2. Claim
Contention #1 Contention #2 Contention #3
Evidence
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An Argument
3. Claim
Contention #1 Contention #2 Contention #3
Evidence
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An Argument
Proof: combination of
evidence and reasoning
10. Evidence
Numerical reporting of
specific instances
Polls, surveys,
scientific observation
But, there is a difference between
raw data and information
2. Statistical
EvidenceTypes
11. An opinion of reality as
stated by another person
What others say about a situation
Sometimes referred to as
secondary sources
3. Testimonial
EvidenceTypes
13. Assertions repeated from
person to person
Often called rumor or
gossip evidence
4. Hearsay
EvidenceTypes
Reached new heights on
social media
But, they can be accurate
14. What is assumed everyone
knows
Used when not dealing in a
real controversy
5. Common Knowledge
EvidenceTypes
Audience will generally accept the
assertion without further challenge
But, not always that common
16. Verified
Best
Acceptable
Can other sources corroborate?
Is there a better source?
Is this evidence acceptable
to the audience
Tests for Evidence
Recency
Sufficiency
Consistent
Is evidence too old to be of use?
Is there enough evidence?
Do other sources contradict?
