 48 th number onwards.

    The budget head list shows the various budget heads along with the provision and the balance remaining.

    The cheque issuing register is used for issuing cheques for various expenses of the institute.

    We have provided a separate section for entering salary . The one shown above is for the visiting faculty salary.

    For the salary entry , we just provide the month , year and the type of the faculty .---

    Following which we can iterate through all the staff members of that category of staff

    If any additional payment is to be provided to the staff , it can be done through the additional salary entry.

    Advances are given to various persons for carrying out the work of the institute . A record of all the advances given out are maintained.

    When the advances are settled, the information is entered if any excess expenditure is done and a cheque is issued, else a receipt number is entered verifying that excess amount has been deposited.

    The salary slips to the staff members are also issued in the format shown.

    A salary report , Income tax report , Provident Fund report and the individual faculty salary report can also be viewed.

    The salary report for a particular month for a particular category of staff can be viewed.

    How much income tax was cut from the salary of the staff members for a particular month can also be displayed.

    Same is the case with the provident fund.

    We can also see the salary details of individual staff members regarding all payments made to them till date.

    This is the format of the cheque issuing report giving details of all expenditure incurred during each particular day.

    This is the format of the cash book showing the incomes and expenditure for a particular day.

    The implementation of this system had the following requirements : read. This marks the end of the implementation phase .

    Each information to be of benefit to the organization must result in a net monetary benefit. The cost and benefit analysis in monetary terms for this information system can be made as follows. Thus , we find that there is a net monetary gain for the organization.

    There are other benefits apart from the monetary aspect . These are best recollected by the experiences of persons associated with the system .. Read

    No information system can claim to the best in itself and complete. There are always some enhancements that can be made to it. Here are some of them that the development team has identified. Read

    The references : 1. McFadden , Hoffer and Prescott offer a very interesting reading of the database development process and their process is very simple and good and is a required reading for any database oriented information systems developer. 2. Korth and associates are a standard reading on the database concepts 3. Mastering Visual Basic was very helpful along with MSDN library on the nitty gritty aspects of visual basic programming. 4. Reading Koch and Loney provided a help on the database implementation aspect using oracle. 5. Understanding SQL is a very simple reading for learning SQL commands and their intricacies. 6. Some sections of the Accounting Information System provided help on how to develop an automated accounting system 7. and finally, the most important help was provided by the various stakeholders of the projects – The Director of the institute , the accounts staff , the teachers and students of the IIPS.

    It is always a good practice to document the lessons learnt during the project and a comprehensive list is built up at the end. The most important lessons that were learnt by the development team during the implementation of the system are as follows 1. 2. 3. 4.

    Read.

    This marks the end of todays discussion. For any furthur queries and comments, please contact at the above addresses. Thank you.

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    Accounting Information system Design - Presentation Transcript

    1. Design of Accounting Systems for Educational Institutes
    2. ADCI @ IIPS A CCOUNTS D EPARTMENT C OMPUTERIZATION I NITIATIVE AT I NTERNATIONAL I NSTITUTE OF P ROFESIONAL S TUDIES a case of
      • Prologue
      • External Schema
      • Conceptual Schema
      • Logical Schema
      • Physical Schema
      • Implementation
      • Epilogue
      The Presentation Outline P ROLOGUE E XTERNAL S CHEMA C ONCEPTUAL S CHEMA L OGICAL S CHEMA P HYSICAL D ESIGN I MPLEMENTATION E PILOGUE
      • To demonstrate the analysis and development of Accounts Department Computerization Software.
      Aim P ROLOGUE E XTERNAL S CHEMA C ONCEPTUAL S CHEMA L OGICAL S CHEMA P HYSICAL D ESIGN I MPLEMENTATION E PILOGUE
      • Technical
      Audience Programmers / System Analysts / Project Managers / Database Designers / Post Graduate Students / People concerned with Educational Institutions Accounts and all those willing to take up the challenges of Information Systems Design P ROLOGUE E XTERNAL S CHEMA C ONCEPTUAL S CHEMA L OGICAL S CHEMA P HYSICAL D ESIGN I MPLEMENTATION E PILOGUE
    6. Dr. A. K. Ramani Prof. & Head, School of Computer Sc., & IT, DEVI AHILYA UNIVERSITY www.scs.dauniv.ac.in Project Guide P ROLOGUE E XTERNAL S CHEMA C ONCEPTUAL S CHEMA L OGICAL S CHEMA P HYSICAL D ESIGN I MPLEMENTATION E PILOGUE
    7. Jyandeep Tripathi Vijyendra Singh Niranjan The ADCI @ IIPS Team P ROLOGUE E XTERNAL S CHEMA C ONCEPTUAL S CHEMA L OGICAL S CHEMA P HYSICAL D ESIGN I MPLEMENTATION E PILOGUE
    8. Project Initiation
      • Need :
        • a. Accounting work is tedious.
        • b. A huge amount of money is involved.
        • c. Error is not tolerable.
      • Requirement :
        • A system which can make the work simple.
        • Make the accounting work less error prone.
        • Have the reports as fast as possible.
      P ROLOGUE E XTERNAL S CHEMA C ONCEPTUAL S CHEMA L OGICAL S CHEMA P HYSICAL D ESIGN I MPLEMENTATION E PILOGUE
    9. Project Development Follow the Database approach to Information Systems Design and Development.
      • External Schema
      • Conceptual Schema
      • Logical Schema
      • Physical Schema
      • Implementation
      P ROLOGUE E XTERNAL S CHEMA C ONCEPTUAL S CHEMA L OGICAL S CHEMA P HYSICAL D ESIGN I MPLEMENTATION E PILOGUE
      • Organizational Scenario
      • Problems with the existing system
      • Functionality of the organization
      • Information Systems Architecture
      • Enterprise Data Model
      The External Schema P ROLOGUE E XTERNAL S CHEMA C ONCEPTUAL S CHEMA L OGICAL S CHEMA P HYSICAL D ESIGN I MPLEMENTATION E PILOGUE
      • The institute – business entity whose major function is to provide education
      • Accounts Department – Unit of IIPS concerned with all the accounting work (work related to finances)
      • Accounts Department’s zone of influence is institute wide – hence, it’s efficient working is a must as any failure will have institute wide repercussions.
      Organizational Scenario P ROLOGUE E XTERNAL S CHEMA C ONCEPTUAL S CHEMA L OGICAL S CHEMA P HYSICAL D ESIGN I MPLEMENTATION E PILOGUE
      • Major Divisions in the Accounts Section –
        • Income : mainly fees collection , other sources of income include collection from people other than students, fines, revaluation fees, etc.
        • Expenditure : concerned with any and all kind of expenditure work relating to the institute. Such expenditure includes Electricity and Water Bills, Salaries to staff and Honorarium to Visiting Faculty and Guests, Books, Furniture, Equipment, Computers, etc.
        • Cash Book Maintenance : a daily statement of the income and expenditure. This cash book is a basic compilation of the income and expenditure.
      • Entirely manual
        • A similar entry is made at possible three places (ex. Fees Receipt, Daily Fees Collection and Student Fees Record)
        • The maintenance of these ledgers and proper compilation of data is difficult and cumbersome.
        • There is no timely presentation of facts
      Organizational Scenario ( contd.) P ROLOGUE E XTERNAL S CHEMA C ONCEPTUAL S CHEMA L OGICAL S CHEMA P HYSICAL D ESIGN I MPLEMENTATION E PILOGUE
      • Strategic Planning Factors
        • Goals
          • Develop a preliminary understanding of the business situation .
          • Develop a model for Fees Collection, Expenditure, salary and cash book
          • Document existing system .
          • Analyze the functions involved in the running of the existing system and their database needs.
          • Develop an application that automates and extends the traditional system
        • Critical Success Factors
          • Ease of operation
          • Minimal need for intervention:
          • Availability of updated records
          • Management Support
        • Problem Areas
          • Fast Response
          • Security
          • Backups and Contingency Plans
          • Maintenance of records
      Information Systems Architecture P ROLOGUE E XTERNAL S CHEMA C ONCEPTUAL S CHEMA L OGICAL S CHEMA P HYSICAL D ESIGN I MPLEMENTATION E PILOGUE
      • Corporate Planning Objects
        • Organizational Units
          • Income
          • Expenditure
          • Cash Book Maintenance
        • Organizational Locations : single organizational location
        • Business Functions
          • Income
            • Fees Receipts
            • Fines and other receipts
            • Reports – Daily Fees Collection , Student Fees Record , Demand Draft List , No Dues , List of Students who have paid Fees
          • Expenditure
            • Cheque Issuing Register
            • Maintenance of Ledgers for various expenditure heads
            • Salaries for faculty and staff
            • Visiting Faculty Honorarium
          • Maintenance of Cash Book
      Information Systems Architecture… P ROLOGUE E XTERNAL S CHEMA C ONCEPTUAL S CHEMA L OGICAL S CHEMA P HYSICAL D ESIGN I MPLEMENTATION E PILOGUE
        • STUDENT
        • STUDENT FEES RECORD
        • OTHER INCOME RECORD
        • DAILY FEES COLLECTION
        • STAFF
        • CHEQUE ISSUING REGISTER
        • LEDGER
        • SALARY & INCOME TAX STATEMENT
      The Entities P ROLOGUE E XTERNAL S CHEMA C ONCEPTUAL S CHEMA L OGICAL S CHEMA P HYSICAL D ESIGN I MPLEMENTATION E PILOGUE
        • Fees Receipt
          • Receipt Generation
          • Daily Fees Collection Book
          • Individual Student Financial Record
          • Foreign Currency Register
        • Expenses
          • Cheque Issuing/Payment Register
          • Head of Expenditure
        • Cash Book Maintenance
        • Salary and Income Tax Slips for IIPS faculty and staff
        • Student Record Maintenance
        • Staff Record Maintenance
        • Login and Registration Services
      Information Systems P ROLOGUE E XTERNAL S CHEMA C ONCEPTUAL S CHEMA L OGICAL S CHEMA P HYSICAL D ESIGN I MPLEMENTATION E PILOGUE
    17. The Enterprise Data Model Expenditure Expenditure Head Fees Record Daily Fees Collection (DFC) Register entered in generated for Other Receipt Record contains Cash Book entered in Is under entered in entered in Staff Salary Slip Income Tax Slip generated for Ledger updates Visiting Faculty contains P ROLOGUE E XTERNAL S CHEMA C ONCEPTUAL S CHEMA L OGICAL S CHEMA P HYSICAL D ESIGN I MPLEMENTATION E PILOGUE
      • Entities
      • Relationship among Entities
      • Relationship Definitions
      • Structural Constraints
      • Operational Constraints
      The Conceptual Schema P ROLOGUE E XTERNAL S CHEMA C ONCEPTUAL S CHEMA L OGICAL S CHEMA P HYSICAL D ESIGN I MPLEMENTATION E PILOGUE
        • STUDENT
        • STUDENT FEES RECORD
        • OTHER INCOME RECORD
        • DAILY FEES COLLECTION
        • STAFF
        • CHEQUE ISSUING REGISTER
        • LEDGER
        • SALARY & INCOME TAX STATEMENT
      The Entities Revisited P ROLOGUE E XTERNAL S CHEMA C ONCEPTUAL S CHEMA L OGICAL S CHEMA P HYSICAL D ESIGN I MPLEMENTATION E PILOGUE
    20. Entities Revisited (contd.) – New Entities Added
        • LOGIN – for user authentication
        • COURSES – information about the various courses and their roll information
        • FCREGISTER – to keep track of Foreign Currency
        • SEMFEES – to note the fees of each batch’s semester, category wise
        • OTHERRECEIPTS – to keep track of Cash incomes
        • HEADS OF EXPENDITURE – which heads of expenditure are allowed
      P ROLOGUE E XTERNAL S CHEMA C ONCEPTUAL S CHEMA L OGICAL S CHEMA P HYSICAL D ESIGN I MPLEMENTATION E PILOGUE
    21. Relationship Definitions P ROLOGUE E XTERNAL S CHEMA C ONCEPTUAL S CHEMA L OGICAL S CHEMA P HYSICAL D ESIGN I MPLEMENTATION E PILOGUE depends on depends on Sem Fees enrolled for belongs to is for Student updates Cash Book depends on depends on Sem Fees depends on enrolled for Course belongs to Category alters Foreign Currency Register generates DD List updates generates entered in Daily Fees Collection entered in Other Receipts alters entered in is for Student Fees Record Cash Book Course Category Foreign Currency Register DD List Daily Fees Collection Other Receipts Student Fees Record Student Income Entities
    22. Relationship Definitions P ROLOGUE E XTERNAL S CHEMA C ONCEPTUAL S CHEMA L OGICAL S CHEMA P HYSICAL D ESIGN I MPLEMENTATION E PILOGUE entered in updates is for Expenditure entered in Cash Book generated for Income Tax Slip generated for Salary Slip generated for generated for contains Staff updates Ledger contains Visiting Faculty contains contains is for Expenditure Head Cash Book Income Tax Slip Salary Slip Staff Ledger Visiting Faculty Expenditure Head Expenditure Expenditure Entities
      • Definitions of Attributes
      • Domain Constraints
      • Operational Constraints
      Structural Constraints P ROLOGUE E XTERNAL S CHEMA C ONCEPTUAL S CHEMA L OGICAL S CHEMA P HYSICAL D ESIGN I MPLEMENTATION E PILOGUE
    24. Definitions of Attributes P ROLOGUE E XTERNAL S CHEMA C ONCEPTUAL S CHEMA L OGICAL S CHEMA P HYSICAL D ESIGN I MPLEMENTATION E PILOGUE No Local Address of the Student Address Local Address Permanent Telephone Number of the Student Telephone Number Permanent Telephone Number No Permanent Address of the Student Address Permanent Address No Name of the Father of the Student Name Father’s Name No Name of the Student Name Name No Category of the Student Category Category The year in which the student has joined Number Batch Identifies each course by characters (ex. MCA by ‘IC’,etc.) Identification ( 2 Chars ) ID No Program for which the student is enrolled in the institute Program Course No Program for which the student is enrolled in the institute Program Program No Identifies each student of the institution uniquely Roll Number Roll Number No Identifies each and every student of the university uniquely Enrollment Number Enrollment Number NULL DESCRIPTION DOMAIN NAME
    25. Definitions of Attributes contd… P ROLOGUE E XTERNAL S CHEMA C ONCEPTUAL S CHEMA L OGICAL S CHEMA P HYSICAL D ESIGN I MPLEMENTATION E PILOGUE Indicates the amount of University fees Amount University Fees Indicates the amount of Placement fees Amount Placement Fees Indicates the amount of Sports fees Amount Sports Fees Indicates the amount of Hostel fees Amount Hostel Fees Indicates the amount of Library fees Amount Library Fees Indicates the amount of Caution Money Amount Caution Money Indicates the amount of tuition fees Amount Tuition Fees Indicates any due or excess fees Amount Due/Excess Fees No Indicates the amount of fees Amount Fees No Number in the Daily Fees collection Register Number DFC Number No Semester w.r.t. a program Semester Semester No Indicates whether the caution money has been returned or not Boolean Caution Money Refund No Caution Money that the student has deposited Amount Caution Money Local Telephone Number of the Student Telephone Number Local Telephone Number
    26. Definitions of Attributes contd… No Identifies every employee uniquely Identification Employee Number No Total Fees paid Amount Total Fees Fees paid in US $ by any student Amount US$ Fees No The name and branch of the bank issuing the demand draft Bank Name & Branch Bank Name and Branch No Date of issue of the Demand Draft Date Demand Draft Date No The Demand Draft Number for any fees deposited DD Number Demand Draft Number No The Receipt Number of some fees Number Receipt Number No The Serial Number of a register Number Serial Number No Indicates a particular date Date Date Remarks Text Remarks Indicates the amount of other fine collected Amount Other Fine Indicates the amount of hostel fine collected Amount Hostel Fine Indicates the amount of Library fine collected Amount Library Fine Indicates the amount of Misc. fees Amount Misc Fees Indicates the amount of Examination fees Amount Examination Fees P ROLOGUE E XTERNAL S CHEMA C ONCEPTUAL S CHEMA L OGICAL S CHEMA P HYSICAL D ESIGN I MPLEMENTATION E PILOGUE
    27. Definitions of Attributes contd… No Name of firm/person to whom the Cheque is issued Text Name of firm/person No Identifies each Cheque book uniquely Number Cheque Book Number No Balance amount left in the budget provision Amount Balance No Budget provision for that head of expenditure Amount Budget provision No Heads of expenditure Text Head of Expenditure No Identifies each expenditure head uniquely Identification Identification No Date in which Cheque was issued Date Cheque Date No The Cheque number through which any payments are made Chq Number Cheque Number No Amount of total salary payable Amount Total Salary Amount of misc subtractions Amount Misc Subtractions Amount of Loan Installments deducted Amount Loan Inst Amount of Income Tax deducted Amount IT Amount of Group Insurance deducted Amount GpI P ROLOGUE E XTERNAL S CHEMA C ONCEPTUAL S CHEMA L OGICAL S CHEMA P HYSICAL D ESIGN I MPLEMENTATION E PILOGUE
    28. Definitions of Attributes contd… No Password of the person Password Password No User Name of the person Username UserName No Indicates the Credit Amount in Ledger Amount Credit No Indicates the Debit Amount in Ledger Amount Debit No Serial Number in the cash book entry Number Serial Number No Voucher Number as corresponding to the entry in the cash book Number Voucher Number No Order Number corresponding to the bill Number Order Number No Date of the bill Date Date of Bill No Purpose of issuing the Cheque Text Purpose P ROLOGUE E XTERNAL S CHEMA C ONCEPTUAL S CHEMA L OGICAL S CHEMA P HYSICAL D ESIGN I MPLEMENTATION E PILOGUE
    29. Domain Constraints P ROLOGUE E XTERNAL S CHEMA C ONCEPTUAL S CHEMA L OGICAL S CHEMA P HYSICAL D ESIGN I MPLEMENTATION E PILOGUE Yes / No Boolean Boolean … ..999.99 Digits and decimal point Amount Amount 99999……… Number Telephone Number Alphabets and Digits Address Address Alphabets String Name
      • Category can be any one of the following
      • Foreign National
      • N.R.I.
      • N.R.I. sponsored
      • Payment
      • Local
      • SC
      • ST
      • OBC
      • Sports
      • DAVV Employee
      None Category Category
      • Program can be of any one of the following :
      • M.C.A. 6 yr.
      • M.M.S. 5 yr.
      • M.M.S. 2yr.
      • B. Com. 3 yr.
      None Program Program XX-99-999 Alphabets and Digits Roll Number Roll Number XX-99-999999 Alphabets and Digits Enrollment Number Enrollment Number Format Allowable Characters Data Type Name
    30. Domain Constraints (contd.) Digits Number Cheque Number 9999 Digits Year Year 1 – Year12 Digits Number Month Digits Number Account Number 1 – 4 Class Class Digits and - Grade Salary Grade Digits Number Identification Alphabets and Digits String Bank Name and Branch Digits Number DD Number Alphabets and Digits String Text DD/MM/YYYY Digits Date Date
      • Fees Item can be any one of the following :
      • Tuition Fees
      • Caution Money
      • Library
      • Hostel Fees
      • Sports
      • Placement
      • University Fees
      • Miscellaneous
      None Fees Item Fees Item 99999….. Digits Number Number
      • Semester values can range from 1 to 12 depending the program
      • MCA (1-12)
      • MMS 5yr (1-10)
      • MMS 2yr (1-4)
      • B. Com. (1-6)
      None Semester Semester P ROLOGUE E XTERNAL S CHEMA C ONCEPTUAL S CHEMA L OGICAL S CHEMA P HYSICAL D ESIGN I MPLEMENTATION E PILOGUE
      • Business Rule : An entry can be made in the cash book only for an entry in the Daily Fees Collection or in the Expenditure.
          • Constrained Object: CASH BOOK (Entity)
          • Constraining Object: DFC and EXPENDITURE (Entities)
      • Business Rule : Monthly Salary and Income Tax slip is not generated for Visiting Staff.
          • Constrained Object: Post (Attribute of Staff)
          • Constraining Object: MONTHLY SALARY SLIP and INCOME TAX SLIP (Entities).
      • Business Rule : Expenditure can only be for a stated Expenditure Head .
          • Constrained Object: EXPENDITURE (Entity)
          • Constraining Object: EXPENDITURE HEAD (Entity).
      Operational Constraints P ROLOGUE E XTERNAL S CHEMA C ONCEPTUAL S CHEMA L OGICAL S CHEMA P HYSICAL D ESIGN I MPLEMENTATION E PILOGUE
    32. LOGIN STUDENT FEES RECORD DAILY FEES COLLECTION STUDENT OTHER RECEIPTS FOREIGN CURRENCY REGISTER SEM FEES COURSE CATEGORY enters fees enters collection alter depends on is for depends on belongs to enrolled for entered in entered in DD LIST generates CASH BOOK updates VISITING FACULTY LEDGER STAFF EXPENDITURE entered in EXPENDITURE HEAD is under updates contains contains SALARY SLIP generated for generated for INCOME TAX SLIP R R R Post R R Operational Constraints EER Model
      • Input Output Screens
      • Transactions that will be run on the system
      • Entity Identification and description
      • Relational Schema
      The Logical Schema P ROLOGUE E XTERNAL S CHEMA C ONCEPTUAL S CHEMA L OGICAL S CHEMA P HYSICAL D ESIGN I MPLEMENTATION E PILOGUE
      • Fees Receipt
        • Input Screen – will provide an interface to the user to enter the details of the fees.
        • Transactions – The system should perform the necessary checks from the various relations about the data , make entries into the tables concerned ( SFR, DFC, and Cash Book).
        • Fees Receipt Output– will be in the form of a printed receipt which will show the details and amount of fees paid.
      • Salary Slip and Income Tax Slip Generation
        • Input Screen – to enter the details of the salary and income tax of various staff members
        • Transactions – enter the details in the database (MSS,ITS)
        • Output – will be in the form of a printed salary and income tax slip
      Input / Output Screens and Transactions P ROLOGUE E XTERNAL S CHEMA C ONCEPTUAL S CHEMA L OGICAL S CHEMA P HYSICAL D ESIGN I MPLEMENTATION E PILOGUE
      • Expenditure
        • Input Screen – to enter the details of expenditure like the name of firm , particulars , Cheque number, etc.
        • Transactions – entry into required fields in the database.
        • Output – No such printed output is generated for every transaction. Output may be seen in the form of reports.
      • Record Entry – Record Entry is to provide an interface to enter the details of persons connected with the system in any way. Such persons are Students, Staff Members and authorized users of the system. Once the details of a Student or Staff have been entered, it requires no further entering in the system.
      Input / Output Screens and Transactions P ROLOGUE E XTERNAL S CHEMA C ONCEPTUAL S CHEMA L OGICAL S CHEMA P HYSICAL D ESIGN I MPLEMENTATION E PILOGUE
      • Reports – The accounts department has to generate a number of reports either daily, monthly, yearly, or at any given time. Such reports include
        • Daily Fees Collection Report – The DFC report include a list of the fees collected on a daily basis. It contains all the records of the fees that have been collected on one single day.
        • Details of Bank Draft Paid – On a daily basis, the drafts are organized on three basis
          • Drafts of State Bank of Indore, Bhanvarkuan Branch
          • Drafts of State Bank of Indore, any other Branch
          • Drafts of other Banks
        • These have to be recorded separately and a list has to be prepared.
        • Daily Expenditure Report – The Daily Expenditure Report includes the details of all the cheques paid (expenditure is only through cheques) to any person/firm on the given particular day.
        • Cash Book – The cash book is to be prepared on a daily basis having the entries of the incomes and expenditures of that particular day.
      Input / Output Screens and Transactions P ROLOGUE E XTERNAL S CHEMA C ONCEPTUAL S CHEMA L OGICAL S CHEMA P HYSICAL D ESIGN I MPLEMENTATION E PILOGUE
      • Transforming ER into relations
      • Functional Dependencies
      • Normalization
      Relational Model P ROLOGUE E XTERNAL S CHEMA C ONCEPTUAL S CHEMA L OGICAL S CHEMA P HYSICAL D ESIGN I MPLEMENTATION E PILOGUE
    38. Transforming ER into Relations Taking an entity from the EER Diagram STUDENT FEES RECORD Roll Sem Receipt Number Old Receipt Number Tuition Fees Caution Money Library Fees Hostel Fees Sports Fees Placement Fees Examination Fees University Fees Total Fees Paid Pound Fees USD Fees Misc Fees Bank Branch Due/Excess DD Date DD Number P ROLOGUE E XTERNAL S CHEMA C ONCEPTUAL S CHEMA L OGICAL S CHEMA P HYSICAL D ESIGN I MPLEMENTATION E PILOGUE
    39. Transforming ER into Relations The relation that can be made from the entity ROLL SEM RECEIPTNUMBER OLDRCPTNO TUITION_FEES CAUTION_MONEY LIBRARY_FEES HOSTEL_FEES SPORTS_FEES PLACEMENT_FEES UNIVERSITY_FEES EXAMINATION_FEES MISC USD_FEES POUND_FEES TOTAL_FEES_PAID DUE_EXCESS DDNUMBER DDDATE BANKBRANCH STUDENT FEES RECORD P ROLOGUE E XTERNAL S CHEMA C ONCEPTUAL S CHEMA L OGICAL S CHEMA P HYSICAL D ESIGN I MPLEMENTATION E PILOGUE
    40. Similarly, for the entity Student ROLL NUMBER ENROLLMENT NUMBER PROGRAM NAME FATHER’S NAME PERMANENT ADDRESS PER. TELEPHONE NUMBER LOCAL ADDRESS LOCAL TELEPHONE NUMBER CATEGORY CAUTION MONEY CMONEYREFUND DDNUMBER DDDATE STUDENT Transforming ER into Relations (contd.) Similarly, other Entities have been mapped in to relation. P ROLOGUE E XTERNAL S CHEMA C ONCEPTUAL S CHEMA L OGICAL S CHEMA P HYSICAL D ESIGN I MPLEMENTATION E PILOGUE
    41. Functional Dependencies DD LIST Example Entity : DD LIST DD DATE DD NUMBER BANKBRANCH AMOUNT PRINTDATE No Partial Dependency P ROLOGUE E XTERNAL S CHEMA C ONCEPTUAL S CHEMA L OGICAL S CHEMA P HYSICAL D ESIGN I MPLEMENTATION E PILOGUE
    42. Functional Dependencies (contd.) ROLL NUMBER ENROLLMENT NUMBER PROGRAM NAME FATHER’S NAME PERMANENT ADDRESS PER. TELEPHONE NUMBER LOCAL ADDRESS LOCAL TELEPHONE NUMBER CATEGORY CAUTION MONEY CMONEYREFUND DDNUMBER DDDATE STUDENT The Student relation Partial Dependency exists. All fields can be determined from both Roll Number and Enrollment Number. Removed through Normalization. Total 4 relations contain dependencies . P ROLOGUE E XTERNAL S CHEMA C ONCEPTUAL S CHEMA L OGICAL S CHEMA P HYSICAL D ESIGN I MPLEMENTATION E PILOGUE
    43. Normalization Only those relations Normalized that have dependencies. Consider the case of Student as previously given. ROLL NUMBER ENROLLMENT NUMBER FATHER’S NAME PERMANENT ADDRESS PER. TELEPHONE NUMBER LOCAL ADDRESS LOCAL TELEPHONE NUMBER CATEGORY CAUTION MONEY CMONEYREFUND DDNUMBER DDDATE STUDENT ROLL NUMBER PROGRAM NAME ROLL ENROLL Similarly for all those relations , normalization was done . Number of relations became 20 P ROLOGUE E XTERNAL S CHEMA C ONCEPTUAL S CHEMA L OGICAL S CHEMA P HYSICAL D ESIGN I MPLEMENTATION E PILOGUE
      • Designing Physical Records and Denormalization
      • Final Relations
      • Indexes
      The Physical Design P ROLOGUE E XTERNAL S CHEMA C ONCEPTUAL S CHEMA L OGICAL S CHEMA P HYSICAL D ESIGN I MPLEMENTATION E PILOGUE
    45. Designing Physical Records Denormalization Physical Records is a group of fields stored in adjacent memory locations and retrieved together as a unit. Denormalization is the process of transforming normalized relations into unnormalized physical record specifications. Consider the same entity Student that was Normalized earlier. Just for removing the dependency, should we store Enrollment Number separately whereas Enrollment Number is stored for being printed on the reports ? Hence, we recombine both the relations back to form the relation STUDENT Denormalization reduced the number of relations to 17 P ROLOGUE E XTERNAL S CHEMA C ONCEPTUAL S CHEMA L OGICAL S CHEMA P HYSICAL D ESIGN I MPLEMENTATION E PILOGUE
    46. Final Relations CATEGORY COURSES SEM FEES STUDENT STUDENT FEES RECORD OTHER RECEIPTS DAILY FEES COLLECTION DD LIST FOREIGN CURRENCY REGISTER CASH BOOK STAFF EXPENDITURE EXPENDITURE HEAD VISTING FACULTY LEDGER SALARY SLIP INCOME TAX SLIP 17 Final Relations that are to be implemented. P ROLOGUE E XTERNAL S CHEMA C ONCEPTUAL S CHEMA L OGICAL S CHEMA P HYSICAL D ESIGN I MPLEMENTATION E PILOGUE
    47. Sample Indexes Entity : Daily Fees Collection Index : Date_DFC or ReceiptNumber Justification : It can be inferred that the transactions with this relation will take place in the serial order of the above attributes. Entity : Student Index : Roll Number Justification :The records of students are entered as per their roll numbers. The system will normally use the latest entry of the roll numbers. P ROLOGUE E XTERNAL S CHEMA C ONCEPTUAL S CHEMA L OGICAL S CHEMA P HYSICAL D ESIGN I MPLEMENTATION E PILOGUE
      • Snapshots of the working system
      • Hardware and Software Requirements
      Implementation P ROLOGUE E XTERNAL S CHEMA C ONCEPTUAL S CHEMA L OGICAL S CHEMA P HYSICAL D ESIGN I MPLEMENTATION E PILOGUE
    49. Implementation The splash screen The Login screen P ROLOGUE E XTERNAL S CHEMA C ONCEPTUAL S CHEMA L OGICAL S CHEMA P HYSICAL D ESIGN I MPLEMENTATION E PILOGUE
    50. Implementation The menu options after a successful login P ROLOGUE E XTERNAL S CHEMA C ONCEPTUAL S CHEMA L OGICAL S CHEMA P HYSICAL D ESIGN I MPLEMENTATION E PILOGUE
    51. Implementation The Fees collection P ROLOGUE E XTERNAL S CHEMA C ONCEPTUAL S CHEMA L OGICAL S CHEMA P HYSICAL D ESIGN I MPLEMENTATION E PILOGUE
    52. Implementation The Fees collection P ROLOGUE E XTERNAL S CHEMA C ONCEPTUAL S CHEMA L OGICAL S CHEMA P HYSICAL D ESIGN I MPLEMENTATION E PILOGUE
    53. Implementation P ROLOGUE E XTERNAL S CHEMA C ONCEPTUAL S CHEMA L OGICAL S CHEMA P HYSICAL D ESIGN I MPLEMENTATION E PILOGUE
    54. Implementation Reprint and Canceling P ROLOGUE E XTERNAL S CHEMA C ONCEPTUAL S CHEMA L OGICAL S CHEMA P HYSICAL D ESIGN I MPLEMENTATION E PILOGUE
    55. Implementation Student Record Entry P ROLOGUE E XTERNAL S CHEMA C ONCEPTUAL S CHEMA L OGICAL S CHEMA P HYSICAL D ESIGN I MPLEMENTATION E PILOGUE
    56. Implementation Fees information Entry P ROLOGUE E XTERNAL S CHEMA C ONCEPTUAL S CHEMA L OGICAL S CHEMA P HYSICAL D ESIGN I MPLEMENTATION E PILOGUE
    57. Implementation Fees Collection Report P ROLOGUE E XTERNAL S CHEMA C ONCEPTUAL S CHEMA L OGICAL S CHEMA P HYSICAL D ESIGN I MPLEMENTATION E PILOGUE
    58. Implementation Fees Collection Report P ROLOGUE E XTERNAL S CHEMA C ONCEPTUAL S CHEMA L OGICAL S CHEMA P HYSICAL D ESIGN I MPLEMENTATION E PILOGUE
    59. Implementation Fees Collection Report – Foreign Currency Report P ROLOGUE E XTERNAL S CHEMA C ONCEPTUAL S CHEMA L OGICAL S CHEMA P HYSICAL D ESIGN I MPLEMENTATION E PILOGUE
    60. Implementation P ROLOGUE E XTERNAL S CHEMA C ONCEPTUAL S CHEMA L OGICAL S CHEMA P HYSICAL D ESIGN I MPLEMENTATION E PILOGUE
    61. Implementation P ROLOGUE E XTERNAL S CHEMA C ONCEPTUAL S CHEMA L OGICAL S CHEMA P HYSICAL D ESIGN I MPLEMENTATION E PILOGUE
    62. Implementation P ROLOGUE E XTERNAL S CHEMA C ONCEPTUAL S CHEMA L OGICAL S CHEMA P HYSICAL D ESIGN I MPLEMENTATION E PILOGUE
    63. Implementation P ROLOGUE E XTERNAL S CHEMA C ONCEPTUAL S CHEMA L OGICAL S CHEMA P HYSICAL D ESIGN I MPLEMENTATION E PILOGUE
    64. Implementation P ROLOGUE E XTERNAL S CHEMA C ONCEPTUAL S CHEMA L OGICAL S CHEMA P HYSICAL D ESIGN I MPLEMENTATION E PILOGUE
    65. Implementation P ROLOGUE E XTERNAL S CHEMA C ONCEPTUAL S CHEMA L OGICAL S CHEMA P HYSICAL D ESIGN I MPLEMENTATION E PILOGUE
    66. Implementation P ROLOGUE E XTERNAL S CHEMA C ONCEPTUAL S CHEMA L OGICAL S CHEMA P HYSICAL D ESIGN I MPLEMENTATION E PILOGUE
    67. Implementation P ROLOGUE E XTERNAL S CHEMA C ONCEPTUAL S CHEMA L OGICAL S CHEMA P HYSICAL D ESIGN I MPLEMENTATION E PILOGUE
    68. Implementation P ROLOGUE E XTERNAL S CHEMA C ONCEPTUAL S CHEMA L OGICAL S CHEMA P HYSICAL D ESIGN I MPLEMENTATION E PILOGUE
    69. Implementation P ROLOGUE E XTERNAL S CHEMA C ONCEPTUAL S CHEMA L OGICAL S CHEMA P HYSICAL D ESIGN I MPLEMENTATION E PILOGUE
    70. Implementation P ROLOGUE E XTERNAL S CHEMA C ONCEPTUAL S CHEMA L OGICAL S CHEMA P HYSICAL D ESIGN I MPLEMENTATION E PILOGUE
    71. Implementation P ROLOGUE E XTERNAL S CHEMA C ONCEPTUAL S CHEMA L OGICAL S CHEMA P HYSICAL D ESIGN I MPLEMENTATION E PILOGUE
    72. Implementation P ROLOGUE E XTERNAL S CHEMA C ONCEPTUAL S CHEMA L OGICAL S CHEMA P HYSICAL D ESIGN I MPLEMENTATION E PILOGUE
    73. Implementation P ROLOGUE E XTERNAL S CHEMA C ONCEPTUAL S CHEMA L OGICAL S CHEMA P HYSICAL D ESIGN I MPLEMENTATION E PILOGUE
    74. Implementation P ROLOGUE E XTERNAL S CHEMA C ONCEPTUAL S CHEMA L OGICAL S CHEMA P HYSICAL D ESIGN I MPLEMENTATION E PILOGUE
    75. Implementation P ROLOGUE E XTERNAL S CHEMA C ONCEPTUAL S CHEMA L OGICAL S CHEMA P HYSICAL D ESIGN I MPLEMENTATION E PILOGUE
    76. Implementation P ROLOGUE E XTERNAL S CHEMA C ONCEPTUAL S CHEMA L OGICAL S CHEMA P HYSICAL D ESIGN I MPLEMENTATION E PILOGUE
    77. Implementation P ROLOGUE E XTERNAL S CHEMA C ONCEPTUAL S CHEMA L OGICAL S CHEMA P HYSICAL D ESIGN I MPLEMENTATION E PILOGUE
    78. Implementation P ROLOGUE E XTERNAL S CHEMA C ONCEPTUAL S CHEMA L OGICAL S CHEMA P HYSICAL D ESIGN I MPLEMENTATION E PILOGUE
    79. Implementation P ROLOGUE E XTERNAL S CHEMA C ONCEPTUAL S CHEMA L OGICAL S CHEMA P HYSICAL D ESIGN I MPLEMENTATION E PILOGUE
    80. Implementation P ROLOGUE E XTERNAL S CHEMA C ONCEPTUAL S CHEMA L OGICAL S CHEMA P HYSICAL D ESIGN I MPLEMENTATION E PILOGUE
    81. Implementation P ROLOGUE E XTERNAL S CHEMA C ONCEPTUAL S CHEMA L OGICAL S CHEMA P HYSICAL D ESIGN I MPLEMENTATION E PILOGUE
      • Intel Pentium 3 1 GHz
      • 128 MB RAM
      • 20 GB Hard Disk Drive
      • other standard Components
      • Microsoft Windows 2000 Professional
      • Oracle 8i Enterprise Edition
      • Microsoft Visual Basic 6.0 Enterprise Edition
      • Microsoft Word 2000
      • Microsoft PowerPoint 2000
      Hardware and Software Requirements P ROLOGUE E XTERNAL S CHEMA C ONCEPTUAL S CHEMA L OGICAL S CHEMA P HYSICAL D ESIGN I MPLEMENTATION E PILOGUE
      • Preprinted Stationary – Rs. 3000 /-* ( for 6 months )
      • Blank Stationary – approx. Rs. 300 /-* per month
      • Manpower – already existent
      • Other costs - negligible
      Cost vs. Benefit OPERATIONAL COSTS
      • Approx Rs. 1 cr.* deposited one month earlier.
      • Interest savings (earnings ?) for 6 months
      • = 1cr. * 10% * 1/12
      • = approx. Rs. 88,000 /-* approx.
      BENEFITS Total = Rs. 4,800/-* Total = Rs. 88,000 /-* FIXED COSTS
      • Computer – Rs. 50,000 /-*
      • Printer – Rs. 12,000 /-*
      BENEFIT IN 1 st YEAR = 1,76,000 – 71600 = 1,04,400 /-* BENEFIT IN 2nd YEAR onwards =1,76,000 –9600 = 1,66,400/-* * Monetary values are approximate and may not correspond with actuals. P ROLOGUE E XTERNAL S CHEMA C ONCEPTUAL S CHEMA L OGICAL S CHEMA P HYSICAL D ESIGN I MPLEMENTATION E PILOGUE
    84. Other Benefits ‘ My job has been made easier. I don’t have to do same entry n number of times’ - Bhupendra Verma , Accountant ‘ This is the first time that I can exactly state how much fees has been collected on a daily basis and I know that there are three students as of now who have not paid their fees till date’ - Dr. A. K. Ramani , Director ‘ Receipt looks nice’ - Vivek Thakore , MCA X Sem ‘ It’s good to know that something that we have done is of benefit to our institute.’ - Jyandeep Tripathi and Vijyendra , Development Team P ROLOGUE E XTERNAL S CHEMA C ONCEPTUAL S CHEMA L OGICAL S CHEMA P HYSICAL D ESIGN I MPLEMENTATION E PILOGUE
        • Payment of fees through various counters – seems nice, but does the current system require it ?
        • Data Warehousing and Implementation for Decision Support Systems
        • Mobile Version Implementation – let parents know whether their wards have paid the fees or not . Depends on technological advancement. A far fetched idea.
        • Providing a web based interface for depositing fees as well as viewing other financial information.
      Future Enhancements and known issues P ROLOGUE E XTERNAL S CHEMA C ONCEPTUAL S CHEMA L OGICAL S CHEMA P HYSICAL D ESIGN I MPLEMENTATION E PILOGUE
    86. References
      • Understanding SQL
      • By Martin Gruber
      • Sybex BPB Publications
      • ISBN : 81-7029-644-7
      • Oracle 8 The Complete Reference
      • By George Koch , Kevin Loney
      • Tata McGraw Hill ( Oracle Press Edition )
      • ISBN : 00-7463-229-9
      • Database Systems Concepts ( Third Edition )
      • By Abraham Silberschatz , Henry F. Korth , S. Sudarshan
      • The McGraw Hill Companies Inc.
      • ISBN : 00-7044-756-X
      • Mastering Visual Basic
      • Evangelos Petrousos
      • BPB Sybex Publications
      • ISBN : 81-7656-031-6
      • Modern Database Management ( Fifth Edition )
      • By Fred R. McFadden , Jeffrey A. Hoffer , Mary B. Prescott
      • Addison Wesley Longman , Pearson Education Asia
      • ISBN : 81-7808-085-0
      • Accounting information Systems
      • By Martin Gruber
      • Sybex BPB Publications
      • ISBN : 81-7029-644-7
      • Interaction with the accounts department personnel , staff members and students of the institute.
      P ROLOGUE E XTERNAL S CHEMA C ONCEPTUAL S CHEMA L OGICAL S CHEMA P HYSICAL D ESIGN I MPLEMENTATION E PILOGUE
      • Always commit to what the user wants – you may have a better and technically more sound idea, but customer is the king.
      • Avoid Scope Creep. – know the requirements beforehand and have a sign off before developing the product.
      • Find if training is to be provided – develop help manuals and delegate this task to someone who can do it better.
      • Have a good knowledge of the tools that are anticipated to be used in the software development.
      • ,etc.
      Lessons Learned P ROLOGUE E XTERNAL S CHEMA C ONCEPTUAL S CHEMA L OGICAL S CHEMA P HYSICAL D ESIGN I MPLEMENTATION E PILOGUE
    88. Skills Discussion
      • After successfully implementing Database Projects , the following skills can be said to have been developed
        • Business Systems Understanding ( knowing that a change is required and it will be a positive change) .
        • Business Systems Modeling ( understanding the current systems, understanding the alterations / modifications and properly documenting the proposed system )
        • Using computer based tools to map the business model
        • Overseeing the implementation
        • Providing training to personnel
      • Additional skills attained
        • Project Management Skills.
        • Intelligence , tact , communications , etc.
        • Proper understanding of the tools that will be used for developing the system
        • The art of making the consumer happy.
      P ROLOGUE E XTERNAL S CHEMA C ONCEPTUAL S CHEMA L OGICAL S CHEMA P HYSICAL D ESIGN I MPLEMENTATION E PILOGUE
    89. Thank You International Institute of Professional Studies Devi Ahilya University Khandwa Road Campus, Indore – 452001, M.P., India www.davv.ac.in http:// dauniv.ac.in www.iips.edu [email_address]
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