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NANOTECHNOLOGY FOR
ARTIFICIAL
REDBLOODCELL
  (OR) SYNTHETIC RBC




                       1
 Nanotechnology is defined as the fabrication of devices with
  precision to the scale of 1 to 100 nanometers (nm)

 This scale yields precision on the atomic or molecular scale

 Nanotechnology is also referred to as molecular
  manufacturing

 Nanotechnology has the potential for a nearly limitless
  number of applications in a wide range of fields such as
  physics, biology, engineering, chemistry, and computer
  science


                                                                 2
Continue…………




               3
•   The artificial red blood cell or Respirocyte

•   Proposed here is a blood borne spherical 1-micron
    diamondoid 1000-atm pressure vessel

•   An onboard nanocomputer and numerous chemical and
    pressure sensors enable complex device behaviours remotely
    reprogrammable by the physician via externally applied
    acoustic signals




                                                                 4
Continue…………
With active pumping powered by endogenous serum glucose, able to
deliver 236 times more oxygen to the tissues per unit volume than
natural red cells and to manage carbonic acidity




                                                                    5
Continue…..

•   There are three main storage tank - one for oxygen , another
    for carbon dioxide and third for ballast water

•   An onboard chemo mechanical turbine or fuel cell generates
    power by combining glucose drawn from the bloodstream and
    oxygen drawn from internal storage

•   This is converted to mechanical power which drives molecular
    sorting rotors and other subsystems, as demonstrated in
    principle by a variety of biological motor systems such as
    bacteria flagella




                                                                   6
Continue…..

•   Each power plant develops 0.3 Pico watts of power

•   That's enough energy to fill the oxygen tank in 10 seconds
    from empty, a pumping rate of 100 million molecules/sec

•   The average male human body has 28.5 trillion red blood
    cells, each containing 270 million hemoglobin molecules
    binding four O2 molecules per hemoglobin

•   However, since hemoglobin normally operates between 95%
    saturation (arterial) and 70% saturation (venous), only 25% of
    stored oxygen is accessible to the tissues




                                                                     7
Continue…..




              8
Continue…..
•   Each respirocyte stores up to 1.51
    billion oxygen molecules, 100% of
    which are accessible to the tissues


•   To fully duplicate human blood active
    capacity, we have to deploy 5.36
    trillion devices


•   1 liter of 50% respirocyte suspension,
    which puts 954 trillion devices into
    your bloodstream. You could then
    hold your breath for 3.8 hours, at the
    normal resting metabolic rate


                                             9
Continue…..

•   Respirocytes can provide a temporary replacement for
    natural blood cells in the case of an emergency

•   If an individual has lost access to a natural oxygen supply due
    to drowning, choking or any other

•   A resting human uses 240cc/minute (approx) of oxygen

•   So a liter of oxygen compressed to 1,000 atmospheres should
    be sufficient to maintain metabolism for about 36 hours




                                                                      10
•   At least four haemoglobin formulations and one fluorocarbon are in
    Phase I safety trials, and one company has filed an application to
    conduct an efficacy trial 



•   Most of the red cell substitutes under trial at present have far too
    short a survival time in the circulation to be useful in the treatment of
    chronic anaemia




                                                                                11
•   The ability to build products by molecular manufacturing
    would create a radical improvement in the manufacture of
    technologically advanced products

•   Respirocytes could also be used as a complete or partial
    symptomatic treatment for virtually all forms of anemia

•   Respirocytes can deliver oxygen to muscle tissue faster than
    the lungs

•   Respirocytes can also be used for other problems with gasses
    in the bloodstream



                                                                   12
•   Article on Nanotechnology and Medicine by Ralph C. Merkle



•   A somewhat abbreviated version of this paper was ultimately
    published in 1998 as: Robert A. Freitas Jr., "Exploratory
    Design in Medical Nanotechnology: A Mechanical Artificial
    Red Cell,“ Artificial Cells, Blood Substitutes, and Immobil.
    Biotech. 26(1998):411-430. Portions of the 1996 paper differ
    slightly from the 1998 published version




                                                                   13
14

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Nanotechnology in artificial RBC

  • 2.  Nanotechnology is defined as the fabrication of devices with precision to the scale of 1 to 100 nanometers (nm)  This scale yields precision on the atomic or molecular scale  Nanotechnology is also referred to as molecular manufacturing  Nanotechnology has the potential for a nearly limitless number of applications in a wide range of fields such as physics, biology, engineering, chemistry, and computer science 2
  • 4. The artificial red blood cell or Respirocyte • Proposed here is a blood borne spherical 1-micron diamondoid 1000-atm pressure vessel • An onboard nanocomputer and numerous chemical and pressure sensors enable complex device behaviours remotely reprogrammable by the physician via externally applied acoustic signals 4
  • 5. Continue………… With active pumping powered by endogenous serum glucose, able to deliver 236 times more oxygen to the tissues per unit volume than natural red cells and to manage carbonic acidity 5
  • 6. Continue….. • There are three main storage tank - one for oxygen , another for carbon dioxide and third for ballast water • An onboard chemo mechanical turbine or fuel cell generates power by combining glucose drawn from the bloodstream and oxygen drawn from internal storage • This is converted to mechanical power which drives molecular sorting rotors and other subsystems, as demonstrated in principle by a variety of biological motor systems such as bacteria flagella 6
  • 7. Continue….. • Each power plant develops 0.3 Pico watts of power • That's enough energy to fill the oxygen tank in 10 seconds from empty, a pumping rate of 100 million molecules/sec • The average male human body has 28.5 trillion red blood cells, each containing 270 million hemoglobin molecules binding four O2 molecules per hemoglobin • However, since hemoglobin normally operates between 95% saturation (arterial) and 70% saturation (venous), only 25% of stored oxygen is accessible to the tissues 7
  • 9. Continue….. • Each respirocyte stores up to 1.51 billion oxygen molecules, 100% of which are accessible to the tissues • To fully duplicate human blood active capacity, we have to deploy 5.36 trillion devices • 1 liter of 50% respirocyte suspension, which puts 954 trillion devices into your bloodstream. You could then hold your breath for 3.8 hours, at the normal resting metabolic rate 9
  • 10. Continue….. • Respirocytes can provide a temporary replacement for natural blood cells in the case of an emergency • If an individual has lost access to a natural oxygen supply due to drowning, choking or any other • A resting human uses 240cc/minute (approx) of oxygen • So a liter of oxygen compressed to 1,000 atmospheres should be sufficient to maintain metabolism for about 36 hours 10
  • 11. At least four haemoglobin formulations and one fluorocarbon are in Phase I safety trials, and one company has filed an application to conduct an efficacy trial  • Most of the red cell substitutes under trial at present have far too short a survival time in the circulation to be useful in the treatment of chronic anaemia 11
  • 12. The ability to build products by molecular manufacturing would create a radical improvement in the manufacture of technologically advanced products • Respirocytes could also be used as a complete or partial symptomatic treatment for virtually all forms of anemia • Respirocytes can deliver oxygen to muscle tissue faster than the lungs • Respirocytes can also be used for other problems with gasses in the bloodstream 12
  • 13. Article on Nanotechnology and Medicine by Ralph C. Merkle • A somewhat abbreviated version of this paper was ultimately published in 1998 as: Robert A. Freitas Jr., "Exploratory Design in Medical Nanotechnology: A Mechanical Artificial Red Cell,“ Artificial Cells, Blood Substitutes, and Immobil. Biotech. 26(1998):411-430. Portions of the 1996 paper differ slightly from the 1998 published version 13
  • 14. 14