Distributed Computing

DISTRIBUTED COMPUTING
Presented by
Prashant Tiwari and ArchanaSahu

Folding@Home, as of August 2009, is sustaining over 7 PFLOPS , the first computing project of any kind to cross the four petaFLOPS milestone. This level of performance is primarily enabled by the cumulative effort of a vast array of PlayStation 3 and powerful GPU units.
The entire BOINC averages over 1.5 PFLOPS as of March 15, 2009.
SETI@Home computes data averages more than 528 TFLOPS
Einstein@Home is crunching more than 150 TFLOPS
As of August 2008, GIMPS is sustaining 27 TFLOPS.

The illustration
Consider The Facts

This What The Power of Distributed Computing Is.
The illustration
This What Distributed Computing Is.

OVERVIEW
1 petaFLOPS = 10^15 flops or 1000 teraflops.
No computer has achieved this performance yet.
PETAFLoating point OPerations per Second
One quadrillion floating point operations per second
As of 2008, the fastest PC processors (quad-core) perform over 70 GFLOPS (Intel Core i7 965 XE)
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What is PetaFLOPS?

Introduction to DISTRIBUTED COMPUTING
The Definition , The Concept, The Processes

The Text
Distributed computing deals with hardware and software systems containing more than one processing element or storage element, concurrent processes, or multiple programs, running under a loosely or tightly controlled regime. In distributed computing a program is split up into parts that run simultaneously on multiple computers communicating over a network. Distributed computing is a form of parallel computing
Common Distributed Computing Model
Introduction To Distributed Computing

The Elaboration
In distributed computing a program is split up into parts that run simultaneously on multiple computers communicating over a network
The Elaboration
PROBELEM INSTRUCTION SET
TASK 2
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TASK 5
TASK 4
TASK 1
T 2
T4
T3
T5
T1
THE CONCEPT

Consider If There Are n Systems Connected In A Network, Then We Can Split One Program Instruction Into n Different Tasks And Compute Them Concurrently.
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ReConsider The Facts

Why DISTRIBUTED COMPUTING ?
Why we need Distributed Computing?

Computation requirements are ever increasing
Silicon based (sequential) architectures reaching their limits in processing capabilities (clock speed) as they are constrained by.
Significant development in networking technology is paving a way for network-based cost-effective parallel computing.
The parallel processing technology is mature and is being exploited commercially.

The Elaboration
Need Of Distributed Computing

S
log2P
P
Speedup achieved by distributed computing
Speedup = log2(no. of processors)
The Elaboration
Speedup Factor

Implementing DISTRIBUTED COMPUTING
The Organization, The Architecture

The Text
Organizing the interaction between the computers that execute distributed computations is of prime importance.
In order to be able to use the widest possible variety of computers, the protocol or communication channel should be universal.
Software Portability
Motivation Factor
The human brain consists of a large number (more than a billion) of neural cells that process information. Each cell works like a simple processor and only the massive interaction between all cells and their parallel processing makes the brain's abilities possible.
Implementing Distributed Computing

There are many different types of distributed computing systems and many challenges to overcome in successfully designing one. The main goal of a distributed computing system is to connect users and resources in a transparent, open, and scalable way. Ideally this arrangement is drastically more fault tolerant and more powerful than many combinations of stand-alone computer systems.
The Elaboration
Implementing Distributed Computing

The Elaboration
Processor A
Processor A
Processor A
MEM. Bus
MEM. Bus
MEM. Bus
Memory System A
Memory System A
Memory System A
Distributed Memory MIMD

Architectures of DISTRIBUTED COMPUTING
Possible ways to Implement Distributed Computing

Various hardware and software architectures are used for distributed computing. At a lower level, it is necessary to interconnect multiple CPUs with some sort of network, regardless of whether that network is printed onto a circuit board or made up of loosely-coupled devices and cables. At a higher level, it is necessary to interconnect processes running on those CPUs with some sort of communication system.
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The Architectures

Client-server — Smart client code contacts the server for data, then formats and displays it to the user.
3-tier architecture — Three tier systems move the client intelligence to a middle tier so that stateless clients can be used. Most web applications are 3-Tier.
N-tier architecture — N-Tier refers typically to web applications which further forward their requests to other enterprise services. This type of application is the one most responsible for the success of application servers.
Tightly coupled (clustered) — refers typically to a cluster of machines that closely work together, running a shared process in parallel.
Peer-to-peer — architecture where there is no special machine or machines that provide a service or manage the network resources. Instead all responsibilities are uniformly divided among all machines, known as peers. Peers can serve both as clients and servers.
The Elaboration
The Architectures

Distributed computing implements a kind of concurrency. It interrelates tightly with concurrent programming so much that they are sometimes not taught as distinct subjects.
The Text
The Concurrency

Multiprocessor systems
A multiprocessor system is simply a computer that has more than one CPU on its motherboard.
Multicore Systems
Intel CPUs from the late Pentium 4 era (Northwood and Prescott cores) employed a technology called Hyper-threading that allowed more than one thread (usually two) to run on the same CPU.
Multicomputer Systems
Computer Clusters
A cluster consists of multiple stand-alone machines acting in parallel across a local high speed network.
Grid computing
A grid uses the resources of many separate computers, loosely connected by a network (usually the Internet), to solve large-scale computation problems.
The Elaboration
The Concurrency

Language that Use or make a distributed system and projects that been implemented
Technical Issues

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If not planned properly, a distributed system can decrease the overall reliability of computations if the unavailability of a node can cause disruption of the other nodes.
Leslie Lamport famously quipped that: "A distributed system is one in which the failure of a computer you didn't even know existed can render your own computer unusable."
Troubleshooting and diagnosing problems in a distributed system can also become more difficult, because the analysis may require connecting to remote nodes or inspecting communication between nodes.
The Text
Technical Issues

Language and Projects
Language that Use or make a distributed system and projects that been implemented

The Text
Remote procedure calls distribute operating system commands over a network connection. Systems like CORBA, Microsoft DCOM, Java RMI and others, try to map object oriented design to the network.
Loosely coupled systems communicate through intermediate documents that are typically human readable (e.g. XML, HTML, SGML, X.500, and EDI).
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The Organization

Projects
Folding@Home

Stanford University Chemistry Department Folding@home project
Focused on simulations of protein folding to find disease cures and to understand biophysical systems.
Folding@Home, as of August 2009, is sustaining over 7 PFLOPS.

SETI@Home

Space Sciences Laboratory at the University of California, Berkeley
Focused on analyzing radio-telescope data to find evidence of intelligent signals from space
SETI@Home computes data averages more than 528 TFLOPS

Conclusion And Summary
Implemented Distributed Computing

The Text

Distributed Computing has become a reality:
Threads concept utilized everywhere.
Clusters have emerged as popular data centers and processing engine:
E.g., Google search engine.
The emergence of commodity high-performance CPU, networks, and OSs have made parallel computing applicable to enterprise applications.
E.g., Oracle {9i,10g} database on Clusters/Grids.

The Text
The Organization

Questions ?
Thank You For Listening
Any Questions ?