SlideShare a Scribd company logo
1 of 30
Download to read offline
Agricultural Extension
Unit -1
Introduction to Agricultural Extension
B.Sc Agriculture II
Extension Education
Definition and Concepts:
The term extension was first used in the United States of
America in the first decade of this century to con notes the extension of
knowledge from land grant colleges to the farmers through the process of
informal education.
In India, extension work was primarily started by F.L.
Brayne (1920) in Punjab the term community development and extension
education became more popular with the launching of community
development projects in 1952 and with the establishment of the national
extension service in 1953, Since then, community Development has been
regarded as a programme for all-round development of the rural people and
extension education as the means to achieve this objective
Definition and Concepts:
1. Extension Education deals with practical items of information which is
useful for rural people which solve their daily problems, specially those
relations to agricultural production. (Thorat)
2. Extension Education is an integral behavioral science which contributes
towards the understanding and formulation of methods and procedures for
bringing planned change in human behavior.
3. Extension education is education for the betterment of people and for
changing their behavior i.e. knowledge, skill and attitude.
4. Extension education is the dissemination of useful research findings and
ideas among rural people to bring out desirable changes in their social and
cultural behavior.
6. Extension education in an applied behavioral science, the knowledge of which is
to be applied for desirable changes in the behavioral complex of the people.
7. Extension is an education and its purpose is to change the attitude and its purpose
is to change the attitude and practices of the people with whom the work is done.
8. Extension education is a science which deals with various strategies of change in
the behavioral patterns of human beings through technological and scientific
innovation for the improvement of their standard of living.
9. Extension is to teach a person how to think, not what to think, and to teach
people, to determine accurately their own needs to find solution to their own
problems and to help them acquire knowledge and develop convictions in that
direction.
10. Extension is an out-of school system of education in which adults and young
people learn by doing. It is a partnership between government, the land grant
colleges and the people, which provider services and education designed to meet the
needs of the people
Importance of Extension Education:
1. Extension uses democratic methods in educating the farmers.
2. Extension helps in adoption of innovations.
3. Extension helps in studying and solving the rural problems.
4. Extension increases farm yields and improve the standard of living
of farmers.
5. Extension makes good communities better and progressive.
6. Extension contributes to national development programmers.
Importance and Scope of Extension Education
Scope of Extension Education
It includes all activities of rural development. So extension programmers
should be dynamic and flexible. The areas indicating scope of Extension
are listed below:
1. Increasing efficiency in agricultural production.
2. Increasing efficiency in marketing, distribution and utilization of
agricultural inputs and outputs.
3. Conservation, development and use of natural resources.
4. Proper farm and home management.
5. Better family living.
6. Youth development
7. Leadership development.
8. Community and rural development.
9. Improving public affairs for all round development.
Objectives of Extension Education
Objectives:
1. To raise the standard of living of the rural people by helping them in
right use of their resources.
2. To help in planning and implementing the family and village plans for
increasing production in various occupations.
3. To provide facilities for better family living.
Specific Objectives
1. To provide knowledge and help for better management of farms and increase
income.
2. To encourage the farmers to grow his own food, eat well and live well.
3. To promote better social, natural, recreational, intellectual and spiritual life
among the people.
4. To help rural families in better appreciation of SWOT in their village.
5. To open new opportunities for developing talents and leadership of rural
people.
6. To build rural citizens who are:
i) Proud of their occupation.
ii) Independent in thinking.
iii) Constructive in outlook.
iv) Capable, efficient and self-reliant in character.
v) Having love of home and country in their heart.
Principles of Extension Education
Principles:
A principle is a statement of policy to guide decision and action in a consistent
manner (Mathews).
A principle is a universal truth that has been observed and found to be truth and
a settled rule of action.
The principles of extension education are given hereunder:
1. Principle of cultural difference:
1. People differ in thinking, living and culture.
2. Extension education methods should be in line with these differences.
3. It is difficult to recognize non-material culture than material culture.
4. The blue print of extension programme for one area may not suit to other
areas.
5. Changes will have to be made in the programmes according to changing
situations.
2. Principle of cultural change:
1. Culture undergoes change due to extension.
2. Change occurs otherwise also.
3. Extension Workers should gain the confidence of people.
4. Extension workers should organize result demonstration.
5. After increasing production, the Extension workers should concentrate on
marketing.
6. Extension workers have to change to meet the cultural changes among the
people.
3. Principle of grass-root organization:
1. Extension workers should pay attention to all the groups’ needs and interests.
2. Imposed innovations have no relevance to groups.
3. People will accept the innovations only when they find those useful.
4. Principle of interests and needs:
1. People and extension workers should work together.
2. Co-operation and help of each other needed for social upliftment.
5. Principle of interests and needs:
1. People should voluntarily participate.
2. Work should start from interests and needs of people.
3. Fulfillment of needs create interests.
4. First concentrate on felt needs and then develop felt needs.
6. Principle of participation:
1. Attachment will not develop by offering ready made things.
2. Participation develops leadership and increases confidence.
3. Involving leaders increases people’s participation.
7. Principle of adaptability in the use of teaching methods:
1. People differ in knowledge and understanding.
2. Method should vary accordingly.
3. Use of more than one method is beneficial.
4. If needed new methods must be devised to meet new situations.
8. Principle of leadership:
1. Extension workers should utilize local leadership for increasing speed of
work.
2. Identification, training and encouragement of leaders is necessary.
9. Principle trained specialists:
1. Agricultural and other sciences are developing speedily.
2. Maintaining competency in any of these sciences is a continuous process.
3. Without specialist’s support the extension cannot strive.
4. SMS is responsible to solve the extension workers problems.
5. Subjects Matter Specialist (SMS) is a link between research and application
of research.
6. SMS should have broad outlook and be well versed.
10. Principle of satisfaction:
1. The extension programme should give satisfaction to the people.
2. People will not participate if they do not get satisfaction.
11. Principle of whole family approach:
1. Extension work should reach all the family members.
2. Neglecting any member may result in rejection of innovations e.g.
Hybrid maize in U.P.
12. Principle of evaluation:
1. Determining the research results in unbiased way is necessary.
2. Intermittent review of progress is necessary.
3. Corrective measures are needed if the direction is found wrong
4. Behavioural changes should be measured.
5. Evaluation helps in improving the quality of work.
13. Principle of applied Science and Democracy:
1. People have freedom to accept or reject the technology.
2. Applied agricultural Science is a two way process.
There is no universally accepted definition of
rural development. The term is used in different ways in vastly
divergent contexts. As a concept, it connotes overall development of
rural areas with a view to improve the quality of life rural people. As a
phenomenon, it is the result of various physical, technological,
economic, socio-cultural and institutional factors. As a discipline, it is
multi-disciplinary in nature representing an intersection of agricultural,
social, behavioural and management of sciences.
In short, rural development is a process that aims at improving the
standard of living of the people living in the rural areas.
Rural development may be defined as overall development of rural
areas to improve the quality of life of rural people. It is an integrated
process, which includes social, economical, political and spiritual
development of the poorer sections of the society.
What is Rural Development
Rural development can be defined as, helping rural people set
the priorities in their own communities through effective and democratic
bodies, by providing the local capacity; investment in basic infrastructure and
social services, justice, equity and security, dealing with the injustices of the
past and ensuring safety and security of the rural population, especially that of
women.
According to Robert chambers, rural development is a
strategy to enable a specific group of people, poor rural women and men, to
gain for themselves, and their children more of what they want and need. It
involves helping the poorest among those who seek a livelihood in the rural
areas to demand and control more of the benefits of rural development. The
group includes small scale farmers, tenants and the landless.
Thus, the term rural development may be used to imply any
one of the above-mentioned connotations. The avoid ineffective floundering
among the myriad definitions, we shall define rural development as A Process
leading to sustainable improvement in the quality of life of rural people,
specially the poor.
Objectives of Rural Development
1. Changes in what people know their knowledge of themselves of
their society and of their physical environment.
2. Changes in what people can do their skills, mental and physical.
3. Changes in what people think and feel their attitude towards
themselves towards their society and towards their physical
environment.
4. Changes in what people actually do their actions related to factors
determining their own welfare.
As we know the 60-70% of rural population in India lives
in primitive conditions. This sorry state exists even after 60 years of
independence. So that Rural Development programmes have urgency in
the present condition also.
There are many obstacles in the rural development
programmes which are as under
1. In 21st Century, there is no electricity supply in many villages.
2. Now also many rural peoples using primitive methods of cooking, living
and farming and they have trust on these methods.
3. By using primitive cook stoves, around 300,000 death / year takes plan
due to pollution.
4. 54% of India’s population is below 25 years and most of them live in
rural areas with very little employment opportunities.
Problems in Rural Development
5. Literacy is the major problem in rural development programme.
6. The poor extension linkage causes slow growth of rural
development.
7. Untrained, unskilled, inexperienced staff in extension linkage
cannot provide satisfactory help to rural peoples.
8. Every one want to go to the cities, so that rural people’s remains
as ignores part by the policy makers also.
9. Privatization concept is useful for rural development but,
government not praying much attention to this aspect.
10. Policy makes prepared policies, programmes for betterment of
rural people but, if these programmes are not implemented very well
then have no used.
Improvement in the quality of life of rural people is
the important agenda of rural development programme. In India –
a country where the number of people living in rural areas, rural
development programme is necessary aspect.
Rural development implies both the economic
betterment of people as well as greater social transformation. The
basic objective of all rural development endeavors / programmes
has been the welfare of the millions. In order to achieve this,
planned attempts have been made to eliminate poverty, ignorance
and inequality of opportunities. A wide spectrum of programmes
has been undertaken so far, to alleviate rural poverty and ensure
improved quality of life for the rural population especially those
below the poverty line.
Importance of Rural Development
In the initial phase of planned rural development, the
concentration was on sectors of agriculture industry, communication,
education and health. The Ministry of Rural Development places
importance now on health, education, drinking water, housing and road so
that the quality of life in rural areas improves and the fruit of economic
reform are shared by all sections of the society.
With time and experience, it is realized that accelerated
and meaningful development can be achieved only if people of the grass
root are involved, “people’s participation” has become the keyword in
rural development programmes. The participation of the people is
necessary to provide the rural people with better prospects for economic
development
Shriniketan Attempt
Methods to Achieve the Objectives:
1. Creating a spirit of self help.
2. Developing village leadership.
3. Organizing village scouts called “Brati Balika”.
Activities:
1. Demonstrations on farmers’ fields.
2. Dairy to supply pure milk and animals to farmers or breeding.
3. Poultry farm.
4. Training and organizing the weavers.
5. Training in tanning, pottery, embroidery, tailoring etc.
6. Film shows, meetings, village meals.
Short Comings:
1. Too much emphasis on ‘Center’.
2. Confined to limited villages.
3.Tagore’s interest in ‘idea’ catching on.
This project was started by Mr. Spencer Hatch, an American Agricultural
Expert in Travancore State under the auspices of Y.M.C.A. in 1921.
Objectives:
1. To bring about completed upward development towards a more
abundant life for rural people spiritually, mentally, physically, socially
and economically.
Activities:
1. Self help with intimate expert counsel working principles of the centre.
2. Agriculture.
3. Cottage Industries.
4. Community projects.
5. Bee Keeping.
7. Poultry Keeping etc.
Marathandam Attempt
Strong Points:
1. Special training of staff, their enthusiasm and sincerity was
developed.
2. A comprehensive plan.
3. Started with the existing conditions.
4. Low cost.
Short Comings:
1. Lack of adequate funds.
2. Lack of Government banking.
3. Lack of continuous contacts with the villagers.
4. Religious standing of the institution.
Rural uplift movement on a mass scale was first
started by Mr. F.I. Brayne, Dy. Commissioner in the Gurgaon district of
Punjab in 1920. The work gathered momentum after 1933 when Mr. Brayne
was appointed as Commissioner of Rural Reconstruction in the Punjab. In
1935-36, the Government of India granted Rs. One crore for the work which
acted as a stimulus. After that the work was transferred to the Cooperative
Department and Better Living Societies were organized to take up this work
in the villages.
Objectives:
1. To increase agricultural production.
2. To stop wastage of money on social and religious functions.
3. To improve healthy standard of the people.
4. To organize welfare programmes.
Gurgaon Experiment
Activities:
1. Appointment of village guides.
2. Propaganda through films, folk songs, dramas etc.
3. Rural Economics and domestic Economics Schools.
Short Comings:
1. A one man show.
2. Village guides were un-experienced and untrained.
3. No comprehensive planning.
4. No continuity in the work.
5. Limited to few villages.
6. Force not persuasion.
Gandhian Constructive Programme / Sewagram:
Self contained and self sufficient village life was the dream of
Gandhiji. He was aware about the grassroots’ problems of India, rural set up
and he wanted to solve these problems without intervention of any outside
agency. He wanted to solve these problems by local people and through local
resources. People know Gandhiji not only as a Mahatma or political agitator,
but also as a social and economic reformer. He made people to understand that
India lives in villages and that the common man’s upliftment is the upliftment
of the country.
Regarding development work in the country, he emphasized
that the “salvation of India lies in cottage industries.” They key-words of his
economy are: -Decentralized production and equal distribution of wealth
Self-sufficiency of Indian villages.
For equal distribution of wealth, cruel process of extermination was not
followed but throughout the heart of the owners by persuasion and appeal to
the better sense of man.
According to him self-sufficiency of Indian villages can be
achieved by eradicating middlemen, so that the farmer could get the full
price for his produce. He wanted that the tiller should be able to consume
his own products like fruits, milk, vegetables etc. Only then will come up the
true India.
For better of people he formulated an 18 point programme,
which includes the promotion of village industries, basic and adult education
rural sanitation, uplift of backward tribes, uplift of women, education in
public health and hygiene, propagation of natural language, love for the
mother tongue, economic equality, organization of kisans, labour and
students and so on.
He wants to make villagers self-sufficient and also want to
develop stamina which is useful against oppression and injustice. The
important institutions, which were organized to foster his ideas were; all
India Spinner Association, All India Village Industries Association, Gandhi
Ashram at Tiruchungodi, Gandhi Niketan at Kallupatti, Gandhi Gram at
Dindigal, Gandhi Sewa Sadan at Porur (Malawar), Kasturba Ashram in
Trichr, Kerala. Truly speaking, the Gandhian constrictive Programme was
became big institutions and simple ideas became philosophies.
His emphasis on Khadi became the Charka movement
and then, the All India Khadi a Village Industries Board. His thought,
against untouchability and caste system, resulted in the organization of
Harijan Sewak Sangh and many like this. He created leaders like Vinoba
Bhave, Nehru, Jayaprakash Narayan, Mira Ben etc. who came form
common stock, but got inspiration from Gandhi.
Web References:
1. Agri info.in
2. ICAR e-courses

More Related Content

What's hot

ICTs for Agriculture Extension
ICTs for Agriculture ExtensionICTs for Agriculture Extension
ICTs for Agriculture ExtensionDr. S.R. Verma
 
Basics of extension and its role in agricultural
Basics of extension and its role in agriculturalBasics of extension and its role in agricultural
Basics of extension and its role in agriculturalRajinderKaurKalra
 
Importance of agriculture extension A Lecture By Mr Allah Dad Khan
Importance of agriculture extension A Lecture By Mr Allah Dad KhanImportance of agriculture extension A Lecture By Mr Allah Dad Khan
Importance of agriculture extension A Lecture By Mr Allah Dad KhanMr.Allah Dad Khan
 
Extension approaches
Extension approachesExtension approaches
Extension approachesMarxism
 
Dimensions of Agricultural Extension
Dimensions of Agricultural Extension Dimensions of Agricultural Extension
Dimensions of Agricultural Extension Lokesh Waran
 
Fundamentals of Agricultural Extension Education
Fundamentals of Agricultural Extension Education Fundamentals of Agricultural Extension Education
Fundamentals of Agricultural Extension Education surendra kumar rai
 
Privatization of agriculture extension
Privatization of          agriculture  extensionPrivatization of          agriculture  extension
Privatization of agriculture extensionSouravKar23
 
Extension programme planning
Extension programme planningExtension programme planning
Extension programme planningJyothi P
 
Training and visit system
Training and visit systemTraining and visit system
Training and visit systemmahrukh4549
 
Training to extension personnel and farmers
Training to extension personnel and farmersTraining to extension personnel and farmers
Training to extension personnel and farmersSakthivel R
 
B Sc agri II Agricultural Extansion Unit 3 Agricultural Development Programmes
B Sc agri II Agricultural Extansion Unit 3 Agricultural  Development ProgrammesB Sc agri II Agricultural Extansion Unit 3 Agricultural  Development Programmes
B Sc agri II Agricultural Extansion Unit 3 Agricultural Development ProgrammesRai University
 
Principles of Extension Education
 Principles of Extension Education  Principles of Extension Education
Principles of Extension Education bp singh
 

What's hot (20)

ICTs for Agriculture Extension
ICTs for Agriculture ExtensionICTs for Agriculture Extension
ICTs for Agriculture Extension
 
Motivation
MotivationMotivation
Motivation
 
Basics of extension and its role in agricultural
Basics of extension and its role in agriculturalBasics of extension and its role in agricultural
Basics of extension and its role in agricultural
 
Extension system in India
Extension system in IndiaExtension system in India
Extension system in India
 
extension teaching
extension teaching extension teaching
extension teaching
 
Farmer led extension
Farmer led extensionFarmer led extension
Farmer led extension
 
Importance of agriculture extension A Lecture By Mr Allah Dad Khan
Importance of agriculture extension A Lecture By Mr Allah Dad KhanImportance of agriculture extension A Lecture By Mr Allah Dad Khan
Importance of agriculture extension A Lecture By Mr Allah Dad Khan
 
Extension approaches
Extension approachesExtension approaches
Extension approaches
 
Cyber Extension
Cyber ExtensionCyber Extension
Cyber Extension
 
Farming systems research
Farming systems researchFarming systems research
Farming systems research
 
Extension education
Extension educationExtension education
Extension education
 
Dimensions of Agricultural Extension
Dimensions of Agricultural Extension Dimensions of Agricultural Extension
Dimensions of Agricultural Extension
 
Fundamentals of Agricultural Extension Education
Fundamentals of Agricultural Extension Education Fundamentals of Agricultural Extension Education
Fundamentals of Agricultural Extension Education
 
RURAL LEADERSHIP.pptx
RURAL LEADERSHIP.pptxRURAL LEADERSHIP.pptx
RURAL LEADERSHIP.pptx
 
Privatization of agriculture extension
Privatization of          agriculture  extensionPrivatization of          agriculture  extension
Privatization of agriculture extension
 
Extension programme planning
Extension programme planningExtension programme planning
Extension programme planning
 
Training and visit system
Training and visit systemTraining and visit system
Training and visit system
 
Training to extension personnel and farmers
Training to extension personnel and farmersTraining to extension personnel and farmers
Training to extension personnel and farmers
 
B Sc agri II Agricultural Extansion Unit 3 Agricultural Development Programmes
B Sc agri II Agricultural Extansion Unit 3 Agricultural  Development ProgrammesB Sc agri II Agricultural Extansion Unit 3 Agricultural  Development Programmes
B Sc agri II Agricultural Extansion Unit 3 Agricultural Development Programmes
 
Principles of Extension Education
 Principles of Extension Education  Principles of Extension Education
Principles of Extension Education
 

Similar to B Sc Agri II Agricultural Extansion Unit 1 Introduction To Agricultural Extension

Post Independent programme firka development, etawah pilot project, nilokheri...
Post Independent programmefirka development, etawah pilot project, nilokheri...Post Independent programmefirka development, etawah pilot project, nilokheri...
Post Independent programme firka development, etawah pilot project, nilokheri...GBPUA&T, Pantnagar
 
community development programme
community development programmecommunity development programme
community development programmeDr.Swati Sucharita
 
Dimensions of Agricultural Extension: Prepaired by Basvraj L Pisure
Dimensions of Agricultural Extension:  Prepaired by Basvraj L PisureDimensions of Agricultural Extension:  Prepaired by Basvraj L Pisure
Dimensions of Agricultural Extension: Prepaired by Basvraj L PisureBasvraj Pisure
 
B Sc Agri II Agricultural Extansion Unit 2 Agricultural Development Programmes
B Sc Agri II Agricultural Extansion Unit 2 Agricultural  Development ProgrammesB Sc Agri II Agricultural Extansion Unit 2 Agricultural  Development Programmes
B Sc Agri II Agricultural Extansion Unit 2 Agricultural Development ProgrammesRai University
 
Fundamentals of Rural Development_Unit I.pdf
Fundamentals of Rural Development_Unit I.pdfFundamentals of Rural Development_Unit I.pdf
Fundamentals of Rural Development_Unit I.pdfMangeshBhople
 
ruraldevelpmentppt-210116174820.pdf
ruraldevelpmentppt-210116174820.pdfruraldevelpmentppt-210116174820.pdf
ruraldevelpmentppt-210116174820.pdfAdarshSingh934911
 
Terminology, concept, level of extension education
Terminology, concept, level of extension educationTerminology, concept, level of extension education
Terminology, concept, level of extension educationbp singh
 
Concept of extension education
Concept of extension educationConcept of extension education
Concept of extension educationRajinderKaurKalra
 
Community development principles then and now
Community development principles then and nowCommunity development principles then and now
Community development principles then and nowMerlyn Denesia
 
Sample ngo project objectives
Sample ngo project objectivesSample ngo project objectives
Sample ngo project objectivesKaushik Chaudhury
 
Sustainable Development Social Welfare Dev
Sustainable Development Social Welfare DevSustainable Development Social Welfare Dev
Sustainable Development Social Welfare DevGolden Success College
 
Social Welfare Social Development and Sustainable DEv
Social Welfare Social Development and Sustainable DEvSocial Welfare Social Development and Sustainable DEv
Social Welfare Social Development and Sustainable DEvGolden Success College
 
STRENGTHENING PARTNERSHIP WITH COMMUNITY IN THE NEW NORMAL.pptx
STRENGTHENING PARTNERSHIP WITH COMMUNITY IN THE NEW NORMAL.pptxSTRENGTHENING PARTNERSHIP WITH COMMUNITY IN THE NEW NORMAL.pptx
STRENGTHENING PARTNERSHIP WITH COMMUNITY IN THE NEW NORMAL.pptxBenedickBuendia1
 

Similar to B Sc Agri II Agricultural Extansion Unit 1 Introduction To Agricultural Extension (20)

Post Independent programme firka development, etawah pilot project, nilokheri...
Post Independent programmefirka development, etawah pilot project, nilokheri...Post Independent programmefirka development, etawah pilot project, nilokheri...
Post Independent programme firka development, etawah pilot project, nilokheri...
 
Extension ppt icar jrf exam
Extension ppt icar jrf examExtension ppt icar jrf exam
Extension ppt icar jrf exam
 
Lecture-3.pptx
Lecture-3.pptxLecture-3.pptx
Lecture-3.pptx
 
community development programme
community development programmecommunity development programme
community development programme
 
education (1).pptx
education (1).pptxeducation (1).pptx
education (1).pptx
 
Dimensions of Agricultural Extension: Prepaired by Basvraj L Pisure
Dimensions of Agricultural Extension:  Prepaired by Basvraj L PisureDimensions of Agricultural Extension:  Prepaired by Basvraj L Pisure
Dimensions of Agricultural Extension: Prepaired by Basvraj L Pisure
 
Rural immersion dr.tk-ppt-2
Rural immersion   dr.tk-ppt-2Rural immersion   dr.tk-ppt-2
Rural immersion dr.tk-ppt-2
 
Extension education iof pokhara
Extension education iof pokharaExtension education iof pokhara
Extension education iof pokhara
 
B Sc Agri II Agricultural Extansion Unit 2 Agricultural Development Programmes
B Sc Agri II Agricultural Extansion Unit 2 Agricultural  Development ProgrammesB Sc Agri II Agricultural Extansion Unit 2 Agricultural  Development Programmes
B Sc Agri II Agricultural Extansion Unit 2 Agricultural Development Programmes
 
Fundamentals of Rural Development_Unit I.pdf
Fundamentals of Rural Development_Unit I.pdfFundamentals of Rural Development_Unit I.pdf
Fundamentals of Rural Development_Unit I.pdf
 
ruraldevelpmentppt-210116174820.pdf
ruraldevelpmentppt-210116174820.pdfruraldevelpmentppt-210116174820.pdf
ruraldevelpmentppt-210116174820.pdf
 
Extension education
Extension education Extension education
Extension education
 
Terminology, concept, level of extension education
Terminology, concept, level of extension educationTerminology, concept, level of extension education
Terminology, concept, level of extension education
 
Concept of extension education
Concept of extension educationConcept of extension education
Concept of extension education
 
Community development principles then and now
Community development principles then and nowCommunity development principles then and now
Community development principles then and now
 
Education
EducationEducation
Education
 
Sample ngo project objectives
Sample ngo project objectivesSample ngo project objectives
Sample ngo project objectives
 
Sustainable Development Social Welfare Dev
Sustainable Development Social Welfare DevSustainable Development Social Welfare Dev
Sustainable Development Social Welfare Dev
 
Social Welfare Social Development and Sustainable DEv
Social Welfare Social Development and Sustainable DEvSocial Welfare Social Development and Sustainable DEv
Social Welfare Social Development and Sustainable DEv
 
STRENGTHENING PARTNERSHIP WITH COMMUNITY IN THE NEW NORMAL.pptx
STRENGTHENING PARTNERSHIP WITH COMMUNITY IN THE NEW NORMAL.pptxSTRENGTHENING PARTNERSHIP WITH COMMUNITY IN THE NEW NORMAL.pptx
STRENGTHENING PARTNERSHIP WITH COMMUNITY IN THE NEW NORMAL.pptx
 

More from Rai University

Brochure Rai University
Brochure Rai University Brochure Rai University
Brochure Rai University Rai University
 
Bdft ii, tmt, unit-iii, dyeing & types of dyeing,
Bdft ii, tmt, unit-iii,  dyeing & types of dyeing,Bdft ii, tmt, unit-iii,  dyeing & types of dyeing,
Bdft ii, tmt, unit-iii, dyeing & types of dyeing,Rai University
 
Bsc agri 2 pae u-4.4 publicrevenue-presentation-130208082149-phpapp02
Bsc agri  2 pae  u-4.4 publicrevenue-presentation-130208082149-phpapp02Bsc agri  2 pae  u-4.4 publicrevenue-presentation-130208082149-phpapp02
Bsc agri 2 pae u-4.4 publicrevenue-presentation-130208082149-phpapp02Rai University
 
Bsc agri 2 pae u-4.3 public expenditure
Bsc agri  2 pae  u-4.3 public expenditureBsc agri  2 pae  u-4.3 public expenditure
Bsc agri 2 pae u-4.3 public expenditureRai University
 
Bsc agri 2 pae u-4.2 public finance
Bsc agri  2 pae  u-4.2 public financeBsc agri  2 pae  u-4.2 public finance
Bsc agri 2 pae u-4.2 public financeRai University
 
Bsc agri 2 pae u-4.1 introduction
Bsc agri  2 pae  u-4.1 introductionBsc agri  2 pae  u-4.1 introduction
Bsc agri 2 pae u-4.1 introductionRai University
 
Bsc agri 2 pae u-3.3 inflation
Bsc agri  2 pae  u-3.3  inflationBsc agri  2 pae  u-3.3  inflation
Bsc agri 2 pae u-3.3 inflationRai University
 
Bsc agri 2 pae u-3.2 introduction to macro economics
Bsc agri  2 pae  u-3.2 introduction to macro economicsBsc agri  2 pae  u-3.2 introduction to macro economics
Bsc agri 2 pae u-3.2 introduction to macro economicsRai University
 
Bsc agri 2 pae u-3.1 marketstructure
Bsc agri  2 pae  u-3.1 marketstructureBsc agri  2 pae  u-3.1 marketstructure
Bsc agri 2 pae u-3.1 marketstructureRai University
 
Bsc agri 2 pae u-3 perfect-competition
Bsc agri  2 pae  u-3 perfect-competitionBsc agri  2 pae  u-3 perfect-competition
Bsc agri 2 pae u-3 perfect-competitionRai University
 

More from Rai University (20)

Brochure Rai University
Brochure Rai University Brochure Rai University
Brochure Rai University
 
Mm unit 4point2
Mm unit 4point2Mm unit 4point2
Mm unit 4point2
 
Mm unit 4point1
Mm unit 4point1Mm unit 4point1
Mm unit 4point1
 
Mm unit 4point3
Mm unit 4point3Mm unit 4point3
Mm unit 4point3
 
Mm unit 3point2
Mm unit 3point2Mm unit 3point2
Mm unit 3point2
 
Mm unit 3point1
Mm unit 3point1Mm unit 3point1
Mm unit 3point1
 
Mm unit 2point2
Mm unit 2point2Mm unit 2point2
Mm unit 2point2
 
Mm unit 2 point 1
Mm unit 2 point 1Mm unit 2 point 1
Mm unit 2 point 1
 
Mm unit 1point3
Mm unit 1point3Mm unit 1point3
Mm unit 1point3
 
Mm unit 1point2
Mm unit 1point2Mm unit 1point2
Mm unit 1point2
 
Mm unit 1point1
Mm unit 1point1Mm unit 1point1
Mm unit 1point1
 
Bdft ii, tmt, unit-iii, dyeing & types of dyeing,
Bdft ii, tmt, unit-iii,  dyeing & types of dyeing,Bdft ii, tmt, unit-iii,  dyeing & types of dyeing,
Bdft ii, tmt, unit-iii, dyeing & types of dyeing,
 
Bsc agri 2 pae u-4.4 publicrevenue-presentation-130208082149-phpapp02
Bsc agri  2 pae  u-4.4 publicrevenue-presentation-130208082149-phpapp02Bsc agri  2 pae  u-4.4 publicrevenue-presentation-130208082149-phpapp02
Bsc agri 2 pae u-4.4 publicrevenue-presentation-130208082149-phpapp02
 
Bsc agri 2 pae u-4.3 public expenditure
Bsc agri  2 pae  u-4.3 public expenditureBsc agri  2 pae  u-4.3 public expenditure
Bsc agri 2 pae u-4.3 public expenditure
 
Bsc agri 2 pae u-4.2 public finance
Bsc agri  2 pae  u-4.2 public financeBsc agri  2 pae  u-4.2 public finance
Bsc agri 2 pae u-4.2 public finance
 
Bsc agri 2 pae u-4.1 introduction
Bsc agri  2 pae  u-4.1 introductionBsc agri  2 pae  u-4.1 introduction
Bsc agri 2 pae u-4.1 introduction
 
Bsc agri 2 pae u-3.3 inflation
Bsc agri  2 pae  u-3.3  inflationBsc agri  2 pae  u-3.3  inflation
Bsc agri 2 pae u-3.3 inflation
 
Bsc agri 2 pae u-3.2 introduction to macro economics
Bsc agri  2 pae  u-3.2 introduction to macro economicsBsc agri  2 pae  u-3.2 introduction to macro economics
Bsc agri 2 pae u-3.2 introduction to macro economics
 
Bsc agri 2 pae u-3.1 marketstructure
Bsc agri  2 pae  u-3.1 marketstructureBsc agri  2 pae  u-3.1 marketstructure
Bsc agri 2 pae u-3.1 marketstructure
 
Bsc agri 2 pae u-3 perfect-competition
Bsc agri  2 pae  u-3 perfect-competitionBsc agri  2 pae  u-3 perfect-competition
Bsc agri 2 pae u-3 perfect-competition
 

Recently uploaded

SUKDANAN DIAGNOSTIC TEST IN PHYSICAL SCIENCE ANSWER KEYY.pdf
SUKDANAN DIAGNOSTIC TEST IN PHYSICAL SCIENCE ANSWER KEYY.pdfSUKDANAN DIAGNOSTIC TEST IN PHYSICAL SCIENCE ANSWER KEYY.pdf
SUKDANAN DIAGNOSTIC TEST IN PHYSICAL SCIENCE ANSWER KEYY.pdfsantiagojoderickdoma
 
Gene transfer in plants agrobacterium.pdf
Gene transfer in plants agrobacterium.pdfGene transfer in plants agrobacterium.pdf
Gene transfer in plants agrobacterium.pdfNetHelix
 
Pests of cumbu_Identification, Binomics, Integrated ManagementDr.UPR.pdf
Pests of cumbu_Identification, Binomics, Integrated ManagementDr.UPR.pdfPests of cumbu_Identification, Binomics, Integrated ManagementDr.UPR.pdf
Pests of cumbu_Identification, Binomics, Integrated ManagementDr.UPR.pdfPirithiRaju
 
Thermonuclear explosions on neutron stars reveal the speed of their jets
Thermonuclear explosions on neutron stars reveal the speed of their jetsThermonuclear explosions on neutron stars reveal the speed of their jets
Thermonuclear explosions on neutron stars reveal the speed of their jetsSérgio Sacani
 
Contracts with Interdependent Preferences (2)
Contracts with Interdependent Preferences (2)Contracts with Interdependent Preferences (2)
Contracts with Interdependent Preferences (2)GRAPE
 
Substances in Common Use for Shahu College Screening Test
Substances in Common Use for Shahu College Screening TestSubstances in Common Use for Shahu College Screening Test
Substances in Common Use for Shahu College Screening TestAkashDTejwani
 
Intensive Housing systems for Poultry.pptx
Intensive Housing systems for Poultry.pptxIntensive Housing systems for Poultry.pptx
Intensive Housing systems for Poultry.pptxHarshiniAlapati
 
Genetic Engineering in bacteria for resistance.pptx
Genetic Engineering in bacteria for resistance.pptxGenetic Engineering in bacteria for resistance.pptx
Genetic Engineering in bacteria for resistance.pptxaishnasrivastava
 
biosynthesis of the cell wall and antibiotics
biosynthesis of the cell wall and antibioticsbiosynthesis of the cell wall and antibiotics
biosynthesis of the cell wall and antibioticsSafaFallah
 
Bureau of Indian Standards Specification of Shampoo.pptx
Bureau of Indian Standards Specification of Shampoo.pptxBureau of Indian Standards Specification of Shampoo.pptx
Bureau of Indian Standards Specification of Shampoo.pptxkastureyashashree
 
Excavation Methods in Archaeological Research & Studies
Excavation Methods in Archaeological Research &  StudiesExcavation Methods in Archaeological Research &  Studies
Excavation Methods in Archaeological Research & StudiesPrachya Adhyayan
 
3.2 Pests of Sorghum_Identification, Symptoms and nature of damage, Binomics,...
3.2 Pests of Sorghum_Identification, Symptoms and nature of damage, Binomics,...3.2 Pests of Sorghum_Identification, Symptoms and nature of damage, Binomics,...
3.2 Pests of Sorghum_Identification, Symptoms and nature of damage, Binomics,...PirithiRaju
 
Unit 3, Herbal Drug Technology, B Pharmacy 6th Sem
Unit 3, Herbal Drug Technology, B Pharmacy 6th SemUnit 3, Herbal Drug Technology, B Pharmacy 6th Sem
Unit 3, Herbal Drug Technology, B Pharmacy 6th SemHUHam1
 
An intro to explainable AI for polar climate science
An intro to  explainable AI for  polar climate scienceAn intro to  explainable AI for  polar climate science
An intro to explainable AI for polar climate scienceZachary Labe
 
Application of Foraminiferal Ecology- Rahul.pptx
Application of Foraminiferal Ecology- Rahul.pptxApplication of Foraminiferal Ecology- Rahul.pptx
Application of Foraminiferal Ecology- Rahul.pptxRahulVishwakarma71547
 
soft skills question paper set for bba ca
soft skills question paper set for bba casoft skills question paper set for bba ca
soft skills question paper set for bba caohsadfeeling
 
Basic Concepts in Pharmacology in molecular .pptx
Basic Concepts in Pharmacology in molecular  .pptxBasic Concepts in Pharmacology in molecular  .pptx
Basic Concepts in Pharmacology in molecular .pptxVijayaKumarR28
 
Controlling Parameters of Carbonate platform Environment
Controlling Parameters of Carbonate platform EnvironmentControlling Parameters of Carbonate platform Environment
Controlling Parameters of Carbonate platform EnvironmentRahulVishwakarma71547
 
M.Pharm - Question Bank - Drug Delivery Systems
M.Pharm - Question Bank - Drug Delivery SystemsM.Pharm - Question Bank - Drug Delivery Systems
M.Pharm - Question Bank - Drug Delivery SystemsSumathi Arumugam
 
geometric quantization on coadjoint orbits
geometric quantization on coadjoint orbitsgeometric quantization on coadjoint orbits
geometric quantization on coadjoint orbitsHassan Jolany
 

Recently uploaded (20)

SUKDANAN DIAGNOSTIC TEST IN PHYSICAL SCIENCE ANSWER KEYY.pdf
SUKDANAN DIAGNOSTIC TEST IN PHYSICAL SCIENCE ANSWER KEYY.pdfSUKDANAN DIAGNOSTIC TEST IN PHYSICAL SCIENCE ANSWER KEYY.pdf
SUKDANAN DIAGNOSTIC TEST IN PHYSICAL SCIENCE ANSWER KEYY.pdf
 
Gene transfer in plants agrobacterium.pdf
Gene transfer in plants agrobacterium.pdfGene transfer in plants agrobacterium.pdf
Gene transfer in plants agrobacterium.pdf
 
Pests of cumbu_Identification, Binomics, Integrated ManagementDr.UPR.pdf
Pests of cumbu_Identification, Binomics, Integrated ManagementDr.UPR.pdfPests of cumbu_Identification, Binomics, Integrated ManagementDr.UPR.pdf
Pests of cumbu_Identification, Binomics, Integrated ManagementDr.UPR.pdf
 
Thermonuclear explosions on neutron stars reveal the speed of their jets
Thermonuclear explosions on neutron stars reveal the speed of their jetsThermonuclear explosions on neutron stars reveal the speed of their jets
Thermonuclear explosions on neutron stars reveal the speed of their jets
 
Contracts with Interdependent Preferences (2)
Contracts with Interdependent Preferences (2)Contracts with Interdependent Preferences (2)
Contracts with Interdependent Preferences (2)
 
Substances in Common Use for Shahu College Screening Test
Substances in Common Use for Shahu College Screening TestSubstances in Common Use for Shahu College Screening Test
Substances in Common Use for Shahu College Screening Test
 
Intensive Housing systems for Poultry.pptx
Intensive Housing systems for Poultry.pptxIntensive Housing systems for Poultry.pptx
Intensive Housing systems for Poultry.pptx
 
Genetic Engineering in bacteria for resistance.pptx
Genetic Engineering in bacteria for resistance.pptxGenetic Engineering in bacteria for resistance.pptx
Genetic Engineering in bacteria for resistance.pptx
 
biosynthesis of the cell wall and antibiotics
biosynthesis of the cell wall and antibioticsbiosynthesis of the cell wall and antibiotics
biosynthesis of the cell wall and antibiotics
 
Bureau of Indian Standards Specification of Shampoo.pptx
Bureau of Indian Standards Specification of Shampoo.pptxBureau of Indian Standards Specification of Shampoo.pptx
Bureau of Indian Standards Specification of Shampoo.pptx
 
Excavation Methods in Archaeological Research & Studies
Excavation Methods in Archaeological Research &  StudiesExcavation Methods in Archaeological Research &  Studies
Excavation Methods in Archaeological Research & Studies
 
3.2 Pests of Sorghum_Identification, Symptoms and nature of damage, Binomics,...
3.2 Pests of Sorghum_Identification, Symptoms and nature of damage, Binomics,...3.2 Pests of Sorghum_Identification, Symptoms and nature of damage, Binomics,...
3.2 Pests of Sorghum_Identification, Symptoms and nature of damage, Binomics,...
 
Unit 3, Herbal Drug Technology, B Pharmacy 6th Sem
Unit 3, Herbal Drug Technology, B Pharmacy 6th SemUnit 3, Herbal Drug Technology, B Pharmacy 6th Sem
Unit 3, Herbal Drug Technology, B Pharmacy 6th Sem
 
An intro to explainable AI for polar climate science
An intro to  explainable AI for  polar climate scienceAn intro to  explainable AI for  polar climate science
An intro to explainable AI for polar climate science
 
Application of Foraminiferal Ecology- Rahul.pptx
Application of Foraminiferal Ecology- Rahul.pptxApplication of Foraminiferal Ecology- Rahul.pptx
Application of Foraminiferal Ecology- Rahul.pptx
 
soft skills question paper set for bba ca
soft skills question paper set for bba casoft skills question paper set for bba ca
soft skills question paper set for bba ca
 
Basic Concepts in Pharmacology in molecular .pptx
Basic Concepts in Pharmacology in molecular  .pptxBasic Concepts in Pharmacology in molecular  .pptx
Basic Concepts in Pharmacology in molecular .pptx
 
Controlling Parameters of Carbonate platform Environment
Controlling Parameters of Carbonate platform EnvironmentControlling Parameters of Carbonate platform Environment
Controlling Parameters of Carbonate platform Environment
 
M.Pharm - Question Bank - Drug Delivery Systems
M.Pharm - Question Bank - Drug Delivery SystemsM.Pharm - Question Bank - Drug Delivery Systems
M.Pharm - Question Bank - Drug Delivery Systems
 
geometric quantization on coadjoint orbits
geometric quantization on coadjoint orbitsgeometric quantization on coadjoint orbits
geometric quantization on coadjoint orbits
 

B Sc Agri II Agricultural Extansion Unit 1 Introduction To Agricultural Extension

  • 1. Agricultural Extension Unit -1 Introduction to Agricultural Extension B.Sc Agriculture II
  • 2. Extension Education Definition and Concepts: The term extension was first used in the United States of America in the first decade of this century to con notes the extension of knowledge from land grant colleges to the farmers through the process of informal education. In India, extension work was primarily started by F.L. Brayne (1920) in Punjab the term community development and extension education became more popular with the launching of community development projects in 1952 and with the establishment of the national extension service in 1953, Since then, community Development has been regarded as a programme for all-round development of the rural people and extension education as the means to achieve this objective
  • 3. Definition and Concepts: 1. Extension Education deals with practical items of information which is useful for rural people which solve their daily problems, specially those relations to agricultural production. (Thorat) 2. Extension Education is an integral behavioral science which contributes towards the understanding and formulation of methods and procedures for bringing planned change in human behavior. 3. Extension education is education for the betterment of people and for changing their behavior i.e. knowledge, skill and attitude. 4. Extension education is the dissemination of useful research findings and ideas among rural people to bring out desirable changes in their social and cultural behavior.
  • 4. 6. Extension education in an applied behavioral science, the knowledge of which is to be applied for desirable changes in the behavioral complex of the people. 7. Extension is an education and its purpose is to change the attitude and its purpose is to change the attitude and practices of the people with whom the work is done. 8. Extension education is a science which deals with various strategies of change in the behavioral patterns of human beings through technological and scientific innovation for the improvement of their standard of living. 9. Extension is to teach a person how to think, not what to think, and to teach people, to determine accurately their own needs to find solution to their own problems and to help them acquire knowledge and develop convictions in that direction. 10. Extension is an out-of school system of education in which adults and young people learn by doing. It is a partnership between government, the land grant colleges and the people, which provider services and education designed to meet the needs of the people
  • 5. Importance of Extension Education: 1. Extension uses democratic methods in educating the farmers. 2. Extension helps in adoption of innovations. 3. Extension helps in studying and solving the rural problems. 4. Extension increases farm yields and improve the standard of living of farmers. 5. Extension makes good communities better and progressive. 6. Extension contributes to national development programmers. Importance and Scope of Extension Education
  • 6. Scope of Extension Education It includes all activities of rural development. So extension programmers should be dynamic and flexible. The areas indicating scope of Extension are listed below: 1. Increasing efficiency in agricultural production. 2. Increasing efficiency in marketing, distribution and utilization of agricultural inputs and outputs. 3. Conservation, development and use of natural resources. 4. Proper farm and home management. 5. Better family living. 6. Youth development 7. Leadership development. 8. Community and rural development. 9. Improving public affairs for all round development.
  • 7. Objectives of Extension Education Objectives: 1. To raise the standard of living of the rural people by helping them in right use of their resources. 2. To help in planning and implementing the family and village plans for increasing production in various occupations. 3. To provide facilities for better family living.
  • 8. Specific Objectives 1. To provide knowledge and help for better management of farms and increase income. 2. To encourage the farmers to grow his own food, eat well and live well. 3. To promote better social, natural, recreational, intellectual and spiritual life among the people. 4. To help rural families in better appreciation of SWOT in their village. 5. To open new opportunities for developing talents and leadership of rural people. 6. To build rural citizens who are: i) Proud of their occupation. ii) Independent in thinking. iii) Constructive in outlook. iv) Capable, efficient and self-reliant in character. v) Having love of home and country in their heart.
  • 9. Principles of Extension Education Principles: A principle is a statement of policy to guide decision and action in a consistent manner (Mathews). A principle is a universal truth that has been observed and found to be truth and a settled rule of action. The principles of extension education are given hereunder: 1. Principle of cultural difference: 1. People differ in thinking, living and culture. 2. Extension education methods should be in line with these differences. 3. It is difficult to recognize non-material culture than material culture. 4. The blue print of extension programme for one area may not suit to other areas. 5. Changes will have to be made in the programmes according to changing situations.
  • 10. 2. Principle of cultural change: 1. Culture undergoes change due to extension. 2. Change occurs otherwise also. 3. Extension Workers should gain the confidence of people. 4. Extension workers should organize result demonstration. 5. After increasing production, the Extension workers should concentrate on marketing. 6. Extension workers have to change to meet the cultural changes among the people. 3. Principle of grass-root organization: 1. Extension workers should pay attention to all the groups’ needs and interests. 2. Imposed innovations have no relevance to groups. 3. People will accept the innovations only when they find those useful. 4. Principle of interests and needs: 1. People and extension workers should work together. 2. Co-operation and help of each other needed for social upliftment.
  • 11. 5. Principle of interests and needs: 1. People should voluntarily participate. 2. Work should start from interests and needs of people. 3. Fulfillment of needs create interests. 4. First concentrate on felt needs and then develop felt needs. 6. Principle of participation: 1. Attachment will not develop by offering ready made things. 2. Participation develops leadership and increases confidence. 3. Involving leaders increases people’s participation. 7. Principle of adaptability in the use of teaching methods: 1. People differ in knowledge and understanding. 2. Method should vary accordingly. 3. Use of more than one method is beneficial. 4. If needed new methods must be devised to meet new situations.
  • 12. 8. Principle of leadership: 1. Extension workers should utilize local leadership for increasing speed of work. 2. Identification, training and encouragement of leaders is necessary. 9. Principle trained specialists: 1. Agricultural and other sciences are developing speedily. 2. Maintaining competency in any of these sciences is a continuous process. 3. Without specialist’s support the extension cannot strive. 4. SMS is responsible to solve the extension workers problems. 5. Subjects Matter Specialist (SMS) is a link between research and application of research. 6. SMS should have broad outlook and be well versed. 10. Principle of satisfaction: 1. The extension programme should give satisfaction to the people. 2. People will not participate if they do not get satisfaction.
  • 13. 11. Principle of whole family approach: 1. Extension work should reach all the family members. 2. Neglecting any member may result in rejection of innovations e.g. Hybrid maize in U.P. 12. Principle of evaluation: 1. Determining the research results in unbiased way is necessary. 2. Intermittent review of progress is necessary. 3. Corrective measures are needed if the direction is found wrong 4. Behavioural changes should be measured. 5. Evaluation helps in improving the quality of work. 13. Principle of applied Science and Democracy: 1. People have freedom to accept or reject the technology. 2. Applied agricultural Science is a two way process.
  • 14. There is no universally accepted definition of rural development. The term is used in different ways in vastly divergent contexts. As a concept, it connotes overall development of rural areas with a view to improve the quality of life rural people. As a phenomenon, it is the result of various physical, technological, economic, socio-cultural and institutional factors. As a discipline, it is multi-disciplinary in nature representing an intersection of agricultural, social, behavioural and management of sciences. In short, rural development is a process that aims at improving the standard of living of the people living in the rural areas. Rural development may be defined as overall development of rural areas to improve the quality of life of rural people. It is an integrated process, which includes social, economical, political and spiritual development of the poorer sections of the society. What is Rural Development
  • 15. Rural development can be defined as, helping rural people set the priorities in their own communities through effective and democratic bodies, by providing the local capacity; investment in basic infrastructure and social services, justice, equity and security, dealing with the injustices of the past and ensuring safety and security of the rural population, especially that of women. According to Robert chambers, rural development is a strategy to enable a specific group of people, poor rural women and men, to gain for themselves, and their children more of what they want and need. It involves helping the poorest among those who seek a livelihood in the rural areas to demand and control more of the benefits of rural development. The group includes small scale farmers, tenants and the landless. Thus, the term rural development may be used to imply any one of the above-mentioned connotations. The avoid ineffective floundering among the myriad definitions, we shall define rural development as A Process leading to sustainable improvement in the quality of life of rural people, specially the poor.
  • 16. Objectives of Rural Development 1. Changes in what people know their knowledge of themselves of their society and of their physical environment. 2. Changes in what people can do their skills, mental and physical. 3. Changes in what people think and feel their attitude towards themselves towards their society and towards their physical environment. 4. Changes in what people actually do their actions related to factors determining their own welfare.
  • 17. As we know the 60-70% of rural population in India lives in primitive conditions. This sorry state exists even after 60 years of independence. So that Rural Development programmes have urgency in the present condition also. There are many obstacles in the rural development programmes which are as under 1. In 21st Century, there is no electricity supply in many villages. 2. Now also many rural peoples using primitive methods of cooking, living and farming and they have trust on these methods. 3. By using primitive cook stoves, around 300,000 death / year takes plan due to pollution. 4. 54% of India’s population is below 25 years and most of them live in rural areas with very little employment opportunities. Problems in Rural Development
  • 18. 5. Literacy is the major problem in rural development programme. 6. The poor extension linkage causes slow growth of rural development. 7. Untrained, unskilled, inexperienced staff in extension linkage cannot provide satisfactory help to rural peoples. 8. Every one want to go to the cities, so that rural people’s remains as ignores part by the policy makers also. 9. Privatization concept is useful for rural development but, government not praying much attention to this aspect. 10. Policy makes prepared policies, programmes for betterment of rural people but, if these programmes are not implemented very well then have no used.
  • 19. Improvement in the quality of life of rural people is the important agenda of rural development programme. In India – a country where the number of people living in rural areas, rural development programme is necessary aspect. Rural development implies both the economic betterment of people as well as greater social transformation. The basic objective of all rural development endeavors / programmes has been the welfare of the millions. In order to achieve this, planned attempts have been made to eliminate poverty, ignorance and inequality of opportunities. A wide spectrum of programmes has been undertaken so far, to alleviate rural poverty and ensure improved quality of life for the rural population especially those below the poverty line. Importance of Rural Development
  • 20. In the initial phase of planned rural development, the concentration was on sectors of agriculture industry, communication, education and health. The Ministry of Rural Development places importance now on health, education, drinking water, housing and road so that the quality of life in rural areas improves and the fruit of economic reform are shared by all sections of the society. With time and experience, it is realized that accelerated and meaningful development can be achieved only if people of the grass root are involved, “people’s participation” has become the keyword in rural development programmes. The participation of the people is necessary to provide the rural people with better prospects for economic development
  • 22. Methods to Achieve the Objectives: 1. Creating a spirit of self help. 2. Developing village leadership. 3. Organizing village scouts called “Brati Balika”. Activities: 1. Demonstrations on farmers’ fields. 2. Dairy to supply pure milk and animals to farmers or breeding. 3. Poultry farm. 4. Training and organizing the weavers. 5. Training in tanning, pottery, embroidery, tailoring etc. 6. Film shows, meetings, village meals. Short Comings: 1. Too much emphasis on ‘Center’. 2. Confined to limited villages. 3.Tagore’s interest in ‘idea’ catching on.
  • 23. This project was started by Mr. Spencer Hatch, an American Agricultural Expert in Travancore State under the auspices of Y.M.C.A. in 1921. Objectives: 1. To bring about completed upward development towards a more abundant life for rural people spiritually, mentally, physically, socially and economically. Activities: 1. Self help with intimate expert counsel working principles of the centre. 2. Agriculture. 3. Cottage Industries. 4. Community projects. 5. Bee Keeping. 7. Poultry Keeping etc. Marathandam Attempt
  • 24. Strong Points: 1. Special training of staff, their enthusiasm and sincerity was developed. 2. A comprehensive plan. 3. Started with the existing conditions. 4. Low cost. Short Comings: 1. Lack of adequate funds. 2. Lack of Government banking. 3. Lack of continuous contacts with the villagers. 4. Religious standing of the institution.
  • 25. Rural uplift movement on a mass scale was first started by Mr. F.I. Brayne, Dy. Commissioner in the Gurgaon district of Punjab in 1920. The work gathered momentum after 1933 when Mr. Brayne was appointed as Commissioner of Rural Reconstruction in the Punjab. In 1935-36, the Government of India granted Rs. One crore for the work which acted as a stimulus. After that the work was transferred to the Cooperative Department and Better Living Societies were organized to take up this work in the villages. Objectives: 1. To increase agricultural production. 2. To stop wastage of money on social and religious functions. 3. To improve healthy standard of the people. 4. To organize welfare programmes. Gurgaon Experiment
  • 26. Activities: 1. Appointment of village guides. 2. Propaganda through films, folk songs, dramas etc. 3. Rural Economics and domestic Economics Schools. Short Comings: 1. A one man show. 2. Village guides were un-experienced and untrained. 3. No comprehensive planning. 4. No continuity in the work. 5. Limited to few villages. 6. Force not persuasion.
  • 27. Gandhian Constructive Programme / Sewagram: Self contained and self sufficient village life was the dream of Gandhiji. He was aware about the grassroots’ problems of India, rural set up and he wanted to solve these problems without intervention of any outside agency. He wanted to solve these problems by local people and through local resources. People know Gandhiji not only as a Mahatma or political agitator, but also as a social and economic reformer. He made people to understand that India lives in villages and that the common man’s upliftment is the upliftment of the country. Regarding development work in the country, he emphasized that the “salvation of India lies in cottage industries.” They key-words of his economy are: -Decentralized production and equal distribution of wealth Self-sufficiency of Indian villages. For equal distribution of wealth, cruel process of extermination was not followed but throughout the heart of the owners by persuasion and appeal to the better sense of man.
  • 28. According to him self-sufficiency of Indian villages can be achieved by eradicating middlemen, so that the farmer could get the full price for his produce. He wanted that the tiller should be able to consume his own products like fruits, milk, vegetables etc. Only then will come up the true India. For better of people he formulated an 18 point programme, which includes the promotion of village industries, basic and adult education rural sanitation, uplift of backward tribes, uplift of women, education in public health and hygiene, propagation of natural language, love for the mother tongue, economic equality, organization of kisans, labour and students and so on.
  • 29. He wants to make villagers self-sufficient and also want to develop stamina which is useful against oppression and injustice. The important institutions, which were organized to foster his ideas were; all India Spinner Association, All India Village Industries Association, Gandhi Ashram at Tiruchungodi, Gandhi Niketan at Kallupatti, Gandhi Gram at Dindigal, Gandhi Sewa Sadan at Porur (Malawar), Kasturba Ashram in Trichr, Kerala. Truly speaking, the Gandhian constrictive Programme was became big institutions and simple ideas became philosophies. His emphasis on Khadi became the Charka movement and then, the All India Khadi a Village Industries Board. His thought, against untouchability and caste system, resulted in the organization of Harijan Sewak Sangh and many like this. He created leaders like Vinoba Bhave, Nehru, Jayaprakash Narayan, Mira Ben etc. who came form common stock, but got inspiration from Gandhi.
  • 30. Web References: 1. Agri info.in 2. ICAR e-courses