1. FLUID AND
ELECTROLYTES

2. FLUID VOLUME DEFICIT

DEHYDRATION OCCURS WHEN
THE FLUID INTAKE IS NOT
SUFFICIENT TO MEET THE
FLUID NEEDS OF THE BODY.
 IT IS ALSO KNOWN AS
HYPOVOLEMIA .

3. CAUSES
 INADEQUATE INTAKE OF
FLUIDS AND SOLUTES.
 CHRONIC ILLNESS
 RENAL FAILURE
 CHRONIC MALNUTRITIONS

4. FLUID VOLUME
EXCESS

5. DEFINITION
 FLUID INTAKE OR FLIUD
RETENTION EXCEEDS THE FLUID
NEEDS OF THE BODY.

6. CAUSES
 INADEQUATE CONTROLLED
IV THERAPY.
 RENAL FAILURE
 LONG-TERM CORTICOSTERIOD
THERAPY

7. ASSESSMENT
 FLUID VOLUME  FLUID VOLUME
DEFICIT EXCESS
 CARDIOVASCUL 
AR CARDIOVASCULA
 THREADY, R
INCREASED  BOUNDING,
PULSE RATE. INCREASED
PULSE RATE.
 DECREASED
BLOOD PRESSURE  ELEVATED
BLOOD PRESSURE

8. ASSESSMENT
 CARDIOVASCULAR  CARDIOVASCULA
R
 FLAT NECK AND
HAND VEINS
 DISTENDED NECK
VEINS
 DYSRHTHMIAS
 DYSRHTYMIAS
 DECREASED CVP
 DECREASED CVP

9. RESPIRATORY
 INCREASED RATE  INCREASED RATE
AND DEPTH OF AND DEPTH OF
RESPIRATION RESPIRATION
(SHALLOW)
 DYSPNOEA  DYSPNOEA
 MOIST CRACKLES
ON
AUSCULTATION

10. NEUROMUSCULAR
 DECREASED CNS  ALTERED LEVEL
ACTIVITY OF
CONSCIOUSNESS
 SKELETAL  SKELETAL
MUSCLE MUSCLE
WEAKNESS WEAKNES
 PARAESTHESIS

11. RENAL SYSTEM
 INCREASED
 DECREASED
URINE OUTPUT
URINE OUTPUT

12. INTEGUMENTRY

 DRY SKIN  PITTING EDEMA
 POOR TURGIDITY
 DRY MOUTH, DRY
MUCOUS MEMBRANE  PALE, COOL

13. GASTROINTESTINAL
 DECREASED  INCREASED
MOTILITY
MOTILITY
 CONSTIPATION
 DIARRHEA
 DECREASED BODY  INCREASED BODY
WEIGHT WEIGHT

14. LABORTARY FINDINGS
 INCREASED OSMOLALITY  DECREASED
OSMOLALITY
 INCREASED SERUM  DECREASED SERUM
SODIUM LEVEL SODIUM LEVEL
 INCREASED BUN LEVEL  DECREASED BUN LEVEL
 INCREASED URINE
SPECIFIC GRAVITY  DECREASED URINARY
SPECIFIC GRAVITY